FiresafetyVocabulary.doc

泰致德专业技术服务（深圳）有限公司 整理：Fire safety VocabularyWarningThis document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.Contents PageForeword.ivIntroduction.v1Scope.12 Definition of the term item.13 Terms and definitions . .2ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of nationalstandards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part2.Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the memberbodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of themember bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may bethe subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patentrights.International Standard ISO 13943 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, inclose co-operation with Technical Committee IEC/TC89, Fire hazard testing.This second edition of ISO 13943 cancels and replaces the first edition.ISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved vIntroductionThe first edition of ISO 13943 contained definitions of about 180 terms. However, the area oftechnology that is related to fire safety has continued to evolve rapidly and this second editioncontains many new terms as well as new definitions of some of the terms that were in the first edition.ISO/ CD 13943:2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 1Fire safety Vocabulary1 ScopeThis International Standard defines terminology relating to fire safety, principally fire tests.Each entry in this International Standard is structured as follows:a) the term under consideration is given with a unique clause number, together with an indication ofthe part of speech if it is not evident and, where relevant, the abbreviation used for the term;b) the definition of the term is given;c) if the term has a general meaning but is being used in a specific context, that context is indicatedin parentheses, , at the beginning of the definition;d) where relevant, notes are given to provide useful additional information;e) where the term describes a physical quantity, a note is given to indicate the typical units that areused (except in cases where the unit is a single dimension such as mass, time or length);f) where relevant, appropriate cross-references are given.The terms are presented in English alphabetical order and are in bold type except for deprecatedterms which are in normal type.Where a defined term is used in another definition, its first occurrence is shown in bold type with itsclause number in parenthesis.NOTE In addition to terms and definitions used in two of the three official ISO languages (English andFrench), this International Standard gives the equivalent terms and definitions in German; these are publishedunder the responsibility of the member body for Germany (DIN). However, only the terms and definitions given inthe official languages can be considered as ISO terms and definitions.2 Definition of the term itemFor the purposes of this International Standard, in the English version the term item (and in Frenchobjet) is used in a general meaning to represent any single object or assembly of objects, and maycover, for example, material, product, assembly, structure or building, as required in the context of anyindividual definition.If the item under consideration is a test specimen then the term test specimen is used.The German version uses terminology such as material, product, kit, assembly and/or building toclarify the meaning of each definition.ISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 23 Terms and definitions3.1acceptance criteriaqualitative and quantitative criteria which have been agreed with an approval authority and henceform an acceptable basis for assessing the safety of a design3.2activation timetime interval from response by a sensing device until the suppression system, smoke control system,alarm system or other fire safety system is fully operational3.3actual delivered densityADDmeasured volumetric flow rate of water per unit area from sprinklers that is delivered near the base ofa fire plume (3.116) for a specified heat release rate (3.174) of a fire (3.98.2)NOTE 1 ADD can be measured according to ISO/DIS 6182-7:1996.NOTE 2 The typical units are mmmin-1.3.4acute toxicitytoxicity (3.347) which causes rapidly occurring poisonous effectsSee also toxic potency (3.344).3.5ADDsee actual delivered density (3.3)3.6afterflameflame (3.130) which persists after the ignition source (3.185) has been removed3.7afterflame timelength of time for which an afterflame (3.6) persists under specified conditions3.8afterglowpersistence of glowing combustion (3.166) after both removal of the ignition source (3.185) andthe cessation of any flaming combustion (3.144)3.9afterglow timelength of time for which an afterglow (3.8) persists under specified conditions3.10alarm timetime interval between ignition (3.183.1) of a fire (3.98.1, 3.98.2) and activation of an alarmNOTE The time of ignition may be known, e.g. in the case of a fire model (3.114) or a fire test (3.129), or itmay be assumed, or it may be taken as the time of detection of ignition. The basis on which the time of ignition isdetermined must be stated.ISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 33.11alight, adj.see lit (3.212)See also lighted (3.208)3.12arc resistanceability of an electrically insulating material to resist the influence of an electric arc along its surface,under specified conditionsNOTE The arc resistance is identified by the length of the arc, the absence or presence of a conducting path,and the burning or damage of the test specimen (3.328).3.13area burning ratearea burned per unit time under specified conditionsNOTE The typical units are m2s-13.14arsonfire (3.98.2) initiated by malicious intent3.15ASETsee available safe escape time (3.24)3.16ashmineral residue resulting from complete combustion (3.50)3.17ashessee ash (3.16)3.18asphyxianttoxicant (3.346) causing loss of consciousness and ultimately death resulting from hypoxic effectswhich act particularly on the central nervous and/or cardiovascular systems3.19auto-extinguishsee self-extinguish (3.285)3.20auto-extinguishibility (deprecated term)NOTE self-extinguishibility is also a deprecated term3.21auto-extinguishing (deprecated term)NOTE self-extinguishing is also a deprecated term3.22auto-ignitionsee self-ignition (3.289)ISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 43.23auto-ignition temperature (deprecated term)see spontaneous ignition temperature (3.308)NOTE self-ignition temperature is also a deprecated term.3.24available safe escape timeASETcalculated time interval between the time of ignition (3.183.1) and the time after which conditionsbecome untenable such that occupants are unable to take effective action to accomplish their ownescape (3.85) to a place of safe refuge (3.281)NOTE 1 The time of ignition may be known, e.g. in the case of a fire model (3.114), or it may be assumed, orit may be taken as the time of detection of ignition. The basis on which the time of ignition is determined must bestated.NOTE 2 This definition equates incapacitation (3.191) with failure to escape. Other criteria for ASET arepossible. If an alternate criterion is selected, it must be stated.See also evacuation time (3.88)3.25black bodybody which completely absorbs any electromagnetic radiation falling upon it3.26black body radiant sourceradiant source which produces electromagnetic radiation as described by Plancks distributionfunctionNOTE The emissivity of an ideal black body radiant source is unity.3.27buoyant plumeconvective updraft of fluid above a heat sourceSee also fire plume (3.116)3.28burn, intransitive verbto undergo combustion (3.47)3.29burned areathat part of the damaged area (3.59) of a material that has been destroyed by combustion (3.47) orpyrolysis (3.265), under specified conditionsNOTE The typical units are m2See also damaged area (3.59)3.30burned lengthmaximum extent in a specified direction of the burned area (3.29)NOTE The typical units are metresSee also damaged length (3.60).ISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 53.31burning behaviourall the physical and/or chemical changes that take place when an test specimen (3.328) is exposed toa specified ignition source (3.185)3.32burning rate (deprecated term)see area burning rate (3.13), linear burning rate (3.211), mass burning rate (3.218), flame spreadrate (3.140) or heat-release rate (3.174), as appropriate.NOTE The term rate of burning is also deprecated.3.33burstingviolent rupture of an object due to an overpressure within it or upon itNOTE In English, bursting due to stresses generated within a material is referred to as shattering.3.34calorific potential (deprecated term)see heat of combustion (3.171)3.35calorific value (deprecated term)see heat of combustion (3.171)3.36calorimeterapparatus that measures heat by detecting the change in its temperature over time3.37carboxyhaemoglobin saturationpercentage of blood haemoglobin converted to carboxyhaemoglobin from the reversible reaction withinhaled carbon monoxide3.38ceiling jetincreased gas motion in a layer near a ceiling that is generated by the buoyancy of an impinging fireplume (3.116)3.39char, nouncarbonaceous residue resulting from pyrolysis (3.265) or incomplete combustion (3.47)3.40char, verbto form carbonaceous residue during pyrolysis (3.265) or combustion (3.47)3.41char lengthlength of carbonaceous residueNOTE In some standards, char length is defined by a specific test method.See also burned length (3.30).ISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 63.42chimney effectupward movement of hot fire effluent (3.105) caused by convection currents confined within anessentially vertical enclosureNOTE This usually draws more air into the fire (3.98.1, 3.98.2).3.43clinkersolid agglomerate of residues formed by either complete combustion (3.50) or incompletecombustion (3.47) and which may result from complete or partial melting3.44combustible, adj.capable of being combusted3.45combustible, nounitem capable of combustion (3.47)3.46combustible loadtheoretical mass which would be lost from a test specimen (3.328) when it is assumed to haveundergone complete combustion (3.50) in a fire test (3.129) apparatus.3.47combustionexothermic reaction of a substance with an oxidizing agent (3.245)NOTE Combustion generally emits fire effluent (3.105) accompanied by flames (3.130) and/or glowing(3.165).3.48combustion efficiencyratio of the heat released in a combustion (3.47) reaction to the theoretical heat of completecombustion (3.50)NOTE 1 Combustion efficiency can be calculated only for cases where complete combustion can be definedNOTE 2 Combustion efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage.NOTE 3 It is dimensionless.3.49combustion productsolid, liquid and gaseous material resulting from combustion (3.47)NOTE Combustion products may include fire effluent (3.105), ash (3.14), char (3.36), clinker (3.43) and/orsoot (3.301).3.50complete combustioncombustion (3.47) in which all the combustion products (3.49) are fully oxidizedNOTE 1 This means that, when the oxidizing agent (3.245) is oxygen, all carbon is converted to carbondioxide and all hydrogen is converted to water.NOTE 2 If elements other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are involved in the combustion process then itmay not be possible to uniquely define complete combustion.ISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 73.51composite materialstructured combination of two or more discrete materials3.52concentrationfire effluent or toxic gas mass per unit volumeNOTE 1 For a fire effluent (3.105) the typical units are gm-3NOTE 2 For a toxic gas (3.342), concentration is usually expressed as a volume fraction (3.360) at T =298 K and P = 1 atm, with typical units of L/L. ( = cm3/m3 = 10-6 ).NOTE 3 The concentration of a gas at a temperature, T, and a pressure, P can be calculated from its volumefraction (assuming ideal gas behaviour) by multiplying the volume fraction by the density of the gas at thattemperature and pressure.3.53concentration-time curvetoxicology plot of the concentration (3.52) of a toxic gas (3.342) or fire effluent (3.105) as afunction of timeNOTE 1 For fire effluent, concentration is usually measured in units of gm-3.NOTE 2 For a toxic gas, concentration is usually expressed as a volume fraction (3.360) at T = 298 K andP = 1 atm, with typical units of L/L ( = cm3/m3 = 10-6 ).3.54convectiontransfer of heat by movement of a fluid3.55convective heat fluxheat flux (3.170) caused by convection (3.54)3.56corrosion damagephysical and/or chemical damage or impaired function caused by chemical action3.57corrosion targetsensor used to determine the degree of corrosion damage (3.56), under specified conditionsNOTE The sensor may be a product or a component. It may also be a reference material or object used tosimulate the behaviour of a product or a component.3.58critical fire loadfire load (3.112) required in a fire compartment (3.102) to produce a fire (3.98.2) of sufficientseverity to cause failure of fire resisting barriers or structural elementsISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 83.59damaged areatotal of those surface areas which have been affected permanently by fire (3.98.1) under specifiedconditionsSee also burned area (3.29).NOTE 1 Users of this term should specify the types of damage to be considered. This could include, forexample, loss of material, deformation, softening, melting behaviour (3.226), char (3.39) formation,combustion (3.47), pyrolysis (3.265) or chemical attack.NOTE 2 The typical units are m23.60damaged lengthmaximum extent in a specified direction of the damaged area (3.59)See also burned length (3.30).3.61defend in placelife safety strategy in which occupants are encouraged to remain in their current location rather thanto attempt escape (3.85) during a fire (3.98.2)3.62deflagrationcombustion (3.47) wave, accompanied by an explosion (3.89), propagating at subsonic velocity3.63design densitymeasured volumetric flow rate of water from sprinklers, per unit area, that is delivered in the absenceof a fire (3.98.2)NOTE The typical units are mmmin-1.3.64design firequantitative description of assumed fire (3.98.2) characteristics within the design fire scenario (3.65)NOTE It is, typically, an idealised description of the variation with time of important fire (3.98.2) variablessuch as heat release rate (3.174), flame spread rate (3.140), smoke production rate (3.299), toxic gas(3.342) yields (3.363), and temperature.3.65design fire scenariospecific fire scenario (3.125) on which an analysis is conducted3.66detection timetime interval between ignition (3.183.1) of a fire (3.98.2) and its detection by an automatic or manualsystem3.67detonationcombustion (3.47) wave, accompanied by an explosion (3.89), propagating at supersonic velocityand characterized by a shock waveISO/CD 13943: 2005 ISO 2005 All rights reserved 93.68diffusion flameflame (3.130) in which combustion (3.47) occurs in a zone where the fuel (3.157) and the oxidizingagent (3.245) mix, having been initially separateSee also pre-mixed flame (3.258)3.69discharge densitysprinklers see sprinkler density (3.312)3.70draught-free environmentenvironment (3.83) in which the results of experiments are not significantly affected by the local airspeedNOTE For example, for a small-scale fire test (3.294) a maximum air speed of 0,2 ms-1 is sometimesspecified.3.71duration of flaminglength of time for which flaming combustion (3.144) persists under specified conditions, includingflaming combustion due to the presence of an ignition source (3.185)3.72E