A_Brief_History_of_Western_Civilization.ppt

ABriefHistoryofWesternCivilization WesternCivilization ABriefHistory JacksonJ Spielvogel BeijingUniversityPress Beijing2009 Textbook ABriefHistoryofWesternCivilization theUnfinishedLegacy MarkKishlansky PatrickGeary andPatriciaO Brien ChinaRenminUniversityPress Beijing2008 evergreenxisu xisu8765 ChapterOneTheFirstCivilization I TheIdeaofWesternCivilization1 TheWest TheWestisanidea TheUralMountains thetheoreticalboundarybetweenEastandWestOriginally Europe centralGreece thewholeGreekmainlandandthelandmasstothenorth RomanexplorerscarriedEuropenorthandwesttoitsmodernboundaries TheWestrerferstothecountriesof originally Europeand nowincluding NorthAmericaandSouthAmerica 2 Civilization firstemergedbetween5000and6000yearsagowhenpeoplebegantoliveinorganizedcommunitywithdistinctpolitical military economicandsocialstructures asocietyorculturegroupdefinedasacomplexsocietycharacterizedbythepracticeofagricultureandsettlementintownsandcities asasynonymforthebroaderterm culture inbothpopularandacademiccircles thearts customs habits beliefs values behaviorandmaterialhabitsthatconstituteapeople swayoflife Theconceptof civilization isusedasasynonymfor cultural andoftenethical superiorityofcertaingroups Civilizationcanmean refinementofthought manners ortaste 3 Westerncivilization C E theCommonEra theChristianEraB C E beforetheCommonEra B C beforeChristA D annoDomini intheyearoftheLordca circa approximately TheoriginsofWesterncivilizationgobacktotheMediterraneanbasin includinglandsinNorthAfircaandtheMiddleeast aswellasEuropeitself Weneed tostudythepolitical economic social military cultural intellectual andreligiousaspectsthatmakeupthelifeofthatcivilizationandshowhowtheyareinterrelated Western citiesappearedfirstoutsidethe West intheTigrisandEuphratesriverbasins IraqandIran theMiddleEast Untilthe16thcenturyC E theNearEast theMediterranean andnorthernandwesternEuropeweresmeltedintoanewandpowerfulalloy theWest expandedbyestablishingcoloniesoverseasandbygivingrisetothe settlersocieties oftheAmericas AustraliaandNewZealand andSouthAfrica MillionsofpeoplefollowthereligionsofIslamandChristianity bothofwhichdevelopedfromJudaisminthecradleofWesterncivilization Westerntechnologyforharnessingnature Westernformsofeconomicandpoliticalorganization Westernstylesofartandmusicaredominantinfluencesinworldcivilization Manyoftoday smostpressingproblemsarealsopartofthelegacyoftheWesterntradition First theremnantsofEuropeancolonialismhaveleftdeephostilitiesthroughouttheworld TheeconomicglobalizationmakesmuchofthewealthofpoorcountriesflowtopayloansfromEuropeandAmerica Toagreatextent thishasledtohatredofWesterncivilization andfueledanti Westernterrorismaroundtheworld Second theWestfacesacrisis PoorcitizensofformercoloniesflocktoEuropeandNorthAmericaseekingabetterlifebutoftenfindingpoverty hostility andracisminstead Finally theadvancesofWesterncivilizationendangerhumanbeings veryexistence pollutionoftheworld sair water andsoil andthethreatofnuclearweapons theconceptofpoliticallibertyandthecreationofarationaloutlook basedonasystemoflogical analyticalthoughtnn uniqueaspectsofWesterncivilization However thefrighteningnegationofliberty individualism andreason racism violence worldwars totalitarianismformpartofthestory ThehistoryofWesterncivilizationisnotsimplythetriumphalstoryofprogress orthecreationofabetterworld itwouldbeequallyinaccuratetoviewWesterncivilizationasaprogressivedeclinefromamythicalgoldenageofthehumanrace II BeforeCivilization Thefirsthuman likecreatureswhoseremainshavebeendiscovereddatefromaslongas5millionyearsago Varietiesofthemodernspeciesofhumans Homosapiens thinkinghuman appearedwellover100 000yearsago Customssuchastheburialoftheirdeadwithfoodofferingsindicatethattheymayhavedevelopedabeliefinanafterlife Around40 000yearsago Homosapienssapiens thinkingthinkinghuman replacedHomosapiens PeopleofthePaleolithiceraorOldStoneAge ca 600 000 10 000B C E workedtogetherforhuntinganddefense 1 Dominanceofculture DuringtheupperorlatePaleolithicera theoldStoneAge culturewasincreasinglydeterminantinhumanlife Peoplewereabletodevelopspeech religion andartisticexpression IntheMesolithic MiddleStoneAge peoplemade1 thebowandarrowandpottery2 smallflintsandfish hooks 3 thegradualdomesticationofplantsandanimalsandformedsettledcommunities Around5000B C E twoofthemostprofoundtransformationsinhumanhistory sedentarization theadoptionofafixeddwellingplace andtheagriculturalrevolution Peoplebuiltandrebuilttheirmudbrickandstonehutsovergenerations whichhelpedreduceinfantmortalityandraiselifeexpectancy 2 Socialorganization agricultureandreligion populationgrowthputpressureonthelocalfoodsupply anddemandedmorecoordinationandorganizationandledtopoliticalleadership Peopleintroducedthespecieswheretheyoccurrednaturallyintootherlocations portable Domesticationofgoats sheep pigs andcattleandcultivatingbarley wheat andvegetableschangedhumansfrompassiveharvestersofnaturetoactivepartners religiouscults Sanctuaryroomsdecoratedwithfrescoes湿壁画 bulls horns andsculpturesofheadsofbullsandbears ancestorworship Humanskullscoveredwithclaytomakethemlookastheyhadinlife Imagesofafemaledeity interpretedasaguardianofanimals suggestthereligiousimportanceofwomenandfertility Theuseofhorsesandchariotsdeveloped1500yearsagoinMesopotamiahadnowreachedNorthAfrica Chariotssymbolizedanew dynamic andexpansivephaseinWesdternculture III Mesopotamia BetweentheTwoRivers Thenorthwithmostoftherainfall butthinandpoorsoil thesouthhadfertilesoil butlittlerainfall TigrisandEuphratesprovidelife givingwaterbutalsobringdestructivefloodsusuallyatharvesttime Agricultureisimpossiblewithoutirrigation Mesopotamia sonlynaturalresourceisclay Ithasnometals noworkablestone novaluablemineralsofusetoancientpeople Around3500B C E townsbegantogrowrapidly theneedtoconcentrateandorganizepopulationinordertocarryontheextensiveirrigationsystems Thecityhadbecomethedominantforceintheorganizationofeconomyandsociety andthegrowthoftheSumerian 苏美尔人的 citiesestablishedaprecedent Mesopotamiaisgenerallycreditedwithbeingthefirstplacewherecivilizedsocietiestrulybegantotakeshape 1 UrbanLife Peopledevelopednewtechnologiesandnewsocialandpoliticalstructures Theycreatedculturaltraditionssuchaswritingandliterature Immigrationincreasedthepower wealth andstatusoftwogroups thereligiousauthorities andthemilitaryandadministrativeelites Mesopotamiansformedahighlystratifiedsociety thepriestsandtherulers landowningfreepersons soldiers merchants andworkersandartisans peasants slaves Urbanlifealsoredefinedtheroleandstatusofwomen whointheNeolithicperiodhadenjoyedroughlythesamerolesandstatusasmen Byroughly1500B C E thepatternofpatriarchalhouseholdspredominated 2 Technologyandwriting Theneedtofeed clothe protect andgoverngrowingurbanpopulationsledtomajortechnologicalandconceptualdiscoveries Improvedplows sleds carts canalsandsailingships greateragriculturalsurplusMetalworkersbegantocastbronzefortoolsandweapons Cuneiform 楔形文字 isasystemofwritingcalledafterthewedgeshapeofthecharaters Sincesymbolswereliberatedfrommeaning theycouldbeusedtorecordanylanguage functionofwriting toachievegreatercentralizationandconrtolofgovernment tocommunicateoverdistances topreserveandspreadinformation andtoexpressreligiousandculturalbeliefs reinforcedmemory consolidatedandexpandedtheachievementsofthefirstcivilizationandtransmittedthemtothefuture 3 GodsandmortalsinMesopotamia Mesopotamiansbelievedthattheroleofmortalswastoservethegodsandtofeedthemthroughsacrifice andaziggurat ortieredtower 金字形神塔 dedicatedtothegod Themostimportantcarewasfeeding Theybelievedthatthroughtheproperritualsapersoncouldbuythegod sprotectionandfavor 4 SargonandMesopotamiaExpansion Sargon 2334 2279BC theSemi legandaryfounderoftheancientkingdomofAkkad Asrepresentativeofthecity sgod thekingwastherulerandhighestjudge Responsiblefortheconstructionandmaintenanceofreligiousbuildingsandthecomplexsystemofcanalscommandedthearmy HecreatedthefirstgreatmultiethnicempirestateintheWest eastacrosstheTigris westalongtheEuphrates andnorthintomodernSyria AlthoughaSemite 闪米特人 hespreadtheachievementsofSumeriancivilizationthroughouthisvaststate 5 HammurabiandtheOldBabylonianEmpire SituatedintheTigris EuphratesValley Babyloniahasbeenreferredtoas thecradleofthehumanrace theGardenofEdenwaslocatedinit Aftermanycenturiesofconflict theoldempireeventuallybecamesubjecttotheAssyrians fromabout885to607B C Hammurabipromulgated 颁布 theCodeofHammurabi TheCodeaddressesprofessionalbehaviorofphysicians veterinarians architects andboatbuilders Itcreatesapictureofaprosperoussocietyofthreelegallydefinedsocialstrata awell to doelite themassofthepopulation andslaves MuchoftheCodesoughttoprotectwomenandchildrenfromarbitraryandunfairtreatment Womencouldpractisevarioustradesandevenholdpublicpositions Itaimedtoreorganize consolidate andpreservepreviouslawsinordertomaintaintheestablishedsocialandeconomicorder Babyloniansdevelopedthemostsophisticatedmathematicalsystemknownbeforethe15thcen C E basedonanumericalsystemfrom1to60 Theydevisedmultiplicationtables 乘法表 tablesofreciprocals 乘法逆元素 倒数 tablesofsquaresandsquareroots cubesandcuberoots andothers Inabout1600B C E theHittites 赫梯人anIndo Europeanpeople destroyedOldBabylonianstate TheHittiteEmpirewasthechiefpoliticalandculturalforceinwesternAsiafromabout1400to1200B C E IV TheGiftoftheNile TherichsoiloftheNileValleycansupportadensepopulation andtheNilefloodplainrequiredlittleefforttomakethelandproductive Eachyear theriverfloodedatexactlytherighttimetoirrigatecropsandtodepositalayerofrich fertilesilt 淤泥 EgyptknewonlythefertileNileValleyandthevastwastesoftheSaharaDesertaroundit whichlimitedEgypt scontactwithoutsideinfluences Byaround3200B C E UpperEgyptdevelopedapictographicscript 象形文字 Forover2500years theNileValleyenjoyedthemoststablecivilization Whichwasdividedinto31dynastiesorfourperiodsofpoliticalcentralization pre andearlydynasticEgypt ca 3150 2770B C E theOldKingdom ca 2770 2200B C E theMiddleKingdom ca 2050 1786B C E andtheNewKingdom ca 1560 1087B C E 1 GodKings Asdivineincarnation 化身 thekingwasobligedtocareforhispeople toensuretheannualfloodingoftheNile whichbroughtwatertotheparched 干枯的 land DuringtheOldandMiddleKingdoms greatpyramidtemple tombcomplexeswerebuiltforthekings Thecultsofdeadkingsreinforcedthemonarchy sincevenerationofpastrulersmeantveneration 崇敬 ofthereigningking sancestors 2 DeclineofRoyalPower Byaround2200B C E Egyptianroyalauthoritycollapsed leavingpoliticalandreligiouspowerinthehandsofprovincialgovernors First theincreasingdemandsforconsumptionbythecourtandthecultsforcedagriculturalexpansionintoareaswherereturnswerepoor thusdecreasingtheflowofwealth Second asbureaucratstriedtosupplythegreedneedsoflivinganddeadkingsandtheirattendants theyneglectedthemaintenanceoftheeconomicsystemthatsuppliedtheseneeds Finally tax exempt 免税的 religiousfoundationsremovedevergreateramountofthecountry swealthfromthecontrolofthekingandhisagents AseriesofHyksos or rulersofforeignlands overran 侵占 thecountryandruledtheNileValleyasfarsouthasMemphisfor6dynasties TheseHyksoskingsintroducedtheirmilitarytechnologyandorganizationintoEgypt inparticular thelighthorse drawnwarchariot V BetweenTwoWorlds JustbeyondMesopotamiaandthedeltaoftheNilelaytheworldoftheSemitictribesofseminomadicsheperdsandtraders Fromthese onesmallgroup theHebrews emergedtoestablishareligiousandculturaltraditionthatwasuniqueinantiquity 古代 1 TheHebrewAlternative Sometimeafter2000B C E smallSemiticbandsundertheleadershipofpatriarchalchieftainsspreadintowhatistodaySyria Lebanon Israel andPalestine HebrewhistoryrecordssuchMesopotamiantraditionsasthestoryoftheflood legaltraditionsstronglyreminiscent 提示的 ofthoseofHammurabi andtheworshipofthegodsonhighplaces Forthesewanderingsheperds urbanculturewasacurse IntheHebrewBible theChristianOldTestament thefirstcitywasbuiltbyCain thefirstmurderer 2 Exodus Someofthebiblicalpatriarch 祖先 Abraham sdescendantsmusthavejoinedthesteadymigrationfromCanaanintoEgyptduringtheMiddleKingdomandtheHyksosperiod Aroundthe13thcenturyB C E asmallbandoflessthan1 000SemiticslavesleftEgyptforSinai 西奈 andCanaanundertheleadershipofMoses ThememoryofthisdeparturewasknownastheExodus Moses aSemitewhocarriedanEgyptiannameandwhohadbeenraisedintheroyalcourt wasthefounderoftheIsraelitepeople 3 TheArkoftheCovenant TheIsraelitesforgedanewidentityandanewfaith andtheyadoptedthegodYahwehastheirown TheyinterpretedtheirextraordinaryescapefromEgyptasevidenceofacovenantwithYahweh By1050B C E thePhilistineshaddefeatedtheIsraelites capturedtheArkoftheCovenant andoccupiedmostoftheirterritory 4 KingSolomon Toconsolidatetheirforces theIsraelitereligiousleadersestablishedakingdom ItsfirstkingwasSaul itssecondkingwasDavid andthethirdkingwasSolomon DavidandhissonSolomon ca 961 922B C E broughttheknigdomofIsraeltoitspeakofpower prestige andterritorialexpansion DavidestablishedJerusalemasthepoliticalandreligiouscapital SolomonbuiltamagnificenttemplecomplextohousetheArkoftheCovenantandtoserveasIsrael snationalshrine DavidandSolomonrestructuredIsraelfromatribaltoamonarchicalsociety Solomoncentralizedlanddivisions raisedtaxes andincreasedmilitaryservicetostrengthenthemonarchy 5 Exile ThenorthernregionbrokeofftobecometheKingdomofIsraelwithitscapitalinShechem示剑城 Thesouth theKingdomofJudah continuedthetraditionofDavidfromhiscapitalofJerusalem Beginninginthe9thcen B C E anewMesopotamianpower theAssyrians 亚述人 begantheconquestthroughouttheNearEast In722B C E theAssyriansdestroyedtheKingdomofIsrael In586B C E theKingdomofJudahwasconquered ThetempleofSolomonwasdestroyed Jerusalemwasburned andJudah selitesweredeportedtoBabylon TheBabyloniancaptivityendedsome50yearslaterwhenthePersians whohadconqueredBabylonia allowedthepeopleofJudahtoreturntotheirhomeland 6 TheAssyrianEmpire Theearlyhisto