M5 Unit1 单元总结.doc

The three foundations of learning: seeing much, suffering much, and studying much.求学的三个基本条件是：多观察，多吃苦，多研究。Unit 1 Great scientists 单元总结 一重要单词与词组1.characteristic n.特点，特征；特性character(特征)+-istic(与有关的)2.examine v.检查；诊察；考察；测验辨析examine,inspect,investigate 和observe：examine 表“检查，调查”的一般用 inspect 表示“为搜寻过失或缺陷加以细查”；investigate 表示“为求得案件等的事实而调查、研究”；observe 表示“从旁观察”3.repeatn.重复；重做；反复4.defeatv. & n.打败；战胜defeat sb./sth.；be defeated1）defeat，beat与win作“打败”解时的区别:beat与defeat的宾语是“人”；defeat的宾语常指“敌人”，在“游戏或比赛”中则用beat；win后的宾语多用game，war，prize等词(注意win的宾语不能是人)。2）作“打”之意时 beat，hit与strike的区别：beat强调“连续地打”；hit表示“打一下”；而strike则表示“一次有力的打击”。5.attend vt.&vi. 出席；参加；照顾；护理；attend的常见用法attend(to sb./sth.)专心；仔细考虑 attend to sb./sth. 照顾，关照attend sb. 照料、护理某人 attend sth. 参加（讲座、活动等）6.expose v.暴露；揭露；使曝光ex-(外面的，外部的)+pose(姿势)be exposed to暴露 7.cure n.& v.治愈；痊愈治愈；治疗1）辨析cure和treat：cure意为“治愈”，侧重结果；可构成cure sb.of sth.句型；treat意为“治疗”，强调动作；常用treat sb.with sth.结构8.absorb vt. 吸收；吸引be absorbed in=put ones heart into专注；聚精会神o.吸收9.valuable adj.贵重的；重要的value(价值)+-able(形容词后缀)辨析valuable，priceless，invaluable与precious：valuable指任何“值钱的、可以带来巨额利润的、非常有用的”或“受人珍视的”东西；priceless意为“无价的，贵重的”，用于加强语气、加深程度等情况；invaluable意为“无法估价的”，不用于谈金钱，通常指品质；precious指任何“昂贵的、贵重的”东西，尤其适用于失掉后无法补偿的东西。10.blame v.责备；指责blame sb.(for sth.)因而指责某人blame sth.on sb.归咎于be to blame应受责备(主动表被动)11.handle n.& v.把手，处理(deal with)；操纵(handle the computer)12.contribute v. 捐献；贡献；捐助contribute to 捐献；贡献13.backward adv.&adj.向后地；相反地；退后的back(后)+-ward(向地)由ward构成的一些和方向有关的副词forward向前 backward向后 upward向上 downward向下inward向里outward向外eastward向东southward向南northward向北westward向西14.cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的be cautious of/about15.know about了解；知道；听说辨析know,know about与know of：know 意为“(直接地)获知；熟悉”；know about与know of 意为“(间接地)获知”。16.put forward提出(意见、建议)；推荐；提名与put相关的其他短语put in打断；插嘴，进港 put off 推迟；延期 put on 穿；上演put away 放好 put down写下 put on weight发福 put out生产、扑灭17.believe in信仰；信奉(真理、宗教、原则等)；相信；信任(某人的品质)。相关词believe及其常见用法It is believed that.据信，sb./sth.be believed to do. 某人/某物被认为是18.look into调查，了解，研究；朝里面看和look组成的其他短语look around/round/about环顾四周look after照顾；照料look back回头看look back+to/upon/on回顾；回想look down upon俯视；轻视look for寻求；寻找look forward to盼望look on旁观look on/upon.as把看作look out往外看；注意；当心look through透过看；浏览look up抬头看；查看19.take up占去(时间、空间)take up亦可表示“从事(某工作)，养成(某习惯)”或“开始(某活动)”。20.apart from 除之外from是介词，后面要跟名词、代词或动名词。21.lead to导致；引向；通往 =result in;cause22.link.to.把与连接；联系同义词组：connect.with.与有联系have something to do with.与有关系23.make sense讲得通；有道理 Your story doesnt make sense to me.你编的故事我听不明白。24.at times有时；不时与time相关的词组at one time意为“一度；过去曾经”，用于一般过去时态；at a time意为“一次；每次；在某个时候”；at all times意为“一直；无论何时”，相当于at any time;always。25.Find out 找出 26.steam engine 蒸汽机 27.the way of giving electricity 供电的方法 28.scientific research 科学研究二重要句子1.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.每当（疾病）突发时，总有成千的人死去。本句是一个复合句，every time引导的是一个时间状语从句，意思是“每当”，相当于“when”。 2.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.3. It seemed that the water was to blame.4. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. suggest 当暗示，表明时，从句用陈述语气。当建议讲时，从句用虚拟语气 (should) do eg: I suggested that he give up smoking.5. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. only 加状语放于句首时，主句用部分倒装。eg: Only a week later did I receive an answer from her. Only when you are forty and looking back will you realize that you havent done your best.拓展：only if 可译为“只有”eg: Only if you study hard, will you pass the test.6.He got interested in two theories explaining how cholera killed people.他对两个关于霍乱为什么能致人于死地的理论感兴趣。get在此处为系动词，意为“变得；成为”，表示的是动态过程，get ill表示“患病；得病”。和系动词get组成的常见搭配有：get lost(迷路)；get married(结婚)；get used to(习惯于)；get tired(累了)；get dressed(穿好衣服)；get angry(发怒)，等等。7. John Snow was a famous doctor in London so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 8. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. P29. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the center of the solar system. 10. To his surprise, he found that he could cross six of the bridges without going over any of them twice or going back on himself. 三语法分词的概念分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，可以作定语、表语或是状语等。分词有两种，一种是现在分词，一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同，主要是在“意思”上有主动和被动之分。过去分词一般有被动和完成两大特征。过去分词的定语和表语功能定语表“完成”或“被动”boiled water开水fallen leaves落叶the risen sun升起的太阳selected apples 精选苹果spoken English英语口语iced beer冰镇啤酒cooked food熟食fried chips炸土豆条单个的过去分词作定语时，一般放在被修饰词语之前(如上例)，也可以放在所修饰词语的后面。Hurry up，there is only a little time left.快点，时间不多了。If you wish everything changed，please say so.你如果希望改变一切，请说明。过去分词短语作定语时，须将分词放在被修饰的词语之后，功能相当于一个定语从句。Near the window，there is a bookshelf filledwith many books(=which is filled with many books).靠近窗户，有一个装满书的书架。Her daughter，brought up by me(=who was broughtup by me)has begun to work now.由我带大的她的女儿现在已经参加工作了。表语当“人”作主语时用过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态或思想感情等。When we heard of it，we were deeply moved.当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。He seemed quite delighted at the idea.听到这个想法，他似乎很高兴。过去分词作表语不要与被动语态混为一体。分词作表语表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示被动的动作。My glasses are broken.我的眼镜碎了。(状态)My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。(动作)On the earth，70% of the surface is covered with water.地球表面70%是被水覆盖的。(状态)I was greatly surprised by a knock at the door.敲门声使我大为吃惊。(动作)四课后翻译(P42)1.Apart from going to the park, I limit my movements to my neighbours. 2.Its difficult to draw a conclusion without enough evidence.3.These scientific enquires will contribute to the success of our project.4.Gustave Eiffel was very enthusiastic about his plan to construct the iron tower, which made him world-famous.5.He often puts forward unusual plans. So be cautious about them before you decide to join in.6.Who was the first person to reject the idea that the earth was the centre of the universe.7.Although his writing doesnt make sense, Fred is positive that his composition will score a high mark.五学以致用1._to the sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed2. When I went in， they were _ in a heated discussion.A. absorb B. absorbed C. absorbing D. being absorbed3.Some of the most important achievements in physics _their success to these mathematical systems.A. oblige B. owe C. contribute D. devote4.We were roommates. At that time, I have to _ her bad temper.A. put forward B. put up with C. put up D. put off5.T