广东省初中毕业生学业考试化学试题.doc

serve her this time with great difficulty, he climbed into the shop window to get the dress. As soon as she saw it, the woman said s many ties.And a woman cant have too many hats, she answered.Ten minutes later we walked out of the shop together. My wife was wearing a hat that looked like a lighthouse !Lesson42 Not very musical 并非很懂音乐As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi, we stopped at a square to have a rest. After a time, we noticed a snake-charmer with two large baskets at the other side of the square, so we went to have a look at him. As soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets. When he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake. It rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe. We were very much surprised when the snake charmer suddenly began to play jazz tunes and modern pop songs. The snake, however, continued to dance slowly. It obviously could not tell the difference between Indian music and jazz!Lesson43 Over the South Pole 飞越南极In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R. E. Byrd, successfully flew over the South Pole for the first time. Though, at first, Byrd and his men were able to take a great many photographs of the mountains that lay below, they soon ran into serious trouble. At one point, it seemed certain that their plane would crash. It could only get over the mountains if it rose to 10,000 feet. Byrd at once ordered his men to throw out two heavy food sacks. The plane was then able to rise and it cleared the mountains by 400 feet. Byrd now knew that he would be able to reach the South Pole which was 300 miles away, for there were no more mountains in sight. The aircraft was able to fly over the endless white plains without difficulty. Lesson44 Through the forest 穿过森林Mrs Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men. They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees. Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. She was soon out of breath, but she continued to run. When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag, so she ran straight at them. The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. The strap needs mending, said Mrs Sterling later, but they did not steal anything.Lesson45 A clear conscience 问心无愧The whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been lost. Sam Benton, the local butcher, had lost his wallet while taking his savings to the post-office. Sam was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it was not returned to him. Three months passed, and then one morning, Sam found his wallet outside his front door. It had been wrapped up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost, together with a note which said: A thief, yes, but only 5o per cent a thief! Two months later, some more money was sent to Sam with another note: Only 25 per cent a thief now! In time, all Sams money was paid back in this way. The last note said: I am 100 per cent honest now!lesson46 Expensive and uncomfortable 既昂贵又受罪When a plane from London arrived at Sydney airport, workers began to unload a number of wooden boxes which contained clothing. No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy. It suddenly occurred to one of the workers to open up the box. He was astonished at what he found. A man was lying in the box on top of a pile of woollen goods. He was so surprised at being discovered that he did not even try to run away. After he was arrested, the man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left London. He had had a long and uncomfortable trip, for he had been confined to the wooden box for over ten hours. The man was ordered to pay &345 for the cost of the trip. The normal price of a ticket is &230 !Lesson47 A thirsty ghost 嗜酒的鬼魂A public house which was recently bought by Mr Ian Thompson is up for sale. Mr Thompson is going to sell it because it is haunted. He told me that he could not go to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from the bar. The next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs and the furniture had been moved. Though Mr Thompson had turned the lights off before he went to bed, they were on in the morning. He also said that he had found five empty whisky bottles which the ghost must have drunk the night before. When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, Mr Thompson shook his head. The villagers have told him that they will not accept the inn even if he gives it away. Lesson48 Did you want to tell me something? 你想对我说什么吗？Dentists always ask questions when it is impossible for you to answer. My dentist had just pulled out one of my teeth and had told me to rest for a while. I tried to say something, but my mouth was full of cotton-wool. He knew I collected birds eggs and asked me whether my collection was growing. He then asked me how my brother was and whether I liked my new job in London. In answer to these questions I either nodded or made strange noises. Meanwhile, my tongue was busy searching out the hole where the tooth had been. I suddenly felt very worried, but could not say anything. When the dentist at last removed the cotton-wool from my mouth, I was able to tell him that he had pulled out the wrong tooth. Lesson49 The end of a dream 美梦告终Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed. For the first time in his life, he became the proud owner of a bed which had springs and a mattress. Because the weather was very hot, he carried the bed on to the roof of his house. He slept very well for the first two nights, but on the third night, a storm blew up. A gust of wind swept the bed off the roof and sent it crashing into the courtyard below. The young man did not wake up until the bed had struck the ground. Although the bed was smashed to pieces, the man was miraculously unhurt. When he woke up, he was still on the mattress. Glancing at the bits of wood and metal that lay around him, the man sadly picked up the mattress and carried it into his house. After he had put it on the floor, he promptly went to sleep again.Lesson50 Taken for a ride 乘车兜风I love travelling in the country, but I dont like losing my way. I went on an excursion recently, but my trip took me longer than I expected. Im going to Woodford Green, I said to the conductor as I got on the bus, but I dont know where it is. Ill tell you where to get off, answered the conductor. I sat in the front of the bus to get a good view of the countryside. After some time, the bus stopped. Looking round, I realized with a shock that I was the only passenger left on the bus. Youll have to get off here, the conductor said. This is as far as we go. Is this Woodford Green ? I asked. Oh dear, said the conductor suddenly. I forgot to put you off. It doesnt matter, I said. Ill get off here. We are going back now, said the conductor. Well, in that case, I prefer to stay on the bus, I answered.Lesson51 Reward for virtue 对美德的奖赏My friend, Herbert, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. He began his diet a week ago. First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. The list included most of the things Herbert loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate, and sweets. Yesterday I paid him a visit. I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Herbert was still as fat as ever. He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk. It was obvious that he was very embarrassed. When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk. He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. Then he showed me the contents of the parcel. It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets! Lesson52 A pretty carpet 漂亮的地毯We have just moved into a new house and I have been working hard all morning. I have been trying to get my new room in order. This has not been easy because I own over a thousand books. To make matters worse, the room is rather small, so I have temporarily put my books on the floor. At the moment, they cover every inch of floor space and I actually have to walk on them to get in or out of the room. A short while ago, my sister helped me to carry one of my old bookcases up the stairs. She went into my room and got a big surprise when she saw all those books on the floor. This is the prettiest carpet I have ever seen, she said. She gazed at it for some time then added, You dont need bookcases at all. You can sit here in your spare time and read the carpet! Lesson53 Hot snake 触电的蛇At last firemen have put out a big forest fire in California. Since then, they have been trying to find out how the fire began. Forest fire are often caused by broken glass or by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away. Yesterday the firemen examined the ground carefully, but were not able to find any broken glass. They were also quite sure that a cigarette end did not start the fire. This morning, however, a fireman accidentally discovered the cause. He noticed the remains of a snake which was wound round the electric wires of a 16,000-volt power line. In this way, he was able to solve the mystery. The explanation was simple but very unusual. A bird had snatched up the snake from the ground and then dropped it on to the wires. The snake then wound itself round the wires. When it did so, it sent sparks down to the ground and these immediately started a fire.Lesson54 Sticky fingers 粘糊的手指After breakfast, I sent the children to school and then I went to market. It was still early when I returned home. The children were at school, my husband was at2011年广东省初中毕业生学业考试化学试题可能用到的相对原子质量：H-1 C-12 N-14 O-16 MG-24 Al-27 P-31 S-32 Cl-35.5 Ca-40一、选择题（本大题包括14小题，每小题2分，共28分。在每小题列出的四个选项中，只有一个是正确的。）1、下列食品富含蛋白质的是A、番茄 B、大米 C、花生油 D、鸡蛋2、下面属于“物品回收标志”的是3、下列物品中用有机合成材料制成的是A、红木家具 B、塑料饭盒 C、玻璃茶杯 D、铁制水管4、以下属于化学变化的是A、轮胎爆炸 B、试管破碎 C、蜡烛燃烧 D、海水晒盐5、用右图装置测定空气中氧气的含量，物质R应该选用A、铁片 B、硫粉 C、木炭 D、红磷6、某种电池的正极材料由锂（Li）、钴（Co）和氧元素组成，三种元素的化合价分别是+1、+3、2，则该物质的化学式为 A、LiCoO B、LiCoO2 C、LiCoO3 D、LiCoO47、荔枝快成熟的时候特别需要磷肥和氮肥，下列符合条件的一种化肥是A、NH4NO3 B、KCl C、NH4H2PO3 D、KNO38、下列反应属于置换反应的是A、S+O2SO2 B、2H2O2H2+O2C、C+2CuOCO2+2Cu D、Al(OH)3+3HCl=AlCl3+3H2O9、下列实验操作正确的是10、下列做法合理的是A、电视机着火用水扑灭 B、随意丢弃废旧电池 C、草木灰与铵态氮肥混合施用 D、用活性炭除去冰箱的异味11、下表中知识的归纳错误的一组是A环保来源:焚烧法处理废弃塑料生活污水直接排放B燃料开发“可燃冰”作为未来燃料在农村大力推广沼气燃料C用语2H表示两个氢原子2H2表示两个氢分子D化工化工生产要减少污染或实现零排放减少煤直接做燃料，尽量综合利用12、下列数轴表示正确的是13、下列有关食品安全的叙述不正确的是A、杜绝用工业石膏或医疗废弃石膏制作豆腐 B、禁止在奶粉中添加化工原料三聚氰胺 C、不允许把含黄曲霉素的“地沟油”用作食用油 D、在饲料中添加“瘦肉精”以增加猪肉的瘦肉含量14、下列曲线正确的是二、填空题（本大题包括5小题，共20分。）15、请用下列物质的序号填空。一氧化碳 生石灰 明矾 肥皂水（1）吸烟有害健康，烟气中含有的有害气体是 。（2）为了防止食品受潮，常用 作干燥剂。（3）可用于区别软、硬水的是 ；能把混浊的河水变澄清的是 。16、右图为某反应的微观示意图，请回答：（1）反应后的物质是 （填“纯净物”、“混合物”）。（2）该反应的化学方程式为 。17、请回答下列有关“走进低碳”的问题：（1）以下属于“不可回收垃圾”的是 （填序号）：废作业本 矿泉水瓶 霉变面包 破旧铁桶（2）下列符号“低碳”理念的最清洁燃料是 ：煤 汽油 天然气 氢气（3）某“组合转化”技术是将CO2和H2在催化剂和加热条件下转化为化工原料乙烯（C2H4），请把该反应的化学方程式补充完整：2 CO2+ 6 C2H4 + 。18、不同年龄段的群体每天钙的适宜摄入量不同，哺乳期妇女每日推荐摄入量为1200mg、有右图为某保健品说明书的一部分，请回答：（1）该药片主要为人体补充 元素和 。（2）维生素D3的化学式为C27H44O，则维生素D3分子中C、H、O的原子个数比是 。（3）每片药片含钙 mg。（4）假设某哺乳期妇女每天除食物摄入外，还需另外补充600mg的钙，则每天需服“钙尔奇” 片。19、请完成下面填空：（1）性质决定用途。以下连线正确的是 （填字母）性质 用途金属的导电性 a b 铜可用作电极材料金属的延展性 铁锅、铝锅是常用的烹饪用具金属的导热性 c 28g纯金可拉成65km长金线（2）用Fe粉制成的食品保鲜剂使用一段时间后，会逐渐变为 色的氧化铁。（3）铁制品易发生锈蚀，请写出一种防止铁生锈的方法 。（4）用氯化物 （填化学式）溶液可以一次性验证Fe、Cu、Ag三种金属的活动性顺序。三、（本大题包括2小题，共15分）20、右下图化学反应的溶液颜色变化体现了“魔法世界，魅力化学”，请回答：来源:学,科,网（1）溶液X是 （填“酸”、“碱”、“盐”），试剂A的名称是 。（2）若X是稀硫酸，B是氧化物，则B的化学式为 。（3）若X是稀盐酸，C是单质，则C的名称是 。（4）若X是稀硫酸，D是碱，则X与D反应的化学方程式为 。21、下表是NaOH和Ca(OH)2的溶解度数据，请回答下列问题。温度()020406080100溶解度（g）NaOH31来源:Z,xx,k.Com91来源:111来源:129313336Ca(OH)40.120.090.08(1)从表中数据可以获得的信息是 （写一条）（2）把80时NaOH的饱和溶液降温至20，可以看到的现象是 ；现有20时Ca(OH)2的饱和溶液（甲溶液），向其中加入一定量CaO后得到的溶液（乙溶液），此时溶液的溶质质量分数乙 甲（填、）。（3）某兴趣小组对部分变质的氢氧化钠固体进行提纯，设计了如下操作流程：请回答：（）步骤反应的化学方程式为 ；加入过量Ca(OH)2的目的是 。（）滤液B中的溶质是 、 （写化学式）；步骤所包含的具体操作是加热浓缩、 、过滤。四、（本大题包括2小题，共23分）22、下面是实验室制取和收集气体的装置，请按要求作答：（1）仪器a的名称是 。（2）用B装置制取气体并能随时停止反应，上部与下部对接应选 （填“b”、“c”）。（3）从装置AD中选择：加热KMnO4制取O2并用排水法收集，应选用图中的 （填字母）；实验室制取并收集CO2应选用图中的 （填字母）。（4）用装置E排空气收集H2，气体应从导管的 （填“d”、“e”）端进入；若制取的O2用F装置排水收集，请将图F补画完整。（5）右下图为制取H2并还原Fe3O4的微型实验装置，针筒与青霉素瓶组合部分相当于上图装置 （填字母）；检查此装置气密性的具体操作是 ，若现象为 ，则气密性良好。23、学习了MnO2对过氧化氢分解有催化作用的 知识后，某同学想：CuO能否起到类似MnO2的催化剂作用呢？于是进行了以下探究。【猜想】、CuO不是催化剂、也不参与反应，反应前后质量和化学性质不变；、CuO参与反应产生O2，反应前后质量好化学性质发生了改变；、CuO是反应的催化剂，反应前后 。【实验】用天平称量0.2gCuO，取5mL5%的过氧化氢溶液于试管中，进行如下实验：（1）填写下表：步骤现象步骤结果步骤现象结论 带火星的木条复燃。 溶液中有气泡放出， 猜想、不成立；猜想成立。（2）步骤的目的是 。（3）步骤需用到的实验仪器有：铁架台（带铁圈）、漏斗、烧杯、 。（4）过氧化氢能被CuO催化分解放出O2的化学方程式为 。【拓展】要探究步骤做过催化剂的CuO其它化学性质，还应补做的实验是 。（写一种）。五、（本大题包括2小题，共14分）24、镁是叶绿素中唯一的金属元素，植物缺镁时，通常的症状表现为叶片失绿，严重时整片叶干枯。给农作物施加MgSO4和NH4MgPO4（磷酸镁铵）等镁肥，可以促进光合作用，提高抗病能力。（1）NH4MgPO4中含有 种元素，其相对分子质量是 。（2）NH4MgPO4中Mg元素的质量分数是 （精确到0.1%）。（3）现要配置溶质质量分数为2%的MgSO4溶液500kg进行喷施，需25% MgSO4溶液的质量是 kg。25、某兴趣小组从废铝锅底部剪一块铝片，将它放入21.9%的稀盐酸中，产生氢气的质量与消耗盐酸的质量如右下图（假设酸与氧化膜反应时没有H2产生，其它杂质不与酸反应）。请回答：（1）从图中看出，该反应产生了H2 g。（2）产生氢气的化学方程式为： ；铝片中铝单质的质量为 g。（3）求被氧化的铝的质量占未氧化时铝片总质量的质量分数，写出计算过程。5serve her this time with great difficulty, he climbed into the shop window to get the dress. As soon as she saw it, the woman said s many ties.And a woman cant have too many hats, she answered.Ten minutes later we walked out of the shop together. My wife was wearing a hat that looked like a lighthouse !Lesson42 Not very musical 并非很懂音乐As we had had a long walk through one of the markets of Old Delhi, we stopped at a square to have a rest. After a time, we noticed a snake-charmer with two large baskets at the other side of the square, so we went to have a look at him. As soon as he saw us, he picked up a long pipe which was covered with coins and opened one of the baskets. When he began to play a tune, we had our first glimpse of the snake. It rose out of the basket and began to follow the movements of the pipe. We were very much surprised when the snake charmer suddenly began to play jazz tunes and modern pop songs. The snake, however, continued to dance slowly. It obviously could not tell the difference between Indian music and jazz!Lesson43 Over the South Pole 飞越南极In 1929, three years after his flight over the North Pole, the American explorer, R. E. Byrd, successfully flew over the South Pole for the first time. Though, at first, Byrd and his men were able to take a great many photographs of the mountains that lay below, they soon ran into serious trouble. At one point, it seemed certain that their plane would crash. It could only get over the mountains if it rose to 10,000 feet. Byrd at once ordered his men to throw out two heavy food sacks. The plane was then able to rise and it cleared the mountains by 400 feet. Byrd now knew that he would be able to reach the South Pole which was 300 miles away, for there were no more mountains in sight. The aircraft was able to fly over the endless white plains without difficulty. Lesson44 Through the forest 穿过森林Mrs Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men. They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees. Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. She was soon out of breath, but she continued to run. When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag, so she ran straight at them. The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. The strap needs mending, said Mrs Sterling later, but they did not steal anything.Lesson45 A clear conscience 问心无愧The whole village soon learnt that a large sum of money had been lost. Sam Benton, the local butcher, had lost his wallet while taking his savings to the post-office. Sam was sure that the wallet must have been found by one of the villagers, but it was not returned to him. Three months passed, and then one morning, Sam found his wallet outside his front door. It had been wrapped up in newspaper and it contained half the money he had lost, together with a note which said: A thief, yes, but only 5o per cent a thief! Two months later, some more money was sent to Sam with another note: Only 25 per cent a thief now! In time, all Sams money was paid back in this way. The last note said: I am 100 pe