ME主机说明书.doc

Water Cooling Systems 709709 冷却水系统709 Water Cooling Systems Index冷却水系统 索引 Text目录Index索引Drawing No.附图编号Water Cooling Systems 冷却水系统709-01V70901-0001Cooling Water Treatment 冷却水处理709-02V70902-0001Seawater Cooling System. Main and Auxiliary Engines 主副机冷却水系统图 70901VP70901-0001Jacket Cooling Water System 汽缸套冷却水系统图70902 VP70902-0001Central Cooling System 中央冷却系统图70903 VP70903-0001Preheating of Jacket Cooling Water 预热汽缸套冷却水图70904 VP70904-0001Water Cooling Systems 709-01冷却水系统 1. General1. 概述Pipe systems vary considerably from plant to plant. The following schematic pipe diagrams are included here, for guidance, to illustrate the essential principles of the circuits and their correlation.管系随装置不同差异很大。下面的管系示意图可作为指导且说明了管道的基本原理及他们间的相互联系。For a specific plant, the correct details must be found in the piping diagrams supplied by the shipyard. 对某一特定装置，其详细说明可查阅造船厂所给的管系管路图。2. Seawater Cooling System (Plate 90901)2. 海水冷却系统 (插图70901)Seawater is drawn up through the sea connection (1) by the seawater pump (2). From the pump, the water-flow is divided into three separate branches: 海水经通海接头（1）由海水泵(2)抽取，泵排出的海水被分成三路:1. through the adjustable valve (3) direct to the main engine scavenge air cooler(s). 1 经调节阀（3）直接到主机扫气空气冷却器；2. through the non-return valve (5) to the auxiliary engines2 经止回阀（5）到副机；3. through the adjustable valve (3) to the lub. oil cooler and jacket water cooler, which are connected in series.3 经调节阀（3） 到串联联接的滑油冷却器和缸套水冷却器。Other branches may be installed in parallel with branch 3: 其它支路可以与支路3并联安装 Water supply to PTO/RCF lube oil cooler (if installed).向PTO/RCF 滑油冷却器供水（如果安装）The sea water from the above-mentioned branches is later mixed again, and then continues to the thermostatically controlled 3-way regulating valve (6) at the seawater overboard valve (7).上述各支管的海水最后重新汇合，接着流至海水出海阀（7）处的温度调节三通阀（6）.Regulating valve (6) is controlled by the sensor (8) which is located in the seawater inlet pipe. The thermostat is adjusted so that the water temperature at the pump inlet is kept above 10C, in order to prevent the lub. oil from becoming too viscous on the cold cooling surfaces (see also Alarm Limits, Section 701-01).调节阀（6）由位于海水进水管处的传感器（8）控制，自动调温阀的调整使得泵进口处的水温保持在10C以上，以防止冷却面上的润滑油过于粘滞。(参见701-01 章列表中的“报警极限值”)If the seawater inlet temperature drops below the set level, then regulating valve (6) opens for the return flow to the seawater pump suction piping. 如果海水进口温度低于设定值以下，则调节阀（6）打开使海水回流到海水泵吸水管。3. Jacket Water Cooling System ( Plate 70902, 70904)气缸冷却水系统 (插图70902,70904)The jacket water is circulated through the cooler and the main engine cylinders by the jacket water pump (1). The thermostatically controlled regulating valve (2), at the outlet from the cooler, mixes cooled and uncooled jacket water in such proportions that the temperature of the outlet water from the main engine is maintained at about 80-85C. See Section 701-02. 气缸冷却水通过气缸冷却水泵（1）使之在冷却器和主机各缸中循环。装在冷却器出口的恒温控制调节阀（2）将冷却过的与未冷却过的气缸按一定比例混合使主机出口冷却水温度保持在80850C左右. (见701-02 章)Regulating valve (2) is controlled by the sensor (3), which is located in the cooling water outlet of the main engine. 调节阀（2）由位于主机冷却水出口处的传感器（3）控制。In order to avoid increased cylinder wear it is important to maintain the cooling water outlet temperature at 80-85. 为了防止气缸磨损加剧，须将冷却水出口温度维持在80850C左右。A lower temperature may cause condensation of sulphuric acid on the cylinder walls. 低温会引起气缸壁上硫酸的凝结。An integrated loop in the auxiliary engines ensures a constant temperature of 80C at the outlets from the auxiliary engines. 副机组合回路可以确保副机冷却水出口温度恒定在80C。To prevent air accumulation in the cooling water system, a deaerating tank (4) (cyclonetank) has been inserted in the piping. The expansion tank (5) takes up the difference in the water volume at changes of temperature. Also an alarm device is installed to give off alarm, in case of excessive air/steam formation in the system. See Section 701-02. 为了防止空气在冷却系统中聚集，在管系中装有一只除气柜（4）(气水分离器)。 膨胀水箱（5）用以平衡由于水的温度变化而产生的容积变化。另外装有一只警报器万一系统中空气/蒸汽过量便会报警（见701-02 章）Pressure gauges are installed to enable checking of the pressure difference across the engine. See Section 701-02. 装有压力表以检查经过柴油机的压力差（见701-02 章）3.1 Operation in Port ( Plate 70902)港口内操作 (插图70902)The main engine is preheated by utilising hot water from the auxiliary engine(s).This preheating is activated by closing valves (6) and opening valves (7). 主机利用副机的热水预热，这可通过关闭阀（6）和打开阀（7）来实现。Activating valves (6) and (7) will change the direction of flow, and the water will now be circulated by the auxiliary engine-driven pumps. From the auxiliary engines, the water flows directly to the main engine jacket outlet. When the water leaves the main engine, through the jacket inlet, it flows to the thermostatically controlled 3-way valve (2).阀（6）和（7）的操作将改变冷却水的流向，并且此时冷却水是由副机自带的循环泵进行循环。冷却水直接从副机引向主机缸套冷却水出口，再经缸套冷却水进口离开主机后，流向恒温控制三通位阀（2）。In this operating mode, the temperature sensor (3) for valve (2) measures in a nonflow, low temperature piping. Valve (2) will consequently be set to lead the cooling water to the jacket water cooler (8), and further on to the auxiliary engine-driven pumps. 在这种工作方式下，阀（2 ）的温度传感器(3 ) 感应的是非流动状态下的低温管系温度, 结果使得该阀（2 ）将冷却水导入缸套水冷却器（8），进而导入副机自带泵。The integrated loop in the auxiliary engines will ensure a constant temperature of 80C at the auxiliary engine outlet, thus preheating the main engine. 副机的组合回路可以保证副机出水口温度恒定在80C， 这样就能实现对主机进行预热。Auxiliary engines in stand-by are automatically preheated by hot water entering through valves F3 and leaving through valves F1. 备用副机由热水自动预热，该热水从F3阀进入，从F1阀流出。4. Central Cooling System (Plate 70903)中央冷却系统 (插图70903)In the central cooling water system, the central cooling water pump (3) circulates the low-temperature freshwater (central cooling water) in a cooling circuit: in parallel through the scavenge air cooler(s), through the lub. oil cooler and jacket water cooler, the two last mentioned connected in series, and through the auxiliary engines. 在中央冷却系统中，中央冷却水泵（3）用来循环冷却回路中并联的两路低温淡水(中央冷却水)：一路冷却扫气空气冷却器，另一路串联冷却润滑油冷却器和缸套水冷却器，然后冷却副机。The temperature in the low temperature part of the system is monitored by the thermostatically controlled regulating valve (4). Adjust the regulating valve so that the min. temperature at inlet to the air cooler, the oil cooler, and the auxiliary engines is above 10C.系统低温部分的温度由恒温控制调节阀（4）监测。通过该阀，可以将空气冷却器、滑油冷却器及副机冷却水的最低进口温度调节到10C 以上。Regarding main and auxiliary jacket cooling water systems, see previous section 3., Jacket Water Cooling System. 有关主副机水套冷却系统，请见前面第3章“气缸冷却水系统”。4.1 Operation in Port (Plate 70903)港口内操作 (插图70903)The main engine is preheated by utilising hot water from the auxiliary engine(s). This preheating is activated by closing valves (6) and opening valves (7). 主机用副机的热水预热，这可通过关闭阀（6）和打开阀（7）来实现。Activating valves (6) and (7) will change the direction of flow, and the water will now be circulated by the smaller port service central water pump. From the auxiliary engines, the water flows directly to the main engine jacket outlet. When the water leaves the main engine, through the jacket inlet, it flows to the thermostatically controlled 3-way valve of the jacket water cooler.阀（6）和（7）的操作将改变冷却水的流向，此时冷却水是由较小的停港中央冷却水泵循环的。这样，水流便能直接从副机引向主机缸套冷却水出口，在水流经缸套冷却水进口离开主机时，流向气缸套冷却水冷却器的三位恒温控制阀。In this operating mode, the temperature sensor for the thermostatically controlled 3-way valve measures in a non-flow, low temperature piping. The valve will consequently be set to make the cooling water by-pass the jacket water cooler and return to the port service pump. 在这种工作方式下，三位恒温控制阀的温度传感器感应的是非流动状态下的低温管系温度，结果使得该阀将冷却水旁通缸套水冷却器，进而回流到停港中央冷却水泵。The integrated loop in the auxiliary engines will ensure a constant temperature of 80C at the auxiliary engine outlet, thus preheating the main engine. 副机的组合回路可以保证副机出水口温度恒定在80C， 这样就能实现对主机进行预热。Auxiliary engines in stand-by are automatically preheated by hot water entering through valves F3 and leaving through valves G1. 备用副机使用从F3阀进入再经G1阀流出的热水自动预热。5. Preheating during Standstill停止运行期间的预热Preheat the engine in accordance with Section 703-07. 主机预热按703-07 章进行Preheat by means of: 预热方法： A built-in preheater, see also Plate 70904. l 使用固定式预热器，参见Plate 70904The capacity of the preheater pump should correspond to about 10% of the capacity of the jacket water main pump. 预热器水泵的排量必须相当于主缸套水泵排量的大约10%The pressure drop across the preheater should be approx. 0.2 bar. 经过预热器的压力降大约为0.2 巴The preheater pump and the main pump should be electrically interlocked to avoid the risk of simultaneous operation. 预热器水泵和主泵应电气联锁以免发生同时运行的危险。 Cooling water from the auxiliary engines, see item 3.1, Operation in Port l 使用副机冷却水，参见3.1节“港内操作”6. Jacket Water Cooling Failure气缸套冷却水故障It is assumed that the temperature rise is not caused by defective measuring equipment or thermostatic valve. These components should be checked regularly to ensure correct functioning. 假定温度上升不是由测量设备或恒温调节阀故障所引起的，这些元件应定期检查确保其功能良好。If the cooling water temperature, for a single cylinder or for the entire engine, rises to 90-100C, follow this procedure: 如果单独的一只气缸或整机的冷却水温度上升到90100C，则应遵照以下程序检查：Open the test cocks on the cylinder outlets.打开气缸冷却水出口的试验考克Is the water coming out?是否有水流出？Yes 是 Close the test cocks.关闭试验考克 Re-establish the cooling water supply at once, or stop the engine for troubleshooting.立即重新建立冷却水的供给，或者停车检修故障。No 否The cooling space is not completely filled with water. This results in local overheating,and hence the formation of steam. 冷却空间没有完全充满水。这将导致局部过热，并因此形成蒸汽。 Close the test cocks. 关闭试验考克。 Stop the engine.停车。 Close the outlet valve on the overheated cylinder.关闭过热的汽缸的出口阀。 Open the indicator cocks.打开示功考克。 Keep the auxiliary blowers and lub. oil pumps running. 保持辅助鼓风机和滑油泵的运行。 Turn the piston of the cylinder concerned to BDC to slowly cool down the overheatedarea via the air flow through the cylinder and indicator cock. 将相应气缸的活塞盘车到下止点，通过流经气缸和试验考克的空气缓慢冷却过热的区域。 Leave the engine to cool. 等待柴油机冷却。This prevents extra shock heat stresses in cylinder liner, cover and exhaust valve housing,if the water should return too suddenly. 这将避免由于冷却水突然恢复而在缸套、缸盖和排气阀壳产生过多的冲击热应力。 After 15 minutes, open the outlet valves a little so that the water can rise slowly in thecooling jackets. Check the level at the test cocks. 15分钟之后，再稍稍打开出口阀让缸套中的水缓慢上升。使用试验考壳检查水位。 Find and remedy the cause of the cooling failure. 查找引起冷却故障的原因并排除之。 Check for proper inclination of the freshwater outlet pipe, and for proper deaeration fromthe forward end of the engine. 检查淡水出口管的弯度是否适当，以及柴油机前端冷却水除气是否正常。 Make a scavenge port inspection to ensure that no internal leakage has occurred.See also Section 707-01. 检查扫气口以确认没有内部泄漏。参见707-01章。Note: Slow-turn the engine with open indicator cocks before starting the engine.注意：起动前打开示功考克并慢转柴油机。Cooling Water Treatment 709-02冷却水处理 1. Reducing Service Difficulties1. 减少运行困难To reduce service difficulties to a minimum, we strongly recommend:为了将运行困难减少到最小我们强烈建议： effective protection against corrosion of the cooling water system by adding a chemical corrosion inhibitor. See Item 1.2. l 添加化学防腐剂以有效地保护冷却水系统不受腐蚀，请参见1.2 节 using the correct cooling water quality. See Item 1.3.l 使用质量好的冷却水，请参见1.3 节 effective venting of the system. See Item 1.4. l 系统有效地放气，请参见1.4 节 Checking the system and water during service. See Item 2.l 柴油机运行期间检查冷却系统和冷却水，请参见第2节 Using the correct cleaning and inhibiting procedure. See Items 3 and 4. l 使用正确的清洁和防腐方法，请参见3 和4节1.1 Types of Damage1.1 损坏类型If the above-mentioned precautions are not taken, the following types of damage may occur: 如果没有采取上述措施就会发生如下类型的损坏: corrosion, which removes material from the attacked surface by a chemical process. l 腐蚀：化学反应发生于该表面，消蚀了材料。 corrosion fatigue, which may develop into cracks because of simultaneous corrosion and dynamic stresses. l 腐蚀疲劳：因腐蚀和动应力同时作用，可产生裂纹。 cavitation, which removes material because of local steam formation and subsequent condensation in the cooling water, due to high water velocity or vibrations. l 气穴：因高流速的水流或震动的冲击，在局部形成蒸汽的地方又被冷却水冷凝，从而剥蚀了表面材料。 scale formation, which reduces the heat transfer, mostly due to lime deposits. l 形成水垢,主要由于氧化钙沉淀会减少热传递Corrosion and cavitation may reduce the lifetime and safety factors of the parts concerned. Deposits will impair the heat transfer and may result in thermal overload of the components to be cooled. 腐蚀和穴蚀会减少相关零件的寿命和安全系数,而沉积会影响热传递并导致被冷却零件的过热。1.2 Corrosion Inhibitors1.2 防腐剂Various types of inhibitors are available but, generally, only nitrite-borate based inhibitors are recommended防腐剂有各种各样的型号通常只推荐亚硝酸盐-硼酸基的防腐剂A number of products marketed by major companies are specified in the table on Page 9. The relevant dosages are also mentioned, and we recommend that these directions are strictly observed. 第9页上的表详细说明了主要公司的许多市场产品，并阐明了所需剂量及混合过程，我们建议应严格遵循这些说明。Cooling water treatment using inhibiting oils is not recommended, as such treatment involves the risk of uncontrolled deposits being formed on exposed surfaces, and furthermore represents an environmental problem. 建议不要采用油性防腐剂来处理冷却水，因为这种处理可能会在暴露表面形成难以控制的沉积的危险，而且会带来环境问题。！The legislation for disposal of waste water, incl. cooling water, prohibits the use of chromate for cooling water treatment. Chromate inhibitors must not be used in plants connected to a freshwater generator.注意！有关处理废水（包括冷却水）的法规禁止使用铬酸盐来处理冷却水，并必须注意与造水机相连的设备不准使用铬酸盐防腐剂。1.3 Cooling Water Quality1.3 冷却水水质It is important to use the correct cooling water quality. We recommend to use deionized or distilled water (for example produced in the freshwater generator) as cooling water. 使用质量好的冷却水是很重要的,因此我们推荐采用去离子水或蒸馏水(如用造水机)获得的水做冷却水。This prevents, to a wide extent, the formation of lime stone on cylinder liners and in cylinder covers, which would impair the heat transfer, and result in unacceptably high material temperatures. 这可以在较大程度上阻止在缸套及缸盖处形成有损热传导和导致温度高于材料承受范围的氧化钙的沉淀.Before use, check that the following values are not exceeded: 使用前检查不应超过下列值： Hardness: max. 10 dH (=10 ppm CaO) 硬度最大100 dH (=10ppm CaO) pH: 6.5-8.0 (at 20C) PH值：6.58.0 (在 200时) Chloride: 50 ppm (50 mg/litre) 氯化物：50ppm （50 毫克/升） Sulphate: 50 ppm (50 mg/litre) 硫酸盐：50ppm （50 毫克/升） Silicate: 25 ppm (25 mg/litre) 硅酸盐：25ppm （25 毫克/升）Check that there is no content of:检查确认无以下成分： Sulphide 硫化物 Chlorine 氯化物 Ammonia 氨！Softening of the water does not reduce its sulphate and chloride contents. 注意！水的软化不能减少硫化物和氯化物含量。If deionized or distilled water cannot be obtained, normal drinking water can be used in exceptional cases若没有去离子水或蒸流水，在特殊情况下可用饮用水。.Rain water, etc. must not be used, as it can be heavily contaminated.雨水等决不能使用，因为这类水已被严重污染。1.4 Venting1.4 放气The system is fitted with a deaerating tank with alarm and with venting pipes which lead to the expansion tank. 该系统装有一只带报警器和透气管的除气柜,并通过透气管与膨胀水箱相连。See Section 709-01. 请参见709-01章2. Checking the System and Water during Service2. 运转期间检查冷却系统和冷却水Check the cooling water system and the water at the intervals given below: 检查冷却系统和冷却水的时间间隔如下We recommend to keep a record of all tests, to follow the condition and trend of the cooling water. 我们建议每次检验都应做好记录以跟踪冷却水的状态和发展趋势。2.1 Regularly2.1 定期检查Whenever practical, check the cooling water system for sludge or deposits. See also Item 2.5, Every Four-Five Years and after Long Time Out of Operation. 只要情况允许就应检查冷却水系统的淤渣或沉淀情况。请参见2.5 节“每四五年和长期停车后的检查。Check at the cooling pipes, cooling bores, at the top of the cylinder and cover and exhaust valve bottom piece. 检查气缸上部和缸盖及排气阀座的冷却水管和冷却孔。Sludge and deposits can be due to: contaminated cooling water system, zinc galvanized coatings in the cooling water system.Experience has shown that zinc galvanized coatings in the freshwater cooling system are often very susceptible to corrosion, which results in heavy sludge formation, even if the cooling system is correctly inhibited.In addition, the initial descaling with acid will, to a great extent, remove any galvanized coating. Therefore, generally, we advise against the use of galvanized piping in the freshwater cooling system.淤渣和沉淀的形成可能是因为：冷却水系统污染。冷却水系统中的镀锌层。经验表明冷却水系统中的镀锌层极易被腐蚀,从而产生很厚的淤渣,即使冷却水已正确防腐处理也会如此。此外最初用酸去垢在很大程度上也会把电镀层去掉。因此通常我们建议在淡水冷却系统中不用镀锌管。2.2 Once a WeekTake a water sample from the system during running.Take the sample from the circulating system, i.e. not from the expansion tank or the pipes leading to the tank.Check the condition of the cooling water.Test kits are normally available from the inhibitor supplier.22 一星期检查一次柴油机运行时从系统中取水样。从循环系统中取水样，即不是从膨胀水箱或与该水箱相连的管子中取样。检查冷却水状态。试验用具包通常从防腐剂供货厂商处获得。Check: The concentration of inhibitor must not fall below the value recommended by the supplier, as this will increase the risk of corrosion.When the supplier specifies a concentration range, we recommend to maintainthe concentration in the upper end.检查：防腐剂浓度不得低于供货厂商建议的值，因为这会增加腐蚀的危险。如果供货厂商规定了该浓度的范围，我们建议将其保持在上限。 pH-value should be within 8.5-10 at 20C.A decrease of the pH-value (or an increase of the sulphate content, if measured) can indicate exhaust gas contamination (leakage).pH can be increased by adding inhibitor, however, if large