Lecture_5虚拟语气.ppt

Lecture16SubjunctiveMoodPage181 TwoSubjunctiveFormsandOthers Exam orientedLearning LanguageTips 16 1BE subjunctive Thebe subjunctiveisrealizedbythebaseformoftheverb Whateverthepersonofthesubject thepredicatorinvariablytakesthebaseform Thebe subjunctiveisused Incertainthat clausestoexpressacommand decision suggestion etc Incertainadverbialclausesintroducedbyif though whatever solonga whether lest etc Incertainformulaicexpressionstoexpressawish prayer curse etc Theformulaicuseofthebe subjunctivetendstobeformalandold fashionedinstyle P181 182 1 a aftersuchverbsas 命令decree di kri 命令 颁布 order Heorderedthatallthebooksbesentatonce 决定vote decide Congresshasdecided voted decreedthatthepresentlawbemaintained 建议move propose recommend suggest Weproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair 需 请求demand request require RussiademandedthatUNITA 安哥拉彻底独立全国同盟 sendadelegationtothepeacetalks 坚持insist prefer etc Thedoctorinsistedthathenoteatmeat b aftersuchadjectivesas 适当 合 appropriate proper fitting Itwasappropriatethatthistaxbeabolished 必须essential imperative im per tiv 必要的 势在必行的 necessary obligatory bli t ri 义务的 必须的 Itisnecessarythathecomebackwithoutdelay 明智 可取 advisable desirable Ithoughtitadvisablethatanarmedguardstandinreadiness 重要或不可能important impossible etc It simportantthatheanswerherquestionsashonestlyashecan c aftersuchnounsas 命令decree order instruction TheboardhasgiveninstructionsthattheagentflytoBoston 决心decision resolution Theirdecisionwasthattheschoolremainclosed 请求demand requirement etc Wewerefacedwiththedemandthatthistaxbeabolished 2 if though等引导的分句中表示 推测whateverWhateverbehisdefense wecannottoleratethisdisloyalty 让步if though solongasThougheveryonedesertyou Iwillnot 防备lestQuietlywesatontheriverbanklestthefishswimaway 3 某些公式化语句Heavenforbid Sobeit Sufficeittosaythat Farbeitfrommetodo ifneedbe Thisbe subjunctiveformcansometimesbereplacedby should infinitive ortheto infinitive e g Heorderedthatthebooksbesentatonce Heorderedthatthebooksshouldbesentatonce Heorderedthebookstobesentatonce Itisimportantthatshebeplacedinanappropriatejob Itisimportantthatsheshouldbeplacedinanappropriatejob Itisimportantforhertobeplacedinanappropriatejob 16ASheinsiststhathetakehisvacationnow Ihadrecommendedthathebeplacedinamoreresponsibleposition Isuggestedthathefinishupthatprojectquickly Idemandedhatheaccompanymetothehearing 听证会 Thegeneralcommandedthatthesoldiersadvanceimmediately IpreferthatMarytypetheletters Itwasnecessarythatheleaveimmediately It simportantthathebenominated Headvisedthatshewaitforafewweeks Theboardhasinstructedthatthemanagerquit Heorderedthatthetroopsmarchtothefrontatonce Congresshasvotedthatthislawbeabolished Itisabsolutelyessentialthatalltheapplicantsbeinterviewedonebyone 14 Ithinkitadvisablethatasecretarybeappointedatonce 16 livelongourgreatmotherland 19 Itisnecessarythateverymembergetinformedoftheserules 15 Weproposesomebodyneutralforthechair Weproposethatsomebodyneutraltakethechair 17 Letitbeunderstoodthatbothsidesarewillingtoreachanagreement Beitunderstoodthatbothsidesarewillingtoreachanagreement 18 Itsufficestosaythattheopenpolicywillremainunchanged Sufficesittosaythattheopenpolicywillremainunchanged 20 Theambassadorwillstaythereifnecessary Theambassadorwillstaythereifneedbe 16 2WERE subjunctive Thewere subjunctivehasonlyoneformwere whichappliestosubjectsofallpersons Thewere subjunctiveishypotheticalorunrealinmeaningandisused Incertainadverbialclausesintroducedbyif though ifonly asif asthough etc todenoteanunrealconditionorconcession 2 Incertainnominalclausesafterverbslikewish wouldrather suppose imagine etc todenoteahypotheticalsituation Itmustbenotedthatinpresent dayEnglish thewere subjunctivewithfirstandthirdpersonsubjectsisoftenreplacedbytheindicative in dik tiv 陈述语气wasinlessformalstyle Compare Ifitwastorain thegamewouldbeputoff IfonlyIwasnotsonervous Iwishitwasspringalltheyearround I dratherIwasn tatthesiteoftheaccident Thewere subjunctiveisobligatory however inthesetexpressions asitwere sotospeak and ifIwereyou aswellasinnon introducedconditionalclauseswithinvertedwordorder e g WereItodoit IfIweretodoit Ishouldrelyonyou Heismybestfriend mysecondself asitwere 16B1Far be itfrommetocallhimathief be4 Itisessentialthathe have allthefacts have6 Homeishome be iteversohomely be8 WerecommendthataneutralChairman appoint beappointed15 IfI feel overtired Iwouldn tgoon werefeeling16 TheCommitteerecommendsthattheannualsubscription increase to 10 beincreased 19 be thatasitmay ourexpenditureisboundtoincrease Be20 TheysuggestedthatSmith drop fromtheteam bedropped23 Ifit rain tomorrow thematchwouldbepostponed weretorain28 Iproposehe excuse beexcused29 Imovethemeeting adjourn d n 休会 延期 换地方beadjourned adjourn30 be aseriouscrisistoarise thegovernmentwouldhavetoactswiftly Were33 It sessentialthathe be herebytomorrow be 2 were3 were5 be7 weren t9 were10 were11 beexamined12 were13 were14 apply17 bemade economize18 were21 were22 were24 weretosee25 not bestarted26 Se38 perish39 were40 forget 16 3Notesonwaysofexpressinghypotheticalmeanings ModernEnglishhasanumberofdevicesforexpressinghypotheticalmeanings Inadditiontothebe subjunctiveandthewere subjunctive wecanusepasttenseformsofverbsandpasttensemodalsforthesamepurpose Thepasttenseformsofverbsareusuallyusedtoexpresshypothesisinthefollowingcontexts Itistime that Iwouldrather sooner that you he they Ifonly Hebehavesasif asthough Iwish that Somuchforhypothesisofpastorpresentevents affairsorfacts Toexpresshypothesisoffutureaffairs eventsorfacts thepasttenseformsofsomemodalauxiliariesareused Iwishyouwouldlistentoyourteacher sadvice IwishIcoulddosomethingforyouinreturn Compare Iwish with Ihope that Ihopeyouareready Ihopeyoucandosomethingtohelpher Wehopeyouwillbeveryhappy Ihopetheweatherwouldbefavourable 婉转 2 Thepasttensemodalsarecommonlyusedtoexpresshypothesisinthefollowingcontexts Inconditionals Inimpliedconditionals Inothercontexts InconditionalsIfhebefoundguilty hewouldbesenttoprison Ifheshouldrefusetoappearincourt hemightbeheldguilty InimpliedconditionalsButforyourhelp Icouldn thaveachievedanything Borninbettertimes ifhehadbeenborninbettertimes hewouldhavedonecredittotheprofessionofletters InothercontextsWouldthatthefloodmightnevercomeagain Ifonlythefloodmightnevercomeagain Tothinkthatheshouldhavedesertedhiswifeandchildren 16C3 Hetalksasifhe do alltheworkhimself butinfactTomandIdidmostofit haddone7 Thecheeselooksasifrats nibble nibl 细咬 一点一点地咬 吹毛求疵 it hadnibbled8 Healwaystalksasifhe address apublicmeeting wereaddressing11 Ifyou tie theboatup itwouldn thavedriftedaway hadtied16 IfonlyI be insured hadbeen20 Supposeyou notknow whereyournextmealwascomingfrom didnotknow 21 Iwishnuclearweaponsnever be invented hadneverbeen27 Ifyou have apeepholeinyourdoor youwouldhaveseenwhowasstandingoutsideandkeptthedoorshut hadhad had30 Helooksasthoughhenever get asquaremeal butinfacthiswifefeedshimverywell gotwent2 had4 began5 knew6 had9 were10 stayed looked12 hadn tgiven13 had would14 were15 drove17 hadnottaken18 hadkept19 paid22 stopped started23 hadbrought24 werecoming25 hadtaken26 took28 hadnottried29 hadnothad 16DIwouldcertainlytakeyouthereifneedbe IfIweretodothis Iwouldadoptadifferentmethod Thepresidentorderedthatallthearmedforcesbemobilizedatonce TheboarddecidedthatJohnsonbeappointedgeneralmanager IfIwereyou Iwouldfaceuptotheproble