初中英语语法归类学习.doc

非谓语动词学习要点：一、有些动词既可以接ing形式，又可接不定式，但所接的ing 和to do 表示的意义不同：stop to do 停止这件事情去做另一件事情 stop doing 停止这件事情不再做了 1 When he sees me , he stops to talk to me . (他原做别的，看见我就停下来跟我说话)2 When the teacher comes in , the students stop talking (学生说话，老师进来停止说话)go on to do 继续做另外一件事情go on doing 继续做相同的事情1 After dinner , he goes on to do homework . (吃饭后，继续做作业)2 Though (虽然) its dark , he goes on working in the field . (虽天黑，他还是继续在地里工作)remember to do 记住要去做（没做） remember doing 记住曾经做过（已做过） 1 Please remember to lock the door when you are out . (当你出去时要记住关门)2 I remember meeting you somewhere 2 years ago . (我记得2年前在某地见过你)forget to do 忘记要去做（没做）forget doing 忘记曾经做过（已做）1 I forget to bring my pen , would you please lend me your pen ? 我忘记带笔，你能借你的笔给我用一用吗？2 I am sorry , I forget meeting you somewhere . 抱歉，我忘记曾经在哪儿见过你了。regret to do 遗憾要去做（没做） regret doing 后悔曾经做过（曾做） 1 I regret telling her such a bad news , she is so sad now .我后悔告诉她这个坏消息，看，她现在多伤心。2 I regret to tell you that failed the math test . 我遗憾地告诉你你数学考砸了。try to do 努力做try doing 尝试做1 They try hard to learn English . 他们努力学习英语。（hard是努力的意思）2 If it doesnt work , why not try doing it another way .如果这个办法不行，为什么不尝试另外的办法呢？ need (want ) to do 需要做need (want) doing (某物)需要被.1 I need to go to see the doctor this afternoon . 我今天下午要看医生。2 The flowers need watering . 这些花需要被浇水了。典型题目：(多练，多思考，才能掌握好)1 Please stop _ a rest if you are tired . A have B having C to have 2 He doesnt feel well , he has to stop _ . A work B to work C working 3 “Mom , I had washed the clothes .” “ Why not go on _ the room ?” A to clean B clean C cleaning 4 Its 21:00 now , they go on _ in the office . A to work B work C working 5 I remember _ a meeting this afternoon . A to have B have C having 6 I remember _ this book when I was young . A to read B read C reading7 “ What is the matter with Mike ? he looks so worry .” “ He forget _ his ID card (身份证) 。” A take B to take C taking 8 My uncle is too old , He forgets _in this factory . A to work B work Cworking 9 We must try our best _ . A to work B working C work 10 I try _ the tree again , but I fail . A to climb B climb C climbing 11 I regret _ such a big mistake . A making B make C to make 12 I am tired now , lets stop _ a rest . A to have B having C have 13 The radio doesnt work , I need _ repair it . A to repair B repair C repairing 14 The baby is too young , he needs _ after . A to look B looking C look二、有些动词只能接ing形式1） 有一些动词后面只能接动词ing形式，这些动词有 finish（完成） , mind （介意）, enjoy , be busy in , be worth(值得) , give up (放弃) ，prefer doing sth to doing sth (宁愿做，而不愿做.) , keep (保持) practice(练习)等。例如： 1 Would you mind opening the window ? (你介意开窗吗？) 2 I give up smoking 2 years ago . (我两年前放弃抽烟了，即戒烟) 3 They keep the machine(机器) working all day . (他们整天让机器工作着) 4 I prefer reading books to watching TV . 我宁愿读书也不愿看电视。2）介词的后面接ing形式。如of , in , at , for , about , from 等。一些短语里含有介词的，如 be interested in , be good at , what about , think of , spend in 等。 1 What about going fishing tomorrow ? 2 He is good at playing chess . 3 Thank you for listening to me . 4 I am interested in reading this book .3) like , hate 这两个单词的特殊情况： 1 I like going fishing . 我喜欢钓鱼（表示经常） 2 I like to go fishing today . 我喜欢今天去钓鱼。（表示今天这一次） 3 I hate smoking . 我讨厌抽烟。 （一直都讨厌抽烟） 4 I hate to smoke now . ( 只是某一次某种场合讨厌)典型题目：1 I enjoy _ to music . A listen B listening C to listen 2 He often practices _ English in the morning . A speaking B speak C to speak3 We will finish _ the bridge next month . A building B to build C build 4 How about _ a picnic this weekend ? A have B having C to have 5 Would you like _ me a hand ? A to give B give C giving 6 I dont like _ now , I like _ a walk after dinner . A walk , have B walking , having C walking , to have D to walk , having 7 Knives are used for _ . A cut B to cut C cutting 8 We must stop people from _ the pandas . A to kill B kill C killing 9 I am sorry to keep you _ me for such a long time . A to wait B wait C waiting 10 Tom is good at _ . A skate B to skate C skating 三、使役动词和感官动词的重要用法使役动词有：make , let (都有“让，使”的意思，所以叫使役动词。感官动词有：hear(听见) , see(看见), watch(观看) , notice(注意到), feel (感觉到)，使役性动词和感官性动词后面接动词的时候可以接动词原形，也可以接ing形式。但一定不能接不定式。make sb do 使某人做某事make sb doing使某人正在做某事，或者一直做某事 1. I make the electric fan (电扇) working all night . 我让风扇一直工作了一夜。 2. I make my mom washing my clothes just now . 我刚才让妈妈洗衣服，妈刚才正在洗）3. I often make my mom wash the clothes . 我经常让我妈帮我洗衣服。 hear sb do 听见某人做某事 hear sb doing听见某人正在做某事 3I heard Mike sing songs in the room last night . 我昨晚听见Mike唱歌。 4. I heard Mike singing songs in the room this time last night . 我昨晚这个时候听见Mike在唱歌。（强调这个时候他正在唱歌） see sb do sth 看见某人做某事 see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事 5. I usually see Tom play in the playground . (我经常看见Tom在操场玩耍) 6. I saw Tom playing in the playground just now . (我刚才看见Tom正在操场玩) Let sb do 让某人做某事 notice sb do sth 注意到某人做某事 Let sb doing 让某人正在做某事 notice sb doing sth注意到某人正在做某事 watch sb do sth 看见某人做某事 feel sb do 感觉某人做某事 watch sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事 feel sb doing感觉某人正做某事 7. I am sorry to keep you waiting for 2 hour . (对不起，我让你等了2个小时) 8. Let me hear you play the piano , OK? (让我听听你弹钢琴，好吗？)典型题目1. No matter(无论) how hard(难) it is , we will keep _ until(直到) we succeed(成功) . A try B trying C to try 2. Listen ! I hear someone _ in the room . A sing B to sing C singing 3. Where is Mike ? I saw him _ in the river now . A swim B swimming C to swim 4. My mom asked me _ her make the cake . A to help B help C helping 5. Amy make face(扮鬼脸) to make the baby _ . A laugh B to laugh C laughing 6. I saw Mike _ chess under the tree yesterday . A play B playing C to play 7. Dont put off(扑灭) the fire (火) , let it _ . A burn (燃烧) B burning C to burn 8. Dont let the children often _ computer games . A play B to play C playing 9I saw a plane _ over my head when I walked in the street . A flying B fly C to fly 10 . Do you often see Mike _ here ? 11. Do you see Mike _ here now ? A play B playing C to play 四、had better why not 后接动词原形 否定后加not help sb do 1. You had better work harder . 你最好更加努力些。2. Why not go out to have a walk ? 为什么不出去外面走走？3. I often help my mom clean the room . 我经常帮妈妈打扫房间。4. You had better not swim in the river . 你最好不要在河里游泳。五、注意too. to 结构 ，是太而不能的意思。1. Mike is too young to go to school . Mike年纪太小而还不能上学。2. He got up too late to go to school on time . 他起床太迟而不能准时上学。3 Mike is _ fat _ walk by himself . A so.that B too to C very . and 题型练习：1. Why not help you mom _ the clothes . A wash B washing C to wash 2. You dont feel well today , you had better _ . A smoke B not to smoke C not smoke 3. I ask Mike _ the room . A clean B to not clean C not to clean 4. My grandpa is too old to take a trip means _. A My grandpa is old enough to take a trip . B My grandpa is not old enough to take a trip . C My grandpa cant take a trip because he is old .六、注意以下的句型：1.） It takes sb some time to do sth . 花费某人多少时间做某事2.） Its kind / nice of you to do sth . 某人做什么真是太好了3.） It is + 形容词 +(for sb) +to do sth .对于某人来说做什么是的。题型练习：1. _ takes me 2 hours to go to Guangzhou by train . A That B She C It 2. It takes Mike 3 days _ all his holiday homework . A to finish B finish C finishing 3. Its very nice _ you to help me . A for B of C from 4. Is _ important for you to learn English ? A it B that C me D /5. Its easy _ him to learn computer well . A for B of C by 6. Its necessary for all of us _ English . A to learn B learning C learn7. I think it important _ English well . A to learn B learning C learn七、注意下面的题目：like 一般后面接ing形式，但注意下面情况。1I feel like _ books after school . A reading B to read C read 2. Id like _ shopping on the weekends . A to go B go C going 3. Would you like _ out to have walk with me ? A to go B go C going 4. I dont feel like _ a walk now , because I am tired now . A go B going C to go八，表示目的的时候用不定式。1. I get up early_ the first bus . 我起床早目的是想搭首班车。 A to catch B catch C catch 2. He works hard _the exam . 他努力学习是想通过考试。 A to pass B pass C passing 3. She gets a paper _ a letter . A to write B writing C write （请通过复印纸的练习掌握非谓语动词练习,要反复做多几遍才能掌握好）主谓一致一、就近原则：1）There be 结构： 1. There _ some students and a teacher in the classroom . 2. There _ a teacher and some students in the classroom . A is B are C have D has2) Neithernor , eitheror , not only but also 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词与最接近它的主语的人称和数保持一致。 1. Not only the teacher but also the students likes the book . 2. Not only the students but also the teacher like the book . 3. Either I or he is right . 不是我就是他是对的。 4. Either he or I am right . 不是他就是我是对的。3）由and , both and 连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。 1He and I are students . 2. Both he and Mike are students . 但要注意这种情况：如果and 连接的两个名词指同一个人和物时，谓语动词用单数形式(注意这些题目的特点) 1.The teacher and the writer _ funny . A is B are 2. The teacher and writher _ funny . A is B are 3. His father and the doctor _ sports . A likes B like 4. His father and doctor _ sports . A likes B like4）由together(和) ,together with (和),with (和),but(除了) , except(除了) , besides (除了还有),like(比如) 连接的名词或代词通常不是真正的主 语，只能做插入语，谓语动词的单复数要看真正的主语。 1. Liping with her friends _ read the book . A has B have 2. The teacher together with his students _ watching TV . A are B is 3. Some juice like apple juice _ tasty . A is B are 4. All the students but Tom _ tall . A is B are 5. Tom besides Mike and Kate _ going fishing . A likes B like 5) 不定代词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数，也可以用复数。 1. Every student in our class has a dictionary . 2. someone is waiting for you at the school gate . 3. Neither of them is farmer .他们两人都不是农民。 4. Either of us has a new bike . 6) 表示数量多的修饰词如 a lot of , a number of , many ,连接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 1. A number of people _ in the park . A is B are 2. A few fish _ swimming in the river . A is B are 但a lot of , plenty of , some 等连接单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 1. Plenty of money _not enough . A is B are 2. A lot of water _ dirty . A is B are 7) 由两部分构成的物体做主语时，谓语动词用复数。这类名词有：trousers ,glasses ,shoes , socks . 1. The trousers are new . 2. The glasses are not mine . 但如果表示一双，一对等数量时，谓语动词用单数。 1. This pair of shoes is mine . 2. This pair of glasses is not mine . 8) 有些集体名词如family , group , team , class 等作主语时，如果它强调整体，谓语动词用单数，如果它强调个体，谓语动词用复数。 1. My family is not large . 我的家庭很小，强调家庭这个整体 2. My family are having lunch now . 我的家人在吃中午饭，家人肯定不只一个。 3. Our class is a happy one . 我们班是一个开心的班。 4. Our class are playing football . 我们班正在踢足球，强调踢足球的班上的人。9）有些名词看起来时单数，实际上他是复数名词，这些名词有：police(单数是policeman ) people, cattle(牛群), 有些名词看起来是复数，实际上它是单数，这些名词有：news , maths ,physics 等。1. The police are playing football .2. The policeman is playing football .3. The cattle are eating glass.4. The good news makes me very happy .5. I think maths is difficult to learn .10) a number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用复数 The number of +复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数 1. A number of people in the park are about 50 .2. The number of people in the park is about 50 .11) 表示一段时间，一些金钱，一段长度等做主语时，谓语动词用单数。1. Ten yuan is enough .2. Ten months is not a long time .12) All / some / most / half / 等结构作主语，要看后面的名词，如果名词是复数，则谓语动词用复数，如果表示单数或不可数，谓语动词则用单数。另如果分数作主语，也是要看分数后面的主语，情况与刚才一样。1 Most of the water in the river is dirty .2 Most of the apples are sour .3 All the money is Mikes .4 All the students in our class are active . 5 Two third of time is used for reading . 6 Two third of students are boys .13 不定式，ing形式，从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。1 Watching TV is bad for our eyes .2 To watch TV is bad for our eyes .3 Where to go is not sure yet . 去哪里还没有定下来。4 What to do is not decided .要做什么还没有决定。(请做好主谓一致的相关练习，通过练习才能掌握好这部分的知识)情态动词学习：一、cant 与mustnt 用法上的区别： cant 与mustnt都表示不能够，但cant表示能力上的不能，mustnt表示禁止的意思。1You _ smoke in the hospital . A cant B mustnt 2. you cant play football near the road . A cant B mustnt 3. I _ swim . A cant B mustnt 4. Tom _ finish his homework on time . A cant B mustnt 二、must的肯定回答和否定回答。1. Must I do it now ? Yes , you _ . (肯定用什么？) No , you _./ No, you_. （否定用什么？）三、need可以做情态动词，也可以作实义动词，作情态动词的时候接动词原形，如果作实义动词时，要接不定式，如何判断need是助动词还是实义动词？1. Mike needs help , _ he ? A need he B doesnt he 2. Mike needs_ to see the doctor now . A to go B go C going 3. Mike need_ the flowers . A water B waters C to water 4. you need not _ about him . A worry B to worry C worrying .四、表示猜测的must be 与cant be 的用法 must be 表示肯定的猜测 ，cant be表示否定的猜测。May be 也可以表示肯定的猜测，但没有must be那么肯定。1 -Some one is playing football , who _ it be ? -It _ be Tom . - It _ be him , because he has gone to USA . A can B must C may D cant 五、一些情态动词的过去式表示有礼貌的说法。1 _ you please help me with the bag ? A will B would C can 2 _ you please hand in the paper ? A can B could 情态动词练习：第一组题目1 John_ come to see us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.A. may B. can C. has to D. must2 They _ do well in the exam.A. can be able to B. be able to C. can able to D. are able to3 -May I take this book out?-No, you_.A. cant B. may not C. neednt D. arent4 You_ go and see a doctor at once because youre got a fever.A. can B. must C. dare D. would5 -Can you speak Japanese?-No, I_.A. mustnt B. cant C. neednt D. may not第二组题目：1 -He_ be in the classroom, I think.-No, he _ be in the classroom. I saw him go home a minute ago. A. can; may not B. must; may not C. may; cant D. may; mustnt2 -Shall I get one more cake for you, Dad?-Thanks, but you_, Ive had enough.A. may not B. must not C. cant D. neednt3 -Even the top students in our class cant work out this problem, so it _be very difficult.A. may B. must C. can D. need4- He isnt at school. I think he _ be ill. A. can B. shall C. must D. has to5 _ I take this one?A. May B. Will C. Are D. Do第三组题目：1 The children_ play football on the road.A. cant B. can C. mustnt D. must2 You _ be late for school again next time.A. mustnt B. neednt C. dont have to D. dont need to3 -Must I do my homework at once?-No, you_. A. neednt B. mustnt C. cant D. may not4- His arm is all right. He_ go and see the doctor.A. has not to B. dont have to C. havent to D. doesnt have to5- He had to give up the plan, _ he?A. did B. didnt C. does D. doesnt第四组题目：1 They had to walk here, _ they?A. mustnt B. did C. didnt D. hadnt2 He had better stay here, _ he?A. didnt B. dont C. hadnt D. isnt3 Youd better_late next time.A. not to be B. not be C. wont be D. dont be4 Youd better _ your hair _ once a month.A. had; cut B. had; cutted C. have; cut D. have; cutted5 You_ ask that man over there. Maybe he knows the way. A. had better not to B. had not better C. had better D. had better not第五组题目：1 -Shall we go and visit the History Museum next Sunday?A. Here you are B. Sorry, I cant C. Yes, please D. Let me try2 -Why dont you ask Mike to go with us?-Thanks, _.A. I will B. I wont C. lean D. I may3 -_ I take the newspaper away?-No, you mustnt. You_read it only here.A. Must; can B. May; can C. Need; must D. Must; must4 -Excuse me. _ you please pass me that cup?A. Do B. Should C. Would D. Must5 _ you like to have another try?A. Could B. Will C. Would D. Do第六组题目：1 -Would you like to go boating with us?-Yes, _.A. Id like B. I want C. Id like to D. I do2 You_ worry about your son. He will get well soon.A. neednt B. cant C. mustnt D. have to3 The poor man needs our help, _ he?A. need B. neednt C. does D. doesnt4 -Must we do our homework first?-No, you_. You may have a rest first.A. mustnt B. neednt C. may not D. cant从句的学习一、宾语从句：从句在句子中作宾语。1. Idont know What his name is .2. I am sure she will come .二、宾语从句注意的两点：1）宾语从句要用陈述句的语序。 1. I dont know what his name is . 2. We all know where Mike comes from . 3. Do you know _ now ? A where is Tom B where Tom is 2）时态要保持一致。 如果主句是现在时或将来时，从句可以根据需要用各种时态。 1. The radio says it is going to rain tomorrow . 2. The radio says it is raining in Beijing now . 3. I believe he has finished her job now . 4. I know he came here yesterday . 如果主句是过去时，从句要用过去时的某种时态（过去时，过去将来时，过 去进行时，过去完成时.） 1. He said he was working at 8:00 last night . 2. He said he had been to Beijing . 3. He said he would visit his friend next Sunday .题目练习： 1. I didnt decide I _ next . A am going to do B was going to do 2. Mike is not sure _ . A if he could fish it in time B if he can finish it in time 3. He asked me where I _ from . A come B comes C came 当从句表示的是客观真理，从句不会受到主句的时态影响，仍用一般现在时。例如：1. The teacher said the earth moves around the sun . 2. The teacher said the sun rises in the east . 三、宾语从句里，如果主句的动词是believe ,think , guess , 等，如果宾语要否定，那么否定就要转移到主句中去。 1. I dont think you are right . 我认为你不对。 2. I dont believe he is an honest man .我相信他不是一个诚实的人。题型练习： 1. I dont believe Mike is a good boy , _? A is he B isnt he C do I D dont I 2. 我认为他不是一个大学生。 I _ _ he _