论文终稿(2)社会语言学 毕业论文.doc

论文终稿(2)社会语言学 毕业论文 吉林华桥外国语学院本科毕业论文（200*级）姓名*学号0305070730院系双语学院专业英语（英*方向）指导教师田慧二一*年六月专业文档，值得下载！A BriefAnalysis of Chinese Loan Words in English AndIts Application简析英语中的汉语借词及其应用姓名*院系双语学院专业英语（英*方向）指导教师田慧吉林华桥外国语学院Jilin HuaqiaoForeign LanguagesInstitute专业文档，值得下载！Abstract English language is the mostmon workinglanguage andlingua francaall over the word.Because ofits inclusivenessand openness,in thehistory ofits development,English hasmanaged towiden its vocabulary byusing various ways,including borrowing.Borrowing playsa quiteimportant rolein contributingmuch in the formation of modern English.By borrowing,a lotof loan words orborrowings areformed andare widely used bynative speakers of English.Chinese loan words are also a part in the family of allthe loan words.As isknow to all,English belongs to thefamilyofIndio-Europe,while Chinesebelongs toSino-Tibetan family,they differ a lot in manyaspects.Therefore,the number of loan words whichoriginate from Chinese isnot thatgreat,but theystill holdan importantplace in contemporary English.This thesis mainly analyzesthe development of the English language,the reasonsthat Chinese loan words are borrowed,the waysin whichChinese loan words are introduced,the featuresthese loan words possessand theirapplications incontemporary English.With a good understandingof Chinese loan words,students whomajor in English willnot onlyhave abetter understandingof the language,but alsoobtain apositive effectin futurelearning.Key words:borrowing;loan word;application专业文档，值得下载！摘要英语，是世界上最常用的工作语言和通用语言之一。 由于其独特的开放性和包容性，英语在其发展的历史中，运用各式各样的方法扩充其词汇，其中也包括借词这一构词方法。 借词构词法在形成现代英语中发挥着极其重要的作用，通过构词法所形成的英语词汇在日常生活中被人们广泛的使用着。 这其中也包含着一部分汉语借词，众所周知，由于英语属于印欧语系，而汉语属于汉藏语系，所以它们在众多方面都有着很大区别，这就使得英语中的汉语借词数量并不是很多，但即便如此，汉语借词仍然在英语中发挥着重要的作用。 本文主要分析了英语的发展史，汉语借词被借入的原因、方式，其独有的特征以及汉语借词在现代英语中的应用。 通过这些分析，英语学习者将会对英语有更深的理解，从而对这些学习者在今后的学习中能够更好的理解英语并进一步掌握英语发挥了积极有效的作用。 (1985)pointed outin hisbook that the relationshipof languageand culture is closerelative.The mostimportant characterof humancultureisits broadness,so italmost involvesevery field of social life.Culture isnot onlymade ofnatural environment,living manners,food,products,living toolswhich are tangible,but alsobehavior manners,value concepts,thought modes,which are all intangible.China and English countriesboth have theirownculture,so theydifferalot in these culturalfields.When termsarein need inEnglishto express some special phenomenonand conceptsin Chineseculture,it isinescapable toname them,so way ofborrowingis amon way.Many culturalconcepts whichshowed Chinesecharacteristics appearedin thousandsof yearsof Chinesehistory,with adeep andgrowing interestin thesecultures,so manywords entered into Englishlike Confucianism，I-ching,Mohism.专业文档，值得下载！专业文档，值得下载！Some wordsused fornaming specialChinese naturalconditions andsocial customswere borrowed into English,such as:kowtow，face.As forarts,some specialwordsrelatedto musicalinstruments entered into English,such as:pipa，urheen，yang chin，jinghu，shengand so on.Food and drink are also afieldofculture,with itsfame all aroundthe world,many kinds ofChinesefood anddrink were introduced into western countriesin thehistory,some oftheir namesenteredintowestern languagesalong withthis courseas wellas Englishlike jiaozi，tofu，won ton.It isuniversally aeptedthat nonation canexist withoutconnecting withother nations,therefore.part ofChinese loanwords borrowed bytheEnglishlanguageat differentperiods oftime reflectthe particularChinese historicalandpoliticalevents,and atthe sametime,culture as agoodmedia,functions quitegood inexporting Chinese loanwords intoEnglish.III.Features ofChineseLoanwordsinEnglish ChineseandEnglishbelongtothe differentsystems of language,so theyare quitedifferentfromeach otherin allsystems ofspellingandwriting orsome otherfeatures.When borrowed,changes must be made in order to meetthe needs ofEnglish.Therefore,after borrowing,those wordsare nolonger Chinese words for they have already possessedalmost allthe characteristicsofEnglish vocabulary.Main changeslie intothe way of pronunciation,writing,and alsosome morphologicalchanges.3.1Pronunciation FeaturesCompared withorigin ofthe Chineseloanwords,we wayfind thatdifferences betweenthem areobvious.In thehistory,provinces,like Guangdong,Fujian,are somemain areaswhich beganto contactedwith westernworld ina earlytime,also most oftheoverseas Chinesee from these places,so manywordsaregiven aboutthrough thisway,this isthe foundationfor theloanwords which pronouncedin the way ofdialect.On thecontrary,Putonghua has always beenthe officiallanguage variety,so most ofChineseloanwords borrowedinthisway.To thosewords pronouncedintheway ofPutonghua,we canget toits meaningdirectly fromits form,and thisis afeature of this kind.3.1.1In theWay ofDialect Witha wideland ofchina,we havedifferent kind of languagevarieties aording专业文档，值得下载！专业文档，值得下载！to differentregions,and thesedialects alsoplay animportant roleinthelong loaningprocess.Three majordialect groupsare included:Min,Yue andHakka.Min ismonly usedasakindoflanguage varietyby peoplein Fujian,Hainan,and Taiwan.In English,these localvariations arereferred toas Amoyand Taiwanese.Amoy dialectis spokeninthecity ofXiamen.Located onan islandinthemouth ofthe JinlongRiver inFujian Province,Xiamen,historically,has been animportantcenter ofinternational economyand trade.Because ofthe interactionwith world，Min alsobecameasource ofChineseloanwords,bohea(武夷茶)，Amoyese(厦门话),Swatow(汕头瓷器，汕头话)are alloriginated fromMin.Yue is anther languagevariation whichisquitemon inChina.It iswidely usedin Guangdong,Guangxi provinces,Hong Kong,Macao andso on.Most earlyChinese overseassettlers inthe UnitedStates andEurope aremoves fromthese districts.With therising number of Cantonese-speaking immigrantsinthesemunities,their cultureand language influencedthelocal gradually,consequently,many oftheEnglishwordsborrowedfrom Chinesehavetheirorigins inCantonese,forthelarge numberofChineseemigrant from Cantonese-speaking regions,Hong Konghas beethe importantinternational cityinthelast150years,loanwordfromCantonese（广东话）finally turninto memberof contemporaryEnglish.Following wordsare fromCantonese:bok choy（白菜）,cheongsam（旗袍）,dimsum（点心）,chow mein（炒面）,kumquat（金橘）,kung fu（功夫）,wok（锅），loquat（枇杷）,wonton（馄饨）,mostofwhichareassociated withfood.For example,loquat（枇杷）and kumquat（金橘）both denotetropical fruits,and bokchoy（白菜）isatypeofvegetable.Chow mein（炒面）,and wonton（馄饨）areallnames ofdishes,and dimsum（点心）refers toa distinctivelyCantonese mealwhich resembles“brunch”.Hakka（客家话）istheleast famousdialect groupoutside of China paredwith theabove two.Most ofthe Hakkadialect groupare scattered throughout southeasternChina inGuangxi provinceand fewscatteredthroughouttheMinand Yueregions.Historically,the Hakkapeople werenortherners whomoved southduring severalwaves ofimmigration.yulo(橹)and She(畲族，畲族人)are twotypical examples.3.1.2In theWay ofPutonghua As the standardvariety oflanguageinChina,Putonghua,also known as Mandarin,isthemost widelyspoken dialectofChinese.It isthe officiallanguage,and it is basedonthespeech ofBeijing andthe northeastregion of China.It isthe officiallanguage for专业文档，值得下载！专业文档，值得下载！both mainlandofChina(known asPutonghua)and Taiwan(known asGuoyu).It isalso oneofthefour officiallanguages ofSingapore(knownasHuayu）andotherplaces insome regionof Asia.Asthelanguagewhichisusedbythelargest populationallaroundthe world,it isobvious thatPutonghua contributes a largestamountoflexical itemstoEnglish.The borrowingsfrom Putonghuaare notconducted froma singlefield butfrom severalfields thatrepresent Chinesein everyaspect.3.2Writing FeaturesThrough outthedevelopmentofChineseloanwordsinEnglish,we mayeasily findthat thewayof writing changesalotwiththedevelopmentof society.That isto say,the writingsystem isnot steady.From thevery beginningofborrowingwithout anyfixed writingway tothe formfirst proposedby ThomasWade,fromthesystem proposedby Herbert Allen Gileswhich wasdeveloped fromthe ThomasWadestothewayofwritingin pinyin,writing waysalso adjusteditself toadopt tothe changingenvironment.3.2.1In theWay ofWade-Giles RomanizationSystem TheWade-Giles Romanization system forMandarin Chinese,a productof twoBritish scholars:Sir ThomasWade andHerbertAllenGiles.Wade servedasaBritish consularofficial invarious partsofChinafrom1867-1892.During theperiod hewas inchina,he foundthat therewasntagood spellingway for turning theform ofChineseloanwordsintoEnglish,so hedeveloped themeasure byuse Latinletters to replace pinyin.This isthe earlyform ofWade-Giles Romanizationsystem.Giles,who sueededWade asprofessor ofChinese atCambridge,revised theRomanizationsystemWade haddeveloped amongEnglish-speaking countries.With Giless syllabihanges,Wade-Giles becamethe preferredChinese transliterationsystem.3.2.2In theWay ofPinyin Thesystem ofpinyin wasfirst proposedby NPC in1955and wasapproved byNPCin1958,it wasa formalsystem advocatedby Chinesegovernment.In1977,the UNaepted thisnew system and beganto spreadit thoughouttheword.Compared withthe Wade-Giles Romanizationsystem,pinyin systemhas itsown advantages,it ismore precisein pronunciation;itismucheasierto spell,duetothese characters,moreandmore attentionwas paidtothepinyin system.Since1970s,China beganto adaptpinyin systemtoreplaceWade-Giles Romanizationsystem whensome loanwords were专业文档，值得下载！专业文档，值得下载！inneedin doingsome international affairs.The table below isa partoftheparison betweenWade-Giles Romanizationsystemandpinyin system:（P=pinyin W-G=Wade-Giles Romanizationsystem）P W-G PW-G PW-G aa aiai angang bapa baipai bangpang catsacantsan cangtsang data dantan dangtang eo enen ererh fafa fanfan fangfang gaka gaikai gankan haha haihai hanhan jichi jiachia jiangchiang kaka kaikai kankan lele leilei lengleng mma maimai manman nnna nanai naiou oupa pa paipai panpan qichi qiachia qiangchiang ranjan rangjang rao jao sasa saisai sansan tata taitai tantan wawa waiwai wanwan xihsi xiahsia xianhsien yaya yaiyai yangyang zatsa zaitsai zhangchang（.hawaii/asiaref/chroman.html）专业文档，值得下载！专业文档，值得下载！From thetable above,itseasyto tellthatthedifferences betweenpinyin andWade-Giles Romanizationsystem mainlylie intothe writing-wayofconsonants,andthetablebelowisthesummary:(From Pinyinto Wade-Giles)b=p c=tsd=t e=oj=ch er=erh p=pg=k q=chr=j t=tx=hs z=ts3.3Morphological FeaturesNo matterwhat kindoflanguageawordbelongs to,it musthave itsown morphologicalfeatures,so isEnglish.Englishhasitsownparticular characterswhicharenot possessedby otherlanguages,so whenborrowed,some changesmustbemadein ordertofulfill grammaticalneeds,concordance andgovernment.This isthe reasonthat inflectionalchanges andderivational changescame toChineseloanwords.3.3.1Inflectional ChangesInflectional changesrefer tothe processof attachingaffixes tofree morphemesor stemsto indicategrammatical categories.WordsinChinese donot possessthe feature of inflectionalchanges,but thisfeature isthe corefeatureofwordsinEnglish.Once aword isabsorbed intoEnglish,some possiblechanges mayappear inthis aspect,including functionalshift,changing into plural form,adding affixes,and someothers,these changesshowed theassimilation ofChineseloanword byEnglish.It iswell knownthat there are somedifferent typesin changinga singulartoplural form inEnglish,such asadding“s”“es”orturn“f”to“v”while adding“es”,actually,inChineseloanwords,there arealso twowaysofchanging,the firstcategory isthe singularform isthe sameform aspluralform,like mou-mou，fen-fen,the othertype isto plus“s”to conveythe pluralmeaning,like tea-teas,lichi-lichis,typhoon-typhoons,running dog-running dogs,barefoot doctor-barefoot doctors.3.3.2Derivational ChangesDerivational Changesrefer toformanewwordby addingan affixtoafree专业文档，值得下载！专业文档，值得下载！morpheme.When aword isborrowed,it canbe onlyused torefer toa particularthing,but someconcept orphenomenon relatedtotheword isstill hardtoexpress,derivational changesisagood wayto solvethis problem.Because ChineseloanwordshavealreadybeenapartofEnglishvocabulary,the derivationalrule ofEnglish alsofitted thesewords.When wewant toexpress someonedoes athing,we usually add“-er”toconveythe meaning.For example,“capitalist road”refers toakindsocial nature;“A capitalistroader”refers tosomeone whoadvocates choosingthis kindofsociety.We alsousuallyadd“-ism”intend toexpress akindoftheory relatetotheword.For example,“Confucius”(孔子)refers toa famousChinese scholarin ancientChina and“Confucianism”(孔子学说)refers tothose theoriescreated byhim.Cases inthis pointofChineseloanwordinclude atotal numberof49(Wang Rongpei,xx:397).Based onthe discussionabove,itseasyto tellthat wordsborrowedbythe target language changedgradually intheir phoic,phonological,semantic andgrammatical aspectinorderto getaordance withthe linguistieedsoftargetlanguage.Certainly,some ofChineseloanwords stillkeep theiroriginal form,pronunciation,and lexicalmeaning,but thenumberofloanwordsofthiskind isless thanthatofchanged ones.It indicatesthat althoughthesewordsareborrowedfromChinese,they beganto assimilatethemselves since theyenteredintoEnglish,certainly,theyarenow ofimportance inmodernEnglish.IV.The ApplicationsofChineseLoanWordsinEnglishAs timewentby,Englishhasabsorbed anumberofChineseloanwords,with distinctivecharacteristics,Chineseloanwords oupya crucialposition intheEnglishlanguage,and theyare stillapplied extensivelyincontemporaryEnglish.4.1In SpiritualAspect Spirituallife referto somethingnot onlyformed inhuman beingsmind,but alsosomething concernedwith culture,politics,doctrines,philosophies andsoon,mostofthem areintangible,but theyaffected humanbeings alot informing theirwayofthinking,thewaythey behaveandsoon.As Chinesedo quitegood inthese fields,also asapartoftheinternational spirituallife,itisaepted byEnglish speakingcounties andother countries.4.1.1In theField ofGeography andHistory Regardinggeography,a factisknownthat namesofplacesinaparticular region专业文档，值得下载！专业文档，值得下载！always containsomespeciallocal featuresand meanings.So whenreferstothese places,itisbetter tomaintain theoriginal form,andnamesof peoplearealsocases inpoint.Thus loanwordswhichare applied in namingare quitemon.Such asJenghiz khan,kang his,Kuomintang,Warring States,Peking Man,Lantian Man,Choukoutien,Tai Tsung,Tao Kuang,Hong Kong,Taiwan Strait,Chinatown theGreat Wall.Historical reasonsare oneofthemostimportantreasons forChineseloanwordsintoEnglish,sincetheopium war,and alsothe World War I,WorldWarII,China involvedintheinternationalaffairs,and thiscontributesalotin“exporting”Chineseloanwords.Examples include:theOpiumWar,yen,the1911Chiese Revolution,May ForthMovement,Tai-Ping,Boxer,warlord,Great LeapForward,Gang ofFour.4.1.2In theField ofPhilosophy,Doctrines andEducation Chinahasalonghistor