Review Outline.doc

1. absenteeism and insubordination 旷工和反抗2. achieve a target profit 实现目标利润3. achieve greater market share 实现更大的市场份额4. acquire a physical site for the business 5. adaptive pricing6. advertising heavily7. after-tax profits 税后利润8. bank balances available 银行余额可用9. be entitled to elect the board of directors 有权选取董事会成员10. be laid off 下岗11. be subject to taxation 需课税12. be taxed as personal income 个人所得税13. benefit segmentation 利润分配14. build traffic 交通建设15. business environment 商业环境16. capital contributions 出资额17. capital goods 资本货物18. claim to all the profits the business makes 享有所有的商业利润19. competition-oriented pricing 竞争导向定价20. conglomerate 企业集团21. consumer goods 消费品22. convenience goods 日用品23. corporate taxes 企业税24. cost-oriented pricing 成本导向定价法25. operating costs 生产费用、运营成本、营业成本、主营业务成本26. CPM cost per thousand （广告术语）每千人成本27. customary pricing 习惯性定价法28. customer loyalty 顾客忠诚度29. dealer brands 经销商品牌30. demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法31. demographic segmentation 人口统计区隔32. determine future human-resource needs33. discount retailers 折扣零售商34. distribution channel 分销渠道35. employee compensation36. employee orientation program 员工入职培训37. enter into joint ventures38. entrepreneurship 企业家39. exclusive sale of tobacco40. expense items 费用项目41. factors of production 生产要素42. factory outlet stores 厂家直销商店43. family brands44. focus groups45. form of organization 公司的结构46. fortress culture 山寨文化47. future growth and profit potential 未来的经济增长和企业利润潜力48. general partnerships 一般合伙49. geographic segmentation 地理区分50. good distribution system51. hold title to the property52. horizontal merger 横向兼并53. image advertising54. implementing decisions 55. incorporators 股东56. industrial goods 工业品57. informational advertising58. initial public offering 首次公开发行59. initial screening60. initial shares of stock61. institutional advertising62. intermediate products 中间产品、半成品63. internal and external labor markets内部和外部劳动力市场64. inventory 库存65. job analysis and design 职业分析和规划66. job description 职位描述67. job specification 工作规范68. legal entity 法人69. limited fringe benefits70. limited partnerships 有限责任合伙71. major corporate policies 主要的公司政策72. mall-intercept interviews 商场问卷调查73. management expertise 管理经验74. manual labor 体力劳动75. manufacturer brands76. market segmentation 市场细分77. marketing mix 营销组合78. merchant wholesalers 79. noise level 噪声水平80. nonprofit businesses 非盈利企业81. odd pricing or psychological pricing82. official proceedings 官方程序83. off-price retailers 折扣零售商84. on-the-job or off-the-job training 在职或离职培训85. organization structure 组织结构86. organizational concept 组织理念87. overall operation of the enterprise 企业的整体经营88. pass-along rate.89. penetration strategy 渗透策略90. perceiving nonverbal messages 91. perform unpaid labor at home92. piecework payment 计件付费93. potential for management development 管理发展潜力94. poverty alleviation 扶贫95. price lining96. product classification 产品分类97. product identifier 产品标识符98. product mix 产品结构，产品搭配组合99. product positioning 产品定位100. product-line pricing101. products distribution 产品分布102. professional ethics 职业道德103. profit-oriented businesses 以赢利为目的企业104. programmed instruction105. project contractor 工程承包商106. prompt delivery 实时交货107. public utilities 公共事业、公共设施108. raise additional funds 筹集额外资金109. raise the necessary financial backing 筹措必要的财政支持110. report income111. resources allocation 资源分配112. retail distribution network 零售分销网络113. right promotional strategy 合理的促销策略114. segmentation by volume115. selection interview 甄选面试、遴选面试116. services after sale 售后服务117. setting and meeting deadlines 118. shopping goods 消费品119. sign the partnership agreement 签署合作协议120. skimming price strategy 撇脂定价策略121. sole proprietorship 独资企业122. source credibility 信息来源可信度123. specialty goods 特殊商品124. specialty stores 专卖店125. stock and securities broker 股票和证劵经纪人126. subliminal advertising 潜意识广告127. tangible and intangible attributes and benefits128. target pricing 目标定价129. taxable entities 应税实体130. the acquired and acquiring firms131. the governing authority of each corporation132. the manufactured aids to production133. the performance of a contract134. the self-employed 个体经营者135. the target market or target consumers 目标市场和目标消费者136. the ultimate buyer 最终买方137. timing flexibility 138. top executive positions 高层主管位置139. undergo massive reorganization 进行大规模的重组140. uniform pricing 统一定价141. unlimited liability for business debts and contracts 142. value pricing 公允价格143. vertical merger 纵向合并144. vestibule training 新员工培训、技工培训145. voluntary reduction in pay146. voluntary time off147. water and gas supplier 水和天然气供应商148. weed out obviously unqualified candidates 剔除明显不合格的候选人149. wholesalers and retailers 批发商和零售商150. work survival skills Given their full liability, sole proprietors may have a hard time raising capital to expend their business, because lenders worry about the possibility that the personal creditors will bring claims against business assets. To finance their businesses, sole proprietors often borrow on their life insurance, take second mortgages on their houses, withdraw money from personal savings accounts, and lower their standard of living.In an academy culture, employees are highly skilled and tend to stay in the organization and work their way up the ranks. This culture stresses long-term career development and provides a stable environment in which employees can develop and exercise their skills. New employees attracted by this culture are typically college graduates. The organization examples are universities, hospitals, large corporations like IBM, etc.Performance appraisals are comparisons of actual performance with expected performance. Companies use them to make decisions about training, compensation, promotion, and other job changes. To do a performance appraisal, the employee and the manager need to agree on common goals. They do so by performance planning, which involves setting goals for the job, figuring out how to tell whether the goals have been met, determining how the employee will achieve the goals, and setting a time limit for them to be met. A promotion is an upward move in an organization to position with more authority, responsibility, and pay. Promotion decisions are usually based on seniority and merit. A transfer is a sideways move in an organization to a position with about the same salary and level. Employees may seek a transfer for personal enrichment, for a more interesting job, for more convenience (better hours, location of work, and so on), or for a job that offers more chances for advancement. A separation occurs when an employee leaves the company. The cause may be resignation, layoff, termination, or retirement.Two types of data are used in marketing research: primary and secondary. Primary data are data collected directly from the original source for the purpose of solving a problem under investigation. Secondary data are data previously collected for a project other than the current one, and they can come from a number of sources. Among these sources are government agencies, trade associations, research bureaus, universities, commercial publications, and internal company records. Company records include sales invoices, accounting records, data from previous research studies, and historical sales data.As a product strategy, trading up means adding a higher-priced prestige product to a line to attract a higher-income market. By trading up, the seller intends that the prestige of the new product will help the sale of its existing lower-priced products. A company is said to be trading down when it adds a lower-priced item to its line of prestige products. The firm expects that people who cannot afford the original product will want to buy the new one because it carries some of the status of the higher-priced product.Another product strategy is to thin out the product mix, either by eliminating an entire line or by simplifying the assortment within a line. The shift from fat and long lines to thin and short lines can weed out low-profit products and get higher profits from fewer products. That is why some travel agencies have discontinued selling a full line of travel services and are concentrating on specialized tours and trips to exotic places.The two basic components that affect product pricing are costs of manufacture and competition in selling. It is unprofitable to sell a product below the manufacturers production costs and unfeasible to sell it at a price higher than that at which comparable merchandise is being offered. Other variables a