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CargoTransportInsurance Chapter7 Chapter7CargoTransportInsurance Objectives Focus ContentofCargoTransportInsurance RisksandLosses Difficultpoints ChinaInsuranceClause C I C Export ImportInsurancePractice PerilsoftheSeaandCargoTransportInsuranceCoverage theconceptofcargotransportinsurancerisksandlossesinmarinecargotransportthebasicriskscoverageandadditionalriskscoveragethenotionofoverland airandpostaltransportinsurancetheinsurancepracticeininternationaltrade 7 1FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance7 2RisksandLossesinCargoTransport7 3OceanMarineInsuranceunderC I C7 4InsuranceofLand AirandParcelPostTransport7 5InsurancePracticeofInternationalTrade ChapterSeven Humanbeingsaresubjecttovariousunpredictablerisks riskofdeathordisabilityduetonaturaloraccidentalcauses riskoflossofordamagetoone sproperty etc Riskhastheelementofunpredictability butlossescanbemitigatedthroughinsurance Therearemanytypesofinsuranceproductsavailableforlifeandnon life propertyinsurance lifeinsurance liabilityinsurance bondinsurance tonamejustafew Cargoinsurancebelongstopropertyinsurance Cargoinsurancecoversphysicaldamagetoorlossofyourgoodswhilstintransitbyland seaandairandoffersconsiderableopportunitiesandcostadvantagesifmanagedproperly Itbringsthepotentiallossofordamagetogoodsintocostandtheinsurer onthebasisofapremiumreceived undertakestoindemnifytheinsuredagainstlossfromcertainrisksorperilstowhichthecargoinsuredmaybeexposed Cargoinsurancehasbecomeamustininternationaltrade Withoutit internationaltradecannotbeguaranteed Overview 7 1FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance Threemainprinciplesofinsurance twosubsidiaryprinciplesandadoctrine Abasicunderstandingoftheunderlyingprinciplesofcargoinsurancewillfacilitatetheprocessofclaims 1 PrincipleofInsurableInterest 保险利益原则 2 PrincipleofUtmostGoodFaith 最大诚信原则 3 PrincipleofIndemnity 补偿原则 TwoSubsidiaryPrinciplesUndertheindemnityprinciple therearetwosub principles 1 Contribution 分摊 2 Subrogation 代位追偿 4 TheDoctrineofProximateCause 近因原则 7 2RisksandLossesinCargoTransport Inmarinecargotransportinsurance risksfallinto 1 PerilsoftheSea海上风险1 NaturalCalamity自然灾害 theperilsunderforcemajeuresuchasvileweather thunderstormandlightening earthquake flood etc 2 FortuitousAccidents意外事故 riskssuchasshipstranding strikingupontherocks shipsinking shipcollision fire explosion etc 2 ExtraneousRisks外来风险1 GeneralExtraneousRisks一般外来风险 riskscausedbytheft rain leakage shortage dampness heating hooking rusting etc 2 SpecialExtraneousRisks特殊外来风险 riskscausedbyondeck war strikes failureofdeliveryandrejection etc 7 2 2RisksinMarineCargoTransport 7 2 3LossesinMarineCargoTransport Thelossesanddamagesdonetothegoodscanfallinto 1 TotalLoss全部损失1 ActualTotalLoss实际全损 thewholelotoftheconsignmenthasbeenlostordamagedorfoundvaluelessuponthearrivalattheportofdestination 2 ConstructiveTotalLoss推定全损 theactuallossoftheinsuredgoodsisunavoidable ortheshiportheconsignmenthastobeabandonedbecausethecostofsalvageorrecoverywouldexceedthevalueoftheshipandtheconsignmentinsoundconditionuponthearrivaloftheportofdestination 2 PartialLoss部分损失1 GeneralAverage G A 共同海损 whenboththeshipandtheconsignmentsonboardareengagedandthecaptain forthesafetyoftheshipandtheconsignments intentionallyandreasonablydoessomesacrificesormakessomeexpenses 2 ParticularAverage P A 单独海损 aparticularconsignmentispartiallydamaged TheconditionforformingG A 1 Thesafetyoftheshipandthecargoisthreatened 2 Themeasurestakenareconsciousandreasonable 3 Thesacrificeisparticularandexpensesareextra 4 Thesacrificeandexpensesmustbeeffectiveintheend 构成共同海损的条件 船方在采取措施时 当时必须确有危及船 货共同安全的危险存在 船方所采取的措施 必须是为了解除船 货共同安全的危险 有意识而且是合理的 所作牺牲具有特殊性 支出的费用是额外的 是为了解除危险 而不是由危险直接造成的 牺牲和费用的支出最终必须是有效的 也就是说经过采取某种措施后船舶和 或货物全部或一部分最后安全抵达航程的终点港或目的港 从而避免了船 货同归于尽的局面 Expenses Expensesherefallintothefollowingkinds Sueandlaborexpenses施救费用 madebytheinsuredorhisagenttopreventthemfromsufferingfurtherlosses Salvagecharges救助费用 madetothoseotherthantheinsured thecarrierandtheinsurerwhocometothesalvageoftheshipandtheconsignments 保障的费用 1 施救费用 sueandlabourexpenses 被保险人及其代理人为抢救货物 防止损失继续扩大所支付的费用 由保险人支付 2 救助费用 salvagecharge 第三人采取措施 获救成功 应支付给第三人的报酬 救助费用等 由保险人支付 7 3OceanMarineInsuranceunderC I C TheChinaInsuranceClauses C I C issuedbyPeople sInsuranceCompanyofChina PICC providesbothbasicriskscoverageandadditionalriskscoverageformarinecargotransport Theformercanbefurtherdividedintothreeconditions FreeFromParticularAverage F P A WithParticularAverage W P A andAllRisks A R andthelatterincludesgeneraladditionalrisksandspecialadditionalrisks ChinaStateInsuranceOrganization InChina ChinaInsuranceClauses C I C issuedbythePeople sInsuranceofChina PICC ismainlyadoptedforinternationalcargotransportationinsurance OceanTransportInsuranceClauses OceanMarineCargoClausemodifiedon1January1981provides AllRisks F P A W A GeneralAdditionalRisks Scopeofinsuranceresponsibilities AR WPA FPA AdditionalRisksCoverageforOceanTransportunderC I C 1 GeneralAdditionalRisks2 SpecialAdditionalRisks 附加险AdditionalRisks GeneralAdditionalRisks一般附加险 SpecialAdditionalRisks特殊附加险 Fallinto8types suchaswarrisksandstrikerisks Fallinto11typescoveredinAllRisks OceanMarineCargoClausemodifiedon1January1981provides Generaladditionalriskscoverlossescausedbyextraneousrisksandcanbeclassifiedintofollowingtypes 1 TheftPilferageandNon Delivery T P N D 偷窃 提货不到险 2 RainFreshWaterDamage F W R D 淡水雨淋险 3 RiskofShortage短量险 4 RiskofIntermixtureandContamination混杂 玷污险 5 RiskofLeakage渗漏险 6 RiskofClashandBreakage碰损 破碎险 7 RiskofOrdour串味险 8 DamageCausedbysweatingandHeating受潮受热险 9 HookDamage钩损险 10 LossandDamageCausedbyBreakageofPacking包装破裂险 11 RiskofRust锈损险 GeneralAdditionalRisk Specialadditionalriskscoverlossescausedbyspecialextraneousrisks Normallytheyareclassifiedintofollowingtypes 1 WarRisks战争险 2 Strikerisks罢工险 3 Aflatoxin黄曲霉素险 4 Failuretodeliver交货不到险 5 OnDeck舱面险 6 ImportDuty进口关税险 7 Rejection拒收险 8 FireRiskExtensionClause F R E C forstorageofcargoatdestinationHongKong includingKowloon orMacao货物出口到香港 包括九龙 或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款 SpecialAdditionalRisks Exclusionsrefertolossesandexpensesforwhichtheinsurancecompanydeclaresclearlynottoberesponsible Theyusuallyinclude 1 Lossordamagecausedbytheintentionalactorfaultoftheinsured 2 Lossordamagefallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignor 3 Lossordamagearisingfromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsuredgoodspriortotheattachmentofthisinsurance 4 Lossordamagearisingfromnormalloss inherentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoods lossofmarketand ordelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingtherefrom 5 Risksandliabilitiescoveredandexcludedbythewarrisksclauseandstrikes riotandcivilcommotionclausesunderC I C Exclusions CommencementandTerminationofBasicInsurance ThecommencementandterminationofbasicinsuranceareusuallystipulatedbyadoptingthecustomaryWarehousetoWarehouseClause W W BytheW Wclause theliabilityoftheinsurerisextendedtocoverpre shipmentandpost shipmentrisk Theinsuredgoodsarecoveredfromthetimewhentheyleavethewarehouseattheplacenamedinthepolicyforthecommencementofthetransitandcontinuetobecovereduntiltheyaredeliveredtothefinalwarehouseatthedestinationnamedinthepolicy butthepolicyprovidesanoverridingtimelimitof60daysafterthecompletionofdischargeoftheinsuredgoodsfromtheseagoingvesselatthefinalfortofdischarge Ontheexpirationofthattimelimitof60daysthecoverceasestoprotectthegoodseventhoughtheyhavenotreachedthefinalwarehouse 7 4InsuranceofLand AirandParcelPostTransport OverlandTransportCargoInsurance OverlandTransportInsurance OverlandTransportAllRisks OverlandTransportCargoWarRisks AirTransportInsurance ParcelPostInsurance ParcelPostRisks ParcelPostAllRisks ParcelPostWarRisks AirTransportInsurance AirTransportAllRisks AirTransportCargoWarRisks UnderCIC PICCsetsoverland airtransportandparcelpostinsurancerespectivelyaccordingtovariousmeansoftransport 7 5InsurancePracticeofInternationalTrade InthecaseofaCIFcontract theexporterwilleffectinsuranceimmediatelyafterreceivingtheletterofcreditfromthebuyer Forinsurance hewillpreparenecessarydocumentsandfillinanApplicationforInsurance Insuranceshallbeeffectedbeforeshipmentismadeorbeforetheconsignmentisdeliveredtothecarrier InthecaseofanFOBorCFRcontract thebuyerwilleffectinsuranceandopenpolicywouldbepreferredtoavoidfailureofinsurance Attentionispaidtothefollowingpointsineffectinginsurance 1 WhethertheinsurancecoverageisunderC I C orI C C 2 Whattypeofcoverageisrequired forexample F P A orW P A 3 Whethertheinsuredamountis110 oftheinvoiceamountormorethanthat 4 Whetherinsuranceisineffectbeforethedateofshipment 5 Thecurrencyoftheinsuranceshallbethesameastheinvoicecurrencytoavoidforeignexchangeexposure 1 WhoisgoingtoarrangetheinsuranceunderthefollowingpricetermsCIF FOBandCFR 2 ChoosetheInsuranceCoverage Thefollowingfactorsshouldbetakenintoaccountforadoptinginsurancecoverage 1 Thecharacteristicsofthecargo 2 Thepackingofthecargo 3 Themodeoftransport 4 Thelineandportoftransport 5 Theseasonoftransport 6 Possiblelossesanddamagesintransit Whatinsurancecoverwouldyouchooseforthefollowingproducts 1 shoes 2 Logsofwood 3 Woodentoys 4 Heavymachinery 5 Plywood 6 Bicycles Probably youwillgivethefollowinganswers 1 3 4 and 6 wouldprobablybeinsuredAllRisksbecausetheyarepronetobedamagedintransit Mostmanufacturedgoodsfallintothiscategory 2 wouldbeinsuredF P A forwhileitcouldbelostitisnotlikelytobedamage 5 ontheotherhandwouldbeinsuredW P A becauseitcouldbedamagedintransit butislesspronetodamagethanthefinishedproductsmentioned 3 InsuredAmountandInsurancePremium Theinsuredamountthehighestcompensationamountundertakenbytheinsurerthefoundationforcalculatingtheinsurancepremium usuallycalculatedonthebasisoftheCIFinvoicevalueplus10 or15 representingananticipatedprofitforthebuyer TheformulaforcalculatingtheinsuredamountunderCIFtradeterms InsuredAmount CIFpricex 1 markuppercentage Theinsurancepremium theamountofmoneypaidbytheinsuredinordertomaketheinsurancecontractcomeintoforce thebasicproceedscaredbytheinsurer usuallycalculatedaccordingtotwokindsofrates thegeneralpremiumrateandthenamedcargopremiumrate TheformulaforcalculatingthepremiumunderCIFtradeterms InsurancePremium insuredamountxpremiumrate CIFpricex 1 markuppercentage xpremiumrate 保险费 CIF价x 1 投保加成率 保险费率 例如 某CIF合同价值为USD12000 投保一切险与战争险 费率分别为0 6 和0 4 请问保险金额和保险费各多少 Answer InsuredAmount USD12000 x110 USD13200InsurancePremium USD13200 x 0 6 0 4 USD132 关于投保加成 国外买方一般要将预期利润和有关费用加入货价内一并进行投保 以防货物万一遭损后 可从保险公司得到应有的赔偿 这种在货价之外的金额即为加成 一般按CIF价值加一成 即10 也可根据具体情况加二成或三成 不过如按二成三成加保 其保费的差额部分应由买方负担 如国外要求超过三成时 应征求保险公司意见 在签订贸易合同时不能贸然接受 InsuranceDocuments InsuranceCertificate保险凭证 OpenPolicy预约保险单 InsurancePolicy保险单 4 InsuranceDocuments CombinedCertificate联合凭证 Endorsement批单 4 InsuranceDocuments theevidencedocumentsonthestrengthofwhichtheinsurancecontractissignedbyandbetweentheinsurerandtheinsured Commonlyusedinsurancedocumentsininternationaltrade 1 Insurancepolicy themostlyusedinsurancedocument 2 Insurancecertificate asimplifiedinsurancedocument Thecertificatecarriesthesamecontentsastheinsurancepolicyexceptfortheobligationsandrightsoftheinsurerandtheinsured 3 Combinedcertificate thecombinationoftheinvoiceandinsurancepolicy muchsimplerthantheinsurancecertificate Itisnotoftenusednow 4 Openpolicy alsoknownasopencover thegeneralcontractbetweentheinsured normallytheimporter andtheinsurer oftenusedinimporttransactionsinChina 5 Endorsement Aftertheinsurancepolicyisissued iftheinsuredwantstoaddorchangesomeitemsofthepolicy theinsuredcan withtheinsurancecompany sconsent applyfortheadditionandchange Thedocumentissuedtostatetheadditionalitemsorchangesisknownasendorsement whichisconsideredanindispensableparttothepolicy TheinsuranceclauseinaS Cshouldspecifytheinsuredamount andtheriskstobecoveredbytheinsurer 1 InthecontractsunderFOB CFR FCAandCPTtradeterms thebuyeristoarrangeinsuranceandpaypremium Inthecontractregardinginsurance itcanonlystipulates Tobeeffectedbythebuyers 7 5 4IInsuranceClauseoftheContract 2 IntheCIForCIPcontract theinsuranceclausecanstipulate Insurancetobecoveredbythesellersfor110 ofthetotalinvoicevalueagainstallrisksandwarrisks asperOceanMarineCargoClausesandOceanMarineCargoWarRisksClausesofthePeople sInsuranceCompanyofChina dated1 11981 Moreexamples Insuranceshallbeeffectedfortheamountoftheseller sCIFinvoicevalueplus10 againstW P A Anyadditionalinsurancerequiredbythebuyershallbeathisownexpense ThesellermayinsureagainstWarRiskatthebuyer srequestandathisexpense Incasetherateofrelevantinsurablepremiumshallberaisedbetweenthetimeofconcludingcontractandthatofshipment thisexcesspremiumshallbeonthebuyer saccount MarineinsurancetobeeffectedbytheselleragainstW P A forCIFinvoiceamountplustenpercentonly anyadditionalinsurancerequiredbythebuyershallbeeffectedbyhimandathisownexpense TheinsuranceshouldbeeffectedbythebuyerifthecontractisconcludedonFOBorCFRbasis However thesellershould immediatelyafterthegoodsarecompletelyloadedatportofshipment faxtonotifythebuyeroftheconsigneeofthecontractnumber nameofthecommodity quantity grossweight measurement invoicevalueandnumberofB L nameofthevessel thedateofshipment etc Incasethegoodsarenotinsuredintime owingtotheseller sfailuretogiveshippingadvicetimely anyandallconsequentlossesshouldbebornebytheseller 7 5 4InsuranceClaimSettlementforDamagestoExportedGoods Iftheexportedgoodsaredamagedorlostduringtransit theconsigneeorhisagentshouldsettleclaimsagainsttheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentoftheinsurerattheplaceofdestination TheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentwillcometoexaminethedamagesandlossesoftheconsignmentandpayindemnitytotheconsignee Inconductingclaimsettlementwiththeinsurer theinsuredshoulddothefollowing 1 Informthedamageorloss2 Makeaclaimagainstthepartiesconcerned3 Takenecessaryorreasonablemeasures4 Preparethefollowingdocumentsfortheclaiminsurancepolicyorthelike billoflading airwaybill orthelike invoice packinglistandweightmemo cargodamageorlossreport cargosurveyreport seaprotest statementoftheclaim documenttestifyingtheclaimagainstthethirdparty Follow upPractice 1 ReviewandDiscussionQuestions 1 Whyisinsuranceindispensabletointernationaltrade 2 Whatarethefundamentalprinciplesofinsurance 3 Whatarethemajortypesofrisksinmarinecargotransport 4 Whatisconstructivetotallossandwhatisthedifferencebetweenactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss 5 What sthedifferenceofGeneralAverageandParticularAverage 6 Whatarethemajortypesofbasicriskscoverageandadditionalriskscoverage 7 ExplainthescopeofcoverageofF P A andW P A 8 WhatisW WClause 9 Whatisthedifferencebetweentheinsurancepolicyandinsurancecertificate 10 Howtochoosetherightinsurancecoverage 2Choosetherightanswerfromeachofthefollowing 1 1 isdefinedaslossarisingintheconsequenceofextraordinaryandintentionalsacrificemade orexpensesincurred forthecommonsafetyoftheshipandcargo A ParticularaverageB GeneralaverageC WithoutaverageD Withaverage2 WhichofthefollowingrisksisnotcoveredbytheAllRiskscoverageofmarinecargotransportinsurance A delayB floodC lightningD heavyweather3 WPAisoneofthe A basicrisksB additionalrisks C specialadditionalrisksD generaladditionalrisks 4 WhichofthefollowingrisksisnotcoveredbytheARcoverageofmarinecargotransportinsurance A marineperilsB stranding C pilferageD inherentvice 5 WhichofthefollowingrisksarecoveredbytheAllRiskscoverageofPICCOceanMarineCargoClauses A warandfireB strikeanddelay C aflatoxinandondeckD heavyweatherandfire 6 Asfarasriskstakenbythesellerisconcerned A CIFisbiggerthanCFR B CIFisasthesameasCFR C CFRisbiggerthanCIF D FOBisbiggerthanCFR 7 Ininsurance thepartywhoinsuresothersagainstpossiblelossordamageandpromisestoeffectpaymentincaseoflossordamageiscalledthe A insuredB consigneeC insurerD consignor8 TheAllRisksofmarinecargotransportinsurancecoversrisksof A warandstrikeB generalaverageC inherentviceofgoodsD strandingofship9 UnderthetradetermCFR the mustcontractforthecargotransportinsurance A buyerB sellerC consigneeD carrier10 Generalperilsrefertonatural andfortuitousaccidents A calamitiesB damagesC lossesD franchises 3Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse 1 Aninsurancecontractisessentiallyacontractbetweentheinsurerandtheinsured 2 Theamountofmoneytheinsureragreestocoverbyinsuranceagainstthesubjectmatteristheinsuredamount whichisnormally110 ofCIFvalueoftheconsignment 3 UnderCIFterm thesellerhastoprocureinsuranceagainstthebuyer sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage 4 FPAcoverageincludestotallossesresultingfrommarineperilsandotherspecificaccidents likeanearthquake 5 Specialadditionalcoveragesuchaswarrisks strikesandsoonmustbetakenouttogetherwithF P A orW A 6 GeneralaverageandsalvagechargesarecoveredbothinFPAandWAcoverage 7 A R doesnotcoverrisksofwarandspecialadditionalrisksbutcoverthegeneraladditionalrisks 8 Threetypesofrisksarecoveredbyoceanmarineinsurance namelytheperilsofthesea theextraneousrisksandtheforcemajeure 9 IfyouhaveinsuredyourgoodsagainstA R youwillgetcompensatedwhateverrisksoccurstoyourgoods 10 A R coversalllossesanddamagestothegoodscausedbyperilsofthesea fortuitousaccidentsandextraneousrisks AcargoshipwassailingfromtheShanghaiporttoSingapore whensuddenlyafirebrokeoutintheship sholdandsoonspreadtotheengineroom Thecaptain forthesafetyoftheshipandtheconsignmentsonboard orderedhismentopourwaterintotheholdandthefirewasputout Buttheenginewasdamaged unabletosail Sothecaptaindecidedtohireatowboattodragtheshiptoanearbyportforrepair Thelossescausedbythisaccidentwere 1 1000cartonsofgoodswereburnt 2 600cartonsofgoodswerewet 3 themainengineandsomedecksweredamaged 4 towingcharges 5 theextracostoffuelandthewagesofthecrew Whatt