soa期末考试复习概念.doc

001、什么是Web2.0？ Web 2.0 refers to web development and web design that facilitates(促进) interactive（交互的） information sharing（信息共享）, interoperability(互操作性), user-centered design（以用户为中心的设计） and collaboration （合作） on the World Wide Web. A Web 2.0 site allows its users to interact with other users or to change website content, in contrast to non-interactive websites where users are limited to the passive viewing of information that is provided to them.Web2.0 是相对Web1.0 的新的一类互联网应用的统称。Web1.0 的主要特点在于用户通过浏览器获取信息。Web2.0 则更注重用户的交互作用，用户既是网站内容的浏览者，也是网站内容的制造者。002、web2.0特点？ Web as platform (网络即平台) NetScape V/S Google Harnessing Collective Intelligence （使用集体智慧） User Information User Visits Wikipedia Flickr Tagging (Folksonomy v/s taxonomy) Blogging and RSS Data Next Intel Inside Googles Web Crawl Napsters Song Database Ebays Database of Products Map Quest Nav Teq End of Software Release Cycle （平常软件发布周期的终结） Microsoft v/s Google Microsofts business model depends on everyone upgrading their computing environment every two to three years. Googles depends on everyone exploring whats new in their computing environment every day. Light Programming Models() AJAX XML RSS (Think Syndication not coordination) Web Services Open Source Software above level of a single device Rich User Experience （富用户体验） Less Page Refresh Windows Like Look n Feel003、长尾理论 Long Tail Leverage（影响力、杠杆作用） customer-self service and algorithmic(算法的) data management to reach entire web长尾理论（The Long Tail）是网络时代兴起的一种新理论，由美国人克里斯安德森提出。长尾理论认为，由于成本和效率的因素，当商品储存流通展示的场地和渠道足够宽广，商品生产成本急剧下降以至于个人都可以进行生产，并且商品的销售成本急剧降低时，几乎任何以前看似需求极低的产品，只要有卖，都会有人买。这些需求和销量不高的产品所占据的共同市场份额，可以和主流产品的市场份额 相比，甚至更大。004、六度分割 Six degrees of separation refers to the idea that everyone is on average approximately six steps away, by way of introduction, from any other person on Earth, so that a chain of, a friend of a friend statements can be made, on average, to connect any two people in six steps or fewer. It was originally set out by Frigyes Karinthy and popularized by a play written by John Guare.你和任何一个陌生人之间所间隔的人不会超过六个，也就是说，最多通过六个人你就能够认识任何一个陌生人。这就是六度分割理论，也叫小世界理论。005、folksonomy（大众分类、大众标签） Folksonomy refers to an “emergent（自然发生的）, grassroots（基层的） taxonomy（分类）” An aggregate（集合） collections of tags A bottom-up（自底而上） categorical structure development An emergent thesaurus（宝库，词典） A term coined by Thomas Vander WalFolksonomy就是由网络信息用户自发为某类信息定义一组标签进行描述，并最终根据标签被使用的频次选用高频标签作为该类信息类名的一种为网络信息分类的方法。006、social network Wikipedia definition-A social network is a social structure made of individuals (or organizations) called nodes, which are tied (connected) by one or more specific(特定的，详细的) types of interdependency（互相依赖）, such as friendship, kinship（亲属）, financial exchange, dislike or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige（威望） Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighborhood subdivision, if you will.社交网络，也就是网络+社交的意思。通过网络这一载体把人们连接起来，从而形成具有某一特点的团体。007、microformatn “Designed for humans first and machines second, microformats are a set of simple, open data formats built upon existing and widely adopted standards. Instead of throwing away what works today, microformats intend to solve simpler problems first by adapting to current behaviors and usage patterns (e.g. XHTML, blogging).” MMicroformat, 即微格。是以现成、流行的web技术如高度语义化的XHTML来一致地表达、传递和存储具有一定普遍形式和用途的数据结构。008、mashupDefinition:a Web page or application that combines data from two or more external（外部的） online sources. The external sources are typically other Web sites and their data may be obtained by the mashup developer in various ways, including, but not limited to APIs, XML feeds, and screenscraping.mashup是糅合，是当今网络上新出现的一种网络现象,将两种以上使用公共或者私有数据库的web应用，加在一起，形成一个整合应用。009、什么是SOAP，及其全称 SOAP is a lightweight protocol intended for exchanging structured information in a decentralized(分散的), distributed（分布式的） environment SOAP uses XML technologies to define an extensible（可扩展的） messaging framework providing a message construct（架构） that can be exchanged over a variety of underlying（底层） protocols（协议）。 The framework has been designed to be independent of any particular programming model and other implementation（实现） specific semantics（语义） Simple Object Access Protocol Wire（有线） protocol similar to IIOP for CORBA JRMP for RMI XML is used for data encoding “text” based protocol vs. “binary” protocol Supports XML-based RPC (Remote Procedure Call)SOAP：简单对象访问协议。（SOAP：Simple Object Access Protocol）SOAP 包括四个部分：SOAP 封装：它定义了一个框架 , 该框架描述了消息中的内容是什么，谁应当处理它以及它是可选的还是必须的。SOAP 编码规则：它定义了一种序列化的机制，用于交换应用程序所定义的数据类型的实例。SOAP RPC 表示：它定义了用于表示远程过程调用和应答的协定。SOAP 绑定：定义了一种使用底层传输协议来完成在节点间交换SOAP封装的约定。010、soap消息结构SOAP Message with Attachments(附件)包括Primary MIME part (text/xml)和数个Attachment。Primary MIME part包含SOAP Header（包含数个Header Entry）、SOAP Body（包含数个Body Entry）。下面为一实例：env:VersionMismatchVersion Mismatch011、什么是wsdl？ XML language for describing web services Web service is described as A set of communication endpoints (ports) Endpoint is made of two parts Abstract definitions of operations and messages Concrete binding to networking protocol (andcorresponding endpoint address) and messageencoding Why this separation? Enhance reusability (of the abstract part, forexample)012、WSDL Elements（WSDL中的元素）Web Services Description Language的缩写，是一个用来描述Web服务和说明如何与Web服务通信的XML语言。为用户提供详细的接口说明书。WSDL 文件包含以下元素：Type：使用某种语法（如 XML模式）的数据类型定义（string、int）Message：要传递的数据Part：消息参数Operation：服务支持的操作的抽象描述Port Type / Interface：一个或多个端点支持的操作的抽象集。此名称已更改，因此可能会遇到两者中的任何一个。Binding：特定端口类型的具体协议和数据格式规范Port / Endpoint：绑定和网络地址的组合。此名称也已更改，因此可能会遇到两者中的任何一个。Service：相关端点的集合，包括其关联的接口、操作、消息等。老师课件： Types Message Operation Port Type Binding Port Service具体如下： Types Data type definitions Used to describe exchanged messages Uses W3C XML Schema as canonical typesystem Messages Abstract, typed definitions of data beingexchanged Operations Abstract description of an action Refers to an input and/or output messages Port type Collection of operations Abstract definition of a service Binding Concrete protocol and data format (encoding)for a particular Port type- Protocol examples: SOAP 1.1 over HTTP or SOAP1.1 over SMTP- Encoding examples: SOAP encoding, RDF encoding Port Defines a single communication endpoint Endpoint address for binding URL for HTTP, email address for SMTP Service Aggregate set of related ports013、什么是WEB service？Web Service 是一种新的web应用程序分支，他们是自包含、自描述、模块化的应用，可以发布、定位、通过web调用。Web Service可以执行从简单的请求到复杂商务处理的任何功能。一旦部署以后，其他Web Service应用程序可以发现并调用它部署的服务。 Web Service是一种应用程序，它可以使用标准的互联网协议，像超文本传输协议(HTTP)和XML，将功能纲领性地体现在互联网和企业内部网上。可将Web服务视作Web上的组件编程。Web Services Definition by W3C A Web service is a software application identified by a URI, whose interfaces and binding arecapable of being defined, described anddiscovered by XML artifacts and supports direct interactions with othersoftware applications using XML based messages via internet-based protocols014、C/S与WEB SERVICE区别？Traditional C/S Within enterprise （企业内） Tied to a set of programming languages （关联到一系列编程语言中） Procedural（面向过程的） Usually bound to a particular transport（） Tightly-coupled （紧耦合） Efficient processing (space/time) （高效处理）Web Service Between enterprises （企业间） Program language independent （编程语言无关） Message-driven （消息驱动） Easily bound to different transports （绑定到不同的传输过程中） Loosely-coupled （松耦合） Relatively not efficient Processing （处理相对不够高效率）015、Web Application vs. Web Services 区别Web Application User-to-program interaction （用户与程序交互） Static integration of components （静态的组件整合） Monolithic service （整体服务）Web Service Program-to-program interaction（程序之间交互） Possibility of dynamic integration of components (in the future)（在将来很可能实现）动态的组件整合 Possibility of service aggregation (in the future)（在将来可能） 聚合服务016、WEB SERVICE 特点？Characteristics of Web Services XML based everywhere （完全基于xml） Message-based （基于消息） Programming language independent （独立于编程语言） Could be dynamically located （动态设置、定位） Could be dynamically assembled or aggregated（动态装配/聚合） Accessed over the internet（通过网络进入） Loosely coupled （松耦合） Based on industry standards （基于工业标准）017、WEB SERVICE 结构：（摘自百度百科）Web Service平台需要一套协议来实现分布式应用程序的创建。任何平台都有它的数据表示方法和类型系统。要实现互操作性，Web Service平台必须提供一套标准的类型系统，用于沟通不同平台、编程语言和组件模型中的不同类型系统。目前这些协议有：2XML和XSD 、SOAP 、WSDL、 UDDI、远程过程调用与消息传递。 018、什么是UDDI？UDDI defines a scheme（体制、计划） to publish（发表） and discover information about Web services. Programmatic registration and discovery of business entities and their Web services Based on SOAP, HTTP, XML Registry data Business registrations Service type definitionsUDDI是统一描述、发现和集成（Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration）的缩写。它是一个基于XML的跨平台的描述规范，可以使世界范围内的企业在互联网上发布自己所提供的服务。019、UDDI注册数据的三种类型，及内容？Business Registration Data “White pages” address, contact, and known identifiers “Yellow pages” industrial categorizations Industry: NAICS (Industry codes - US Govt.)Product/Services: UN/SPSC (ECMA)Location: Geographical taxonomy “Green pages” technical information about servicesUDDI是OASIS发起的一个开放项目，它使企业在互联网上可以互相发现并且定义业务之间的交互。UDDI业务注册包括三个元件： 白页：有关企业的基本信息，如地址、联系方式以及已知的标识； 黄页：基于标准分类的目录； 绿页：与服务相关联的绑定信息，及指向这些服务所实现的技术规范的引用。UDDI是核心的Web服务标准之一。它通过简单对象存取协议进行消息传输，用Web服务描述语言描述Web服务及其接口使用。020、UDDI DATA TYPE包含什么，每一部分包含什么信息？ Business Entity（实体） White Pages information Business Services Yellow Pages information Binding Templates Green Pages information Contains references to tModels tModels Service Type Definitions Contains references to WSDL documents021、TWO WAYS TO CREATE A WEB SERVICES? Starting from a WSDL file (top-down approach) / Generate classes using ws importWS interfaceWS implementation（实现） skeleton（框架、骨骼） class Add business logic to the WS implementation class Build, deploy, and test从WSDL文件开始（自上而下）： 通过ws import生成类ws 接口ws 实现框架类将商业规则（业务逻辑）加入ws实现类中建立、部署、测试 Starting from a POJO (bottom-up approach) Annotate POJO Build and deployWSDL file generated automatically(pojo:plain old java object,简单的java对象)注释（注解）POJO建立、部署自动生成wsdl文件022、Server-Side Programming Model:(Starting from POJO)？1 Write a POJO implementing the service /写一个POJO实现服务2 Add WebService annotation（注释） to it3 Optionally, inject a WebServiceContext /（可选）加入一个4 Deploy the application /部署程序5 Point your clients at the WSDL e.g. http:/myserver/myapp/MyService?WSDL023、什么是REST,全称、特点？REST REpresentational State Transfer Name coined by Roy Fielding in his Ph.D thesis* Architectural Style of the Webrest，即REST(Representational State Transfer表述性状态转移)是一种针对网络应用的设计和开发方式，可以降低开发的复杂性，提高系统的可伸缩性。REST提出了一些设计概念和准则：1.网络上的所有事物都被抽象为资源（resource）；2.每个资源对应一个唯一的资源标识（resource identifier）；3.通过通用的连接器接口（generic connector interface）对资源进行操作；4.对资源的各种操作不会改变资源标识；5.所有的操作都是无状态的（stateless）。Characteristics of REST RESTful services are stateless Each request from client to server must contain all the information necessary to understand the request RESTful services have a uniform（统一的） interface GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE REST-based architectures are built from resources (pieces of information) that are uniquely identified by URIs In REST system, resources are manipulated（被控制） through the exchange of “representations”（表述） of the resources（资源） For example, a purchase order resource is represented by anXML document. In a RESTful purchasing system, each purchase order ismade through a combination HTTP POST method with XMLdocument, which represents the order, sent to a unique URI In REST system, communication occurs primarily through the transfer of representations of resources （资源表述引发交流） State is maintained within a resource representation REpresentational State Transfer024、rest中Offer data in a variety of formats（传输的数据类型）： XML JSON (X)HTML025、rest中PUT等等的作用？Create (Single) POST Collection URIRead (Multiple) GET Collection URIRead (Single) GET Entry URIUpdate (Single) PUT Entry URIDelete (Single) DELETE Entry URIHTTP Methods: GET GET to retrieve（检索、恢复） information Retrieves a given URI Idempotent（幂等的）, should not initiate a state change Cacheable（可缓冲）HTTP Methods: POST POST to add new information Add the entity as a subordinate（下一级）/append（数据库等的搜索路径） to the POSTed resource POST /music/beatlesHTTP Methods: PUT PUT to update information /更新信息 Full entity create/replace used when you know the“id” PUT /songs/123-456789012HTTP Methods: DELETE Remove (logical) an entity DELETE /songs/heyjude026、REST与TRADITIONAL WEB SERVICE、SOAP之间区别：REST vs “Traditional” Web Services “Traditional” web service Few URIs (nouns), many custom methods (verbs) musicPort.getRecordings(“beatles”) Uses HTTP as transport for SOAP messages RE