PETS 5 模拟试卷6.doc

PETS 5 模拟试卷6Section II Use of English(15 minutes)Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards, from (31) _ praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, ( 32 ) _research the relation ( 33 ) _actions and their conse-quences argue thaT rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain (34) _rewards often destroy creativity ( 35 ) _ encouraging depend-ence (36) _approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially (37) _educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks (38) _in grade-school children, suggesting (39) _properly presented in-ducements indeed aid inventiveness, (40) _to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychol-ogy.If kids know theyre working for a (41) _and can focus (42) _ a relatively challenging task,they show the most creativity, says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. But its easy tokill creativity by giving rewards for (43) _ performance or creating too (44) _anticipation for re-wards. A teacher (45) _ continually draws attention to rewards or who hands (46)high grades for ordinary achievement ends up (47)_discouraged students, Eisenherger holds. (48) _an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing(49) _In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in (50) _students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Del-aware psychologist claims.Section Reading Comprehension(50 minutes)Part A：Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 1Opinion polls are now beginning to show that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to make ways of sharing the available employment more widely.But we need to go further. We must ask some primary questions about the future of work. Would we continue to treat employment as the norm? Would we not rather encourage many other ways for self-respecting people to work? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer?Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office, as centers of production and work?The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most peoples work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a daunting thought. But, in fact, it could provide the prospect of a better fu-ture for work. Universal employment, as its history shows, has not meant economic freedom.Employment became widespread when the enclosures of the 7th and 18th centuries made many people depend-ent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves.Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from peoples homes. Later, as transpor-tation improved, first by rail and then by road, people commuted longer distances to their places of employment un-til, eventually, many peoples work lost all connection with their home lives and the place in which they lived.Meanwhile, employment put women at a disadvantage. In pre-industrial time, men and women had shared the productive work of the household and village community. Now it became customary for the husband to go out to paid employment, leaving the unpaid work of the home and family to his wife. Tax and benefit regulations still assume this norm today and restrict more flexible sharing of work roles between the sexes.It was not only women whose work status suffered. As employment became the dominant form of work, young people and old people were excluded-a problem now, as more teenagers become frustrated at school and more retired people want to live active lives.All this may now have to change. The lime has certainly come to switch some effort and resources away from the idealist goal of creating jobs for all, to the urgent practical task of helping many people to manage without full time jobs.51. Research carried out in the recent opinion polls shows that_ A available employment should be restricted to a small percentage of the population B new jobs must be created in order to rectify high unemployment figures C available employment must be more widely distributed among the unemployed D the nowaday high unemployment figures are a truth of life52. The arrival of the industrial age in our historical evolution meant that_ A universal employment virtually guaranteed prosperity B economic freedom came within everyones control C patterns of work were fundamentally changed D peoples attitudes to work had to be reversed53. The enclosures of the 7th and 18th centuries meant that_ A people were no longer legally entitled to own land B people were driven to look elsewhere for means of supporting themselves C people were not adequately compensated for the loss of their land D people were badly paid for the work they managed to find54. The effects of almost universal employment were overwhelming in that_ A the household and village community disappeared completely B men now travelled enormous distances to their places of work C young and old people became superfluous components of society D the work status of those not in paid employment suffered55. The article concludes that_ A the creation of jobs for all is an impossibility B our efforts and resources in terms of tackling unemployment are insufficient C people should begin supporting themselves by learning a practical skill D we should help those whose jobs are only part-timeText 2Throughout history there have been many unusual taxes levied on such things as hats, Beds, Baths, marriages,and funerals. At one time England levied a tax on sunlight by collection from every household with six or more win-dows. And according to legend, there was a Turkish ruler who collected a tax each time he dined with one of his subjects. Why? To pay for the wear and tear on his teeth!Different kinds of taxes help to spread the tax burden. Anyone who pays a tax is said to bear the burden of the tax. The burden of a tax may fall more heavily on some persons than on others. That is why the three levels of government in this country use several kinds of taxes. This spreads the burden of taxes among more people. From the standpoint of their use, the most important taxes are income taxes, property taxes, sales taxes, and estate, inher-itance, and gift taxes. Some are used by only one level of government; others by two or even all three levels.Together these different taxes make up what is called our tax system.Income taxes are the main source of federal revenues. The federal government gets more than three-fourths of its revenue from income taxes. As its name indicated, an income tax is a tax on earnings. Both individuals and busi-ness corporations pay a federal income tax.The oldest tax in the United States today is the property tax. It provides most of the income for.local govern-ments. It provides at least a part of the income for all but a few states. It is not used by the federal government.A sales tax is a tax levied on purchases. Most people living in the United States know about sales taxes since they are used in all but four states. Actually there are several kinds of sales taxes, But only three of them are impor-tant. They are general sales taxes, excise taxes, and import taxes.Other three closely related taxes are estate, inheritance, and gift taxes. Everything a person owns, including both real and personal property, makes up his or her estate. When someone dies, ownership of his or her property or estate passes on to one or more individuals or organizations. Before the property is transferred, however, it is subject to an estate tax if its value exceeds a certain amount.56. The reason that the Turkish ruler collected a dining tax is to pay for_ A the inconvenience for him to put on and take off clothes B the damage that eating did to his teeth C his efforts to cut the food into pieces D the decay of his teeth because of sugar57. The government levies different kinds of taxes so that_ A the rich have to pay more and the poor less B a wider range of taxpayers can he included C each of three levels of government could get tax money D the burden of taxes falls evenly on everybody58. The federal government gets most of theft income from_ A property tax B income tax C sales tax D estate tax59. How many states levy import taxes in the U. S. A. ? A 4. B 50. C 46 D 54.60. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A Any form of property is subject to an estate tax when transferred. B Property tax provides a part of income for local government. C There are a few kinds of sales taxes. D Individuals and corporations both pay income taxes.Text 3World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues raised at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earths life-support systems. In fact, this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth Summit. To wit: empty promises, hollow rhetoric, Bickering between rich and poor, and irrelevant initia-fives. Think U. S. Congress in slow motion.Almost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five years-real changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisati-on that environmental degradation and their own well-being are intimately, and inversely, linked. Almost none of this, however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accompfished in Rio.Or it didnt accomplish. One item on the agenda at Rio, for example, was a renewed effort to save tropical for-ests. (A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it became clear that it actually hastened deforesta-tion. )After Rio, a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommeodations that have so far gone no-where. One proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanc-tions.An effort to draft an agreement on what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worse. Blocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits, the UN in 1992called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levels. Several years later, its as if Rio had never hap-pened. A new climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto, Japan, But governments still cannot agree on these limits. Meanwhile, the U. S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990, and emissions in the de-veloping world have risen even more sharply. No one would confuse the Rio process with progress.While governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient, people have acted.Birth-rates are dropping faster than expected, not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family size. Another positive development has been a growing environmental consciousness among the poor. From slum dwellers in Karachi, Pakistan, to colonists in Rondonia, Brazil, urban poor and rural peasants a-like seem tO realize that they pay the biggest price for pollution and deforestation. There is cause for hope as well in the growing recognition among business people that it is not in their long-term interest to fight environmental re-forms. John Browne, chief executive of British Petroleum, Boldly asserted in a major speech in May that the threat of climate change could no longer be ignored.61. The writers general attitude towards the world leaders meeting at the UN is _ A supportive B impartial C critical D comedic62. What does the author say about the ordinary people in the Third World countries? A They are beginning to realize the importance of environmental protection. B They believe that many children are necessary for prosperity. C They are reluctant to accept advice from the government. D They think that earning a living is more important than nature conservation.63. What did the UN call on nations to do about CO2 and other greenhouse gases in 1992? A To sign a new climate treaty at Rio. B To draft an agreement among UN nations. C To force the United Sates to reduce its emissions. D To limit the release of CO2 and other gases.64. The word deforestation in Paragraph 3 means_ A forest damage caused by pollution B moving population from forest to cities C the threat of climate change D cutting large areas of trees65. Which of the following best summarizes the text? A As the UN hesitates, the poor take action. B Progress in environmental protection has been made since the Rio Summit. C Climate changes can no longer be neglected. D The decline of earths life-support systems has been halted.Part B：In the following article some paragraphs have been removed. For Questions 66 70, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A F to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There is one paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Supermarket shoppers have never been more spoilt for choice. But just when we thought traditional systems of selective farming had created the most tempting array of foods money can buy, we are now being presented with the prospect of genetically created strains of cabbages, onion, tomato, potato and apple.It may not tickle the fancy of food purists but it fires the imagination of scientists. Last week they discovered that the classic Parisian mushroom contains just the properties that, when genetically mixed with a wild strain of mushroom from the Sonora desert in California, could help it grow en masse while at the same time providing it with the resilience of the wild strain.66_We have found a way of increasing the success rate from one to 90 per cent. This is just one of the many products that, according to skeptics, are creating a generation of Frankenfoods.The first such food that may be consumed on a wide scale is a tomato which has been genetically manipulated so that it does not soften as it ripens.Critics say that the new tomato-which cost $ 25 million to research is designed to stay on supermarket shelves for longer. It has a ten-day life span.Not surprisingly, every-hungry US is leading the search for these forbidden fruit. By changing the genes of a grapefruit, a grower from Texas has created a sweet, red, thin-skinned grapefruit expected to sell at a premium overits California and Florida competitors.For chip fanatics who want to watch their waist-lines, new high-starch, low-moisture potatoes that absorb less fat when fried have been created, thanks to a gene from intestinal bacteria.The scientists behind such new food argue that genetic engineering is simply an extension of animal and plant breed-ing methods and that by broadening the scope of the genetic changes that can be made, sources of food are increased. Ac-cordingly, they argue, this does not inherently lead to foods that are less safe than those developed by conventional tech-niques. But if desirable genes are swapped irrespective of species barriers, could things spiral out of control? Knowledge is not toxic, said Mark Cantley, head of the biotechnology unit at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De-velopment, It has given us a far greater understanding of how living systems work at a molecular level and there is no reason for people to think that scientists and farmers should use that knowledge to do risky things. 67_Clearly, financial incentive lies behind the development of these bigger, more productive foods. But we may have only ourselves to blame. In the early period of mass food commerce, food varieties were developed by tradi-tional methods of selective breeding to suit the local palate. But as suppliers started to select and preserve plant vari-ants that had larger fruit, consumer expectations rose, leading to the development of the desirable clones. Still, tra-ditionalists and gourmets in Europe are fighting their development.68_ Even in the pre-packaged US, where the slow-softening tomato will soon be reaching supermarkets, 1, 500 A-merican chefs have lent their support to the Pure Food Campaign which calls for the international boycott of geneti-cally engineered foods until more is known about the consequences of the technology and reliable controls have been introduced.In the short term, much of the technology remains untested and in the long term the consequences for human bi-ology are unknown. Ques