Teacher--city_planning_and_population[1].new.doc

Unit City Planning and PopulationWarm-up exercises1. Look at the following pictures and match each of them with the words and phrases given below. 1,_ 2,_ 3,_ 4,_ 5, _ 6, _Words and phrases for your reference:air pollution; traffic congestion; homelessness; urban sprawl; slums; population explosionkeys: slums, homelessness, urban sprawl, air pollution, traffic congestion, population explosion 2. Nowadays, more and more megacities are emerging. Which cities are the top 10 biggest cities in the world in 2011? Can you rank the following cities according to the figures given below?RankMegacityCountryContinentPopulationAnnual Growth1TokyoJapanAsia34,200,0000.60%2GuangzhouChinaAsia24,900,0004.00%3SeoulSouth KoreaAsia24,500,0001.40%4DelhiIndiaAsia23,900,0004.60%5MumbaiIndiaAsia23,300,0002.90%6Mexico CityMexicoNorth America22,800,0002.00%7New York CityUSANorth America22,200,0000.30%8So PauloBrazilSouth America20,800,0001.40%9Manila PhilippinesAsia20,100,0002.50%10ShanghaiChinaAsia18,800,0002.20%Source: Th. Brinkhoff: The Principal Agglomerations of the World, 2011-01-01Manila New York City Guangzhou Shanghai Mexico City Mumbai Seoul So Paulo Tokyo Delhi 3. In the IELTS speaking test, there are many questions related to life in cities. Below are some sample questions from the IELTS speaking test. Practice these questions with your classmates. PART 2 You will have to talk about the topic for 1 to 2 minutes.You have one minute to think about what you are going to say.You can make some notes to help you if you wish.Describe a city you have visited which has impressed you. You should say: Where is it situated?Why did you visit it?And explain why you were impressed?PART 3Discussion topics:Example questions:1.What do you think is the difference between living in the city and living in the suburbs ? 2.What is the biggest problem of a city? 3.Do you want to live in the city or in the suburbs?4.Why do young people like to stay in the city?5.Do you think people with kids should live in the city?Passage 1 (In-class Reading)1. Is your city or town getting bigger or smaller? 2. Is it changing in any other ways?3. Is this a positive or negative thing?Read the title of the article. Brainstorm reasons why you think growing cities might face major problems.1. Find words from the article and write them next to the definitions. The paragraph number is given to help you. a. A poor area of town where the houses are in a very bad condition. _ (subtitle)b. The process of damaging the air, water or land with chemicals or other substances. _ (subtitle)c. All the people who are living in the world. _ (para 1)d. A plant or animal group whose members all have similar general features and are able to produce offsprings. _ (para 1)e. A change in something. _ (para 3)f. An adjective to describe countries which are poor and dont have many industries. _ (para 4)g. Conditions relating to peoples health and especially the systems that supply water and deal with human waste. _ (para 4)h. The process of going to another place in order to find work. _ (para 7)i. A process in which a problem causes other problems, making the first problem worse. _ (para 8)j. Causing severe damage or harm. _ (para 10)keys: a. slum, b. pollution, c. humanity, d. species, e. shift, f. developing countries, g. sanitation, h. migration, i. vicious circle, j. destructive2. Find words that are based on urban and poor and write them next to the definitions.(noun) is the process by which towns and cities grow bigger.Urban (verb) To means to make more like a city.(noun) An is someone who lives in a city.Poor (noun) is a situation in which someone does not have enough money for their basic needs.Keys:Urban-urbanization-a nounUrbanize- a verbUrbanite- a nounPoor-poverty-a nounGrowing cities face catastropheGrowing cities face catastrophe, says UN Urban dwellers to outgrow rural population next year Big rise in poverty, slums and pollution is fearedJohn Vidal, environment editorThursday June 28, 20071. Humanity will make the historic move from a rural to an urban species sometime in the next year, according to the latest UN population figures. The move will be led by Africa and Asia, which are expected to add 1.6 billion people to their cities over the next 25 years. 2. The speed and scale of global urbanization is so great most countries will not be prepared for the effect it will have, Thoraya Obaid, executive director of the UN Population Fund, says. “In human history we have never seen urban growth like this.” Ms Obaid added: “In 2008, half of the worlds population will live in urban areas. The shift from rural to urban areas changes a balance that has lasted for millennia. Within one generation, five billion people, or 60% of humanity, will live in cities. The urban population of Africa and Asia will double in this time.” She said that each week the number of people living in cities grows by nearly a million. 3. “Most cities in developing countries already have worrying problems, including crime, lack of clean water and sanitation, and slums. But these problems are not as serious as those that could be raised by future growth. If we do not plan ahead, it will be a catastrophe. The changes are too fast to allow planners to react, and so if governments wait, it will be too late.” 4. According to the State of the World Population Report, which Ms Obaid launched in London, large-scale population growth will take place in the cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America. The report suggests that the largest move to cities will occur in Asia, where the number of urbanites will almost double to 2.6 billion in 2030. The population of cities in Africa is expected to grow by 440 million in the same period, and in Latin America and the Caribbean by nearly 200 million. Rural populations are expected to decrease worldwide by 28 million people. 5. But urbanization can be positive. “No country in the industrial age has ever achieved significant economic growth without urbanization, said Ms Obaid. “Although there will be more poverty in the urban areas, moving to a city can also present poor people with the best chance of escaping it. The potential benefits of urbanization, which include easier access to health centres and education, are far greater than the disadvantages.” 6. However, the report warns that if we do nothing, the growth of urbanization will mean more slums and poverty, as well as a rise in migration away from poor regions. “Today one billion people live in slums, 90% of whom are in developing countries. The fight against poverty will take place in the slums. To win it, politicians need to be proactive and start working with the urban poor. This is the only way to defeat urban poverty,” said Ms Obaid. 7. The climate is expected to increasingly shape and be shaped by cities. In a vicious circle, climate change will increase the energy demand as more people need air-conditioning in cities. This demand will add to greenhouse gas emissions which could raise temperatures in urban areas by 2-6 degree. “Heat, pollution, smog and ground-level ozone from cities affect surrounding areas, reducing the amount of agricultural production, increasing health risks and producing tornadoes and thunderstorms. The impact of climate change on urban water supplies are expected to be dramatic,” the report says. Cities like New Delhi, in the drier areas, will be particularly hard hit. 8. Developing countries are at a great disadvantage when they start to urbanize. They will require houses, power, water, sanitation and roads, and will have to build faster than any rich country has ever done.9. Ms Obaid said: “This problem concerns everyone, not just developing countries. If we plan ahead, we will create conditions for a stable world. If we do not, and do not find education, jobs, and houses for people in cities, then these populations will become destructive, to themselves and others.”Words and expressions1. catastrophe ktstrfi n. an event that causes one person or a group of people personal suffering, or that makes difficulties 灾难synonym: disastere.g. The attempt to expand the business was a catastrophe for the firm.Weve had a few catastrophes with the food for the party. catastrophic adj. catastrophically adv.2. dweller dwel(r) n. (especially in compounds)a person or an animal that lives in the particular place that is mentioned. 居民；居住者e.g. apartment dweller3. outgrow atr vt. outgrow-outgrew-outgrownoutgrow somethingto grow too big to be able to wear or fit into something过大而不适于, 长得比 . 快(或大、高)synonym: grow out ofe.g. Shes already outgrown her school uniform.The company has outgrown its offices.4. slum slm n. an area of a city that is very poor and where the houses are dirty and in bad condition 贫民窟e.g. a slum area city/urban slumse.g. She was brought up in the slums of Leeds.slum clearance schemesslum vi.5. humanity hjumnti n. (uncountable) people in general人类e.g. crimes against humanityNote: The human raceMan and mankind have traditionally been used to mean all men and women. Many people now prefer to use humanity, the human race, human beings or people.6. sometime smtam adv. (also some time) at a time that you do not know exactly or has not yet been decided 改天，来日，某时e.g. I saw him sometime last summer.We must get together sometime.sometime adj. 以前的7. scale skeil n. (singular, uncountable)the size or extent of something, especially when compared with something else刻度,等级,规模e.g. They entertain on a large scale (= they hold expensive parties with a lot of guests).Here was corruption on a grand scale. scale of something e.g. It was impossible to comprehend the full scale of the disaster.8. urbanization .:bnaizein n. the process of being urbanized.城市化e.g Urbanization will interact with the transformation of human societies by aging.urbanized adj. a. (of an area, a country, etc.) having a lot of towns, streets, factories, etc. rather than countryside（地区，国家）城市化了的b. (of people) living and working in towns and cities rather than in the country（人）城市化了的e.g. an increasingly urbanized societyurbanize vt.urban adj.urbanite n. 都市人the condition of being urbanizedthe condition of being urbanizedthe condition of being urbanized9. shift ift n.shift (in something) a change in position or direction 移动；改变e.g. a dramatic shift in public opinionshift v.a. to move, or move something, from one position or place to another 移动shift something (from) (to)e.g. He shifted his gaze from the child to her.b. to change your opinion of or attitude towards something, or change the way that you do something 改变shift something (from) (to/towards/toward)e.g. The new policy shifted the emphasis away from fighting inflation.10. millennium milenim n. plural millennia milenia period of 1000 years, especially as calculated before or after the birth of Christ一千年e.g For millennia, it was accepted that the earth was at the centre of the universe.11. launch l:nt vt. launch something to start an activity, especially an organized one发起,推出（新产品）e.g. to launch an appeal/an inquiry/an investigation/a campaignWe were going to launch a counterattack. launch sb in/into sth表示“使某人开始做某事”。 o He launched his son in/into business.12. Caribbean kribi:n,.krbi:n n./adj.the Caribbeanthe region consisting of the Caribbean Sea and its islands, including the West Indies, and the coasts which surround it加勒比海13. proactive pruktiv adj. (of a person or policy) controlling a situation by making things happen rather than waiting for things to happen and then reacting to them 先发制人的，积极的e.g. a proactive approachManagers must be proactive in identifying and preventing potential actively adv.14. vicious vis adj. a. violent and cruel 恶意的；恶毒的e.g. a vicious attacka vicious criminalSynonym: brutalb. (informal) very bad or severe 坏的，严重的vicious circle n.a situation in which one problem causes another problem which then makes the first problem worse恶性循环15. smog smg n.a form of air pollution that is or looks like a mixture of smoke and fog, especially in cities 烟雾e.g. attempts to reduce smog caused by traffic fumessmoggy adj.16. ozone uzun n.(chemistry) a poisonous gas with a strong smell that is a form of oxygen 臭氧17. tornado t:neidu n. a violent storm with very strong winds which move in a circle. There is often also a long cloud which is narrower at the bottom than the top龙卷风,飓风,旋风e.g.Tornadoes ripped into the southern United States yesterday.18. thunderstorm nd.st:m,nd.st:m n. a storm with thunder and lightning and usually very heavy rain雷暴雨, 大雷雨19. destructive distrktiv adj. causing destruction or damage 破坏性的,有害的e.g.the destructive power of modern weaponsthe destructive effects of anxietydestructively adv.destructiveness n.20. ground-level n. 地水准面Expressions21. present sb with somethingto cause something to happen or be experienced 导致发生e.g. Your request shouldnt present us with any problems.1. Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Ms Obaid thought we have never witnessed such great and of global urbanization in human history, and many countries are not ready for this. She also maintained that urbanization is causing many problems that will not be as serious as those caused by . Without careful management, it will become a . Ms Obaid also analyzed the benefits of the urbanization, without which significant cannot be reached. Keys: speed, scale, future growth, catastrophe, economic growth2. Complete the table using information from the article.The situation now and the situation in the very near futureExpected problemsPossible solutionsAnswers:1. look at how these verbs are used in the article and write the preposition that follows them.1. Lasted 4. Prepared 2. Decrease 5. According 3. Shaped 6. Raised 2. Now write the verbs + prepositions into the sentences.a. the report, the urban population is growing.b. Governments need to be the problems this will bring.c. The shift will change the balance that has thousands of years.d. A lot of problems could be this growth.e. The amount of people living in rural areas is expected to _ about 28 million.f. The changes in climate will be this urbanization.Keys:a) According tob) Prepared forc) Lasted ford) Raised bye) Decrease byf) Shaped byAfter-class exercises1. Grammar focusreporting verb.In the article weve just learned, its not hard to notice that the author indirectly quoted many words and sentences from Ms Obaid and her report. This is also very common to see in IELTS writing task 2. Whenever we report another persons words, be it an imperative sentence, a question, or a simple statement, we can consider replacing the more common say, tell, or ask with a more accurate reporting verb. The need to carefully select a reporting verb is greater in formal situations. In an academic or professional setting, a higher level of vocabulary is often expected so that we can be more accurate in our communication. Example: However, the report warns that if we do nothing, the growth of urbanization will mean more slums and poverty, as well as a rise in migration away from poor regions.(Line 1, Para. 6, Growing cities face catastrophe)MEANING/ PURPOSEREPORTING VERBSCommands/ orderstell, command, demand, order, wishDirections/ instructionstell, advise, caution, instruct, recommendEmotional statementscry, exclaim, shout, shriek, yellInvitationsask, inviteNeutral statementsadd, comment, express, mention, note, observe, predict, remark, say, statePurposeful statementsaccuse, announce, apologize, argue, assert, challenge, forbid, prohibitQuestionsask, inquire, question, wonderRequeststell, ask, plead, urgeResponsesanswer, clarify, confirm, explain, insist, reply, respondSTRUCTUREREPORTING VERBSEXAMPLE _?_+ that clauseMany reporting verbs use the same structure as say. Examples: admit, agree, claim, confess, decide, deny, promise, swear, recallShe agreed that it was best to go by train. _?_+ whom + infinitiveadvise, ask, beg, encourage, forbid, invite, instruct, order, promise, remind, request, tell, urge, warnShe advised me to see a doctor. _?_+ infinitiveagree, beg, claim, consent, decide, demand, request, swear, threaten, volunteerHe threatened to quit. _?_+ gerundacknowledge, admit, advise, confess, deny, recall, recommend, suggestHe recalled meeting Susan at a party la