人体结构与人体构架英文.ppt

SECTIONII BODYSTRUCTUREANDBODYSYSTEMS Chapter4 Objectives Writethemeaningsofthewordpartspresentedinthischapter choosetheircorrectmeaningswhenpresentedwithseveralanswers andrecognizeandwritethemeaningsofthewordpartswhentheyappearinmedicalterms Writethemeaningsandrecognizethedefinitionsoftermsrelatedtodirectionalaspectsofthebody Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermspresentedinthischapterthatarerelatedtobodystructuresandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions Matchtermsrelatedtobodyfluidswiththeirdescriptionsandwritethetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermsrelatedtobodycavitiespresentedinthischapterandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions OUTLINE TheanatomicpositionandreferenceplanesofthebodyBodycavitiesBodystructuresBodyfluidsComprehensivereviewexercises TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody Anatomicreferencesystemsprovideuniformityinregardtodescriptionsofthebody Theanatomicpositionmeansthatapersonisstandingerectwiththearmsatthesideandthepalmsforward Thispositionisusedasareferencewhendescribingthelocationordirectionofvariousbodystructuresorparts TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody Unlessstatedotherwise alldescriptionsoflocationorpositionassumethatthebodyisintheanatomicposition Committomemorythefollowingtermsthatrelatetovariousdirectionsofthebody DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningAnterioranter onearertoortowardthefront ventralPosteriorposter onearertoortowardtheback dorsal DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningVentralventr obellyside sameasanteriorsurfaceDorsaldors odirectedtowardorsituatedonthebackside sameasposteriorsurface DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningMedial medianmedi omiddleornearerthemiddleLaterallater otowardtheside denotingapositionfartherfromthemidlineofthebodyorfromastructure DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningSuperiorsuper ouppermostoraboveInferiorinfer olowermostorbelow DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningProximalproxim onearesttheorginorpointofattachmentDistaldist ofarordistantfromtheoriginorpointofattachment DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningCephaladcephal otowardtheheadCaudadcaud otowardthetailorinaposteriordirection Exercise1 Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter oanteriorfrontCaud o Exercise1 Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter oanteriorfrontCaud ocaudaltail Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist o Dors o Infer o Later o Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist odistalfarDors odorsalbackInfer oinferiorbelowLater olateralside Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingMedi omedialmiddleormedianPoster oposteriorbehindProxim oproximalnearSuper osuperioraboveVentr oventralbelly BodyCavities Thebodyhastwomajorcavities whicharespaceswithinthebodythatcontaininternalorgans Thetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethedorsalcavity locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody andtheventralcavity locatedneartheanterioraspect Bothcavitiesaresubdividedasshown BodyCavities Thedorsalcavityisdividedintothecranialandspinalcavities Thecranialcavitycontainsthebrainandthespinalcavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves BodyCavities Theotherprincipalbodycavityistheventralcavity Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalledviscera Theventralcavityissubdividedintothethoraciccavityandtheabdominopelvic abdominalandpelvic cavity Themusculardiaphragmdividesthethoracicandabdominopelviccavities Theabdominopelviccavitycanbethoughtofasasinglecavityorastwocavities theabdominalandpelviccavities althoughnowallseparatesthem Amembranecalledtheperitoneumlinestheabdominopelviccavityandinveststheinternalorgans Peritoneum likeallserousmembranes secretesalubricatingfluidthatallowstheorganstoglideagainstoneanotheroragainstthecavitywall Astickingtogetheroftwostructuresthatarenormallyseparatediscalledanadhesion Abdominaladhesionsareusuallycausedbyinflammationortrauma injury andaretreatedsurgicallyiftheycauseintestinalobstructionorexcessivediscomfort BodyStructures Thecellisthesmallestfunctionalunitofthehumanbodyand infact ofallorganisms Cellscomprisethetissuesofthebody whichinturnmakeuporgans Eachbodysystemisagroupoforgansthatworktogetherforaspecificpurpose Thehumanorganismhasmanybodysystems Manybodystructurewillbediscussedelsewhereinthisbook Thefollowinglistincludesseveraltermsthateitherdonotpertaintoaparticularbodysystemofmaypertaintomorethanonesystem Committhefollowinglisttomemory SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES CombiningFormsMeaningAbdomin oabdomenAcr oextremities armsandlegs Blephar oeyelidCephal oheadChir ohand SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES CombiningFormsMeaningCyst ocyst bladder orsacDactyl odigit toes fingersorboth Lapar oabdominalwallOmphal oumbilicus navel Onych onail SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES CombiningFormsMeaningPelv IpelvisPeriton operitoneumSom a somat obodyThorac ochest Organism manysystems System severalorgans Organ severaltissues Tissues manysimilarcells Cells smalleststructuralunit Theabdomenistheportionofthbodytrunkthatislocatedbetweenthechestandthepelvis Abdomino centesis abdomin o abdomen centesis surgicalpuncture usuallycalledabdominalparacentesis isasurgicalprocedurethatisperformedtoremoveexcessfluids ascites fromtheabdominalcavityortoinjectatherapeuticagent Peritonitis periton o peritoneum itis inflammation canresultifinfectionmicroorganismsgainaccessbywayofoperativeincisionsorbytheruptureorperforationofvisceraorassociatedstructures asinruptureorperforationofvisceraorassociatedstructures asinruptureoftheappendix Microorganismscanalsospreadtotheperitoneumfrothebloodstreamorlymphaticvessels Incisionoftheabdominalwalliscalledlaparo tomy lapar o abdominalwall tomy incision Laparotomyisanotherwayofsayinganabdominaloperation Severalsurgicalproceduresinvolveincisionoftheabdominalwall someofwhicharedescribed Laparocholecystotomy lapar o abdominalwall cholecyst o gallbladder tomy incision incisionintothegallbladderthoughtheabdominalwall Laparocolostomy lapar o col o largeintestine stomy newopening formationofapermanentopeningintothecolon largeintestine throughtheabdominalwall Laparocystotomy lapar o cyst o cyst tomy abdominalincisiontoremoveacystoranembryothathasimplantedoutsidetheuterus synonym laparocystectomy Laparogastrotomy lapar o gastr o stomach tomy abdominalincisionintothestomachLaparohepatotomy lapar o hepat o liver tomy incisionoftheliverthroughtheabdominalwallLaparohysterectomy lapar o hyster o uterus ectomy excision removaloftheuterusthroughanincisionintheabdominalwall Laparohysteropexy lapar o hyster o pexy surgicalfixation attachmentoftheuterustotheabdominalwallLaparorrhaphy lapar o rrhaphy suture sutureoftheabdominalwallLaparoscopy lapar o scopy visualexamination abdominalexplorationemployingalaparoscope aninstrumentusedtoviewtheinterioroftheabdomen laparoscopyisatypeofendoscopy adevicethatusesfiberoptictechniquestopermitvisualimagingaroundcorners Laparosplenotomy lapar o splen o spleen tomy incisionofthespleenthroughanabdominaloperation NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED CombiningFormMeaningCholecyst ogallbladder NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED CombiningFormMeaningCol ocolon largeintestine NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED CombiningFormMeaningGastr ostomach NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED CombiningFormMeaningHepat oliver NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED CombiningFormMeaningHyster outerus NEWCOMBININGFORMSUSED CombiningFormMeaningSplen ospleen Thepelvisisthelowerportionofthebodytrunk Thewordpelviscanrefertoanybasinlikestructure soyouwillalsoseeitinotherterms e g therenalpelvis afunnel shapedstructurewithinthekidney Pelvimetry pelv I pelvis metry measurement isthemeasurementofthedimensionsandcapacityofthepelvis Itisseldomdoneanymore becausetheprocedureusuallyinvolvestheuseofx rays Theinstrumentusedinpelvimetryisapelvimeter Acephalopelvicdisproportionisasituationinwhichtheheadofthefetusistoolargeforthepelvisofthemother Insuchcasesvaginaldeliveryisdifficultofimpossible Cephalopelvic cephal o head pelv I pelvisisatermthatpertainstotheheadofthefetusandthematernalpelvis OmphalosisGreekfortheumbilicus ornavel Manynewtermscanbeformedusingomphal owithvarioussuffixesthatyouhavealreadylearned Omphalicmeansconcerningtheumbilicus Aninflamedconditionofthenavelisomphal itis Congenitalherniaofthenavelisomphalo cele Ruptureofthenavelisomphalo rrhexis andumbilicalhemorrhageisomphalo rrhagia Thoracicmeanspertainingtothechest becausethorac omeansthoraxorchest Thoracicsurgeryisanotherwayofsayingchestsurgery Surgicalpunctureofthechestwallforaspirationoffluidscouldbecalledthoracocentesis butthoracentesisistheorecommonlyusedterm Surgicalpunctureofthechestwallforaspirationoffluidscouldbecalledthoracocentesis butthoracentesisistheorecommonlyusedterm Exercise2Usingwhatyouhavejustlearned andwordpartsstudiedinpreviouschapter circlethecorrectanswertocompleteeachsentence Thecombiningformthatmeansarmsandlegsis acr o chir o cyt o omphal o Thecombiningformblephar omeans extremities eyelid brain head Thecombiningformthatmeansabdomenis pelv I pelv o abdomen o abdomin o Thecombiningformonych omeans head bladder digit nail Thecombiningformforamembranethatlinestheabdominopelviccavityis omphal o lapar o somat o periton o Exercise2Usingwhatyouhavejustlearned andwordpartsstudiedinpreviouschapter circlethecorrectanswertocompleteeachsentence Thecombiningformthatmeansarmsandlegsis acr o chir o cyt o omphal o Thecombiningformblephar omeans extremities eyelid brain head Thecombiningformthatmeansabdomenis pelv I pelv o abdomen o abdomin o Thecombiningformonych omeans head bladder digit nail Thecombiningformforamembranethatlinestheabdominopelviccavityis omphal o lapar o somat o periton o Thecombiningformsomat omeans sleep body toesorfingers cyst Thecombiningformomphal omeans umbilicus abdominalwall head chest Thecombiningformcol omeans gallbladder cyst largeintestine liver Thecombiningfomrhyster omeans uterusabdominalwall spleen pelvis Thecombiningformforthetomachis cholecyst o hepat o gastr o splen o Thecombiningformsomat omeans sleep body toesorfingers cyst Thecombiningformomphal omeans umbilicus abdominalwall head chest Thecombiningformcol omeans gallbladder cyst largeintestine liver Thecombiningfomrhyster omeans uterus abdominalwall spleen pelvis Thecombiningformforthetomachis cholecyst o hepat o gastr o splen o Paininthethoraxdistinguishedfromchestpaincausedbyanginapectoris aheartconditionis thoracocentesis thoracoschisis thoracondynia thoracectomy Surgicalincisionofchestwallis thoracotomy thoracostomy thoracostenosis thoracolysis Diagnosticexaminationofthechestcavityis pleurotomy pleurectomy thoracometry thoracoscopy Plasticsurgeryofthechestinwhichportionsoftheribsareremovedtocausediseaseareasofthelugtocollapseis thoracolysis thoracoplasty thoracalgia thoracopathy Paininthethoraxdistinguishedfromchestpaincausedbyanginapectoris aheartconditionis thoracocentesis thoracoschisis thoracondynia thoracectomy Surgicalincisionofchestwallis thoracotomy thoracostomy thoracostenosis thoracolysis Diagnosticexaminationofthechestcavityis pleurotomy pleurectomy thoracometry thoracoscopy Plasticsurgeryofthechestinwhichportionsoftheribsareremovedtocausediseaseareasofthelugtocollapseis thoracolysis thoracoplasty thoracalgia thoracopathy Exercise3Usingwordsorwordpartsyouhavelearned writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly Blephar almeanspertainingto Blephar itisis ofeyelid Blepharitiscouldleadto edema swellingoftheeyelids Thereareothercausesofblepharedema suchacrying Blepharoplegiais ofaneyelid Blepharoptosisisprolapseor oftheuppereyelid Exercise3Usingwordsorwordpartsyouhavelearned writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly Blephar almeanspertainingtoeyelid Blephar itisisinflammationofeyelid Blepharitiscouldleadtoblepharedema swellingoftheeyelids Thereareothercausesofblepharedema suchacrying Blepharoplegiaisparalysisofaneyelid Blepharoptosisisprolapseorsaggingoftheuppereyelid Twitchingoftheeyelidisblepharo Plasticsurgeryperformedontheeyelid Surgicalincisionoftheeyelidis Twitchingoftheeyelidisblepharospasm Plasticsurgeryperformedontheeyelidblepharoplasty Surgicalincisionoftheeyelidisblepharotomy Extremitiesofthebodyarethearmsandlegs Thecombiningforacr oisusedtorefertotheextremities Inworkingthefollowingexerciseyouwilllearnnewtermsthatpertaintothearmsandlegs Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly Acro cyanosisiscyanosisoftheextremities Inacrocyanosis thearmsandlegsseemtobethecolour Acrodermatitisisdermatitisoftheextremities Inotherwords the ofthearmsandlegsisinflamed Acr alpertainstothe Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly Acro cyanosisiscyanosisoftheextremities Inacrocyanosis thearmsandlegsseemtobethecolourblue Acrodermatitisisdermatitisoftheextremities Inotherwords theskinofthearmsandlegsisinflamed Acr alpertainstotheextremities Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly Acrohypothermyisabnormalcoldnessoftheextremities Translatedliterally acro hypo thermymeansbelownormal intheextremities Acro megalyisadisorderinwhichthereisabnormalenlargementofthe ofthebody includingthenose jaws fingersandtoes causedbyhypersecretionofgrowthhormoneaftermaturity Exercise4Writelettersintheblankstocompleteeachsentencecorrectly Acrohypothermyisabnormalcoldnessoftheextremities Translatedliterally acro hypo thermymeansbelownormalheatintheextremities Acro megalyisadisorderinwhichthereisabnormalenlargementoftheextremetiesofthebody includingthenose jaws fingersandtoes causedbyhypersecretionofgrowthhormoneaftermaturity Afingerortoeisadigit Thecombiningformdactyl oisoftenusedinwordsthatpertaintothefingersandtoes Dactylographyisthestudyoffingerprints Dactylospasmmeanscrampingofafingerortoe Inflammationofthebonesofthefingersandtoesisdactylitis Chiro podymeanspertainingtothehandsandfeet Itisalsotheartorprofessionofachiropodist onewhotreatscorns bunionsandotherafflictionsofthehandsandfeet Crampingofthehandsuchaswriter scrampischiro spasm Plasticsurgeryofthehandischiro plasty Thecombiningformonych oreferstothenails Anonychophagist onych o nails phag o eat ist onewho habituallybitesthenails Thefollowingexercisewillhelpyoutolearnnewtermsthatusethecombiningformonych o Exercise5Writethecorrectanswerineachblankspace Onycho malaciais ofthenails Anonych omais ofthenailornailbed Onycho myc osisisadiseaseofthe causedbya Anydiseaseofthenailsiscalledan Surgicalremovalofthenailis Thistermalsomeansdeclawingofananimal Exercise5Writethecorrectanswerineachblankspace Onycho malaciaissofteningofthenails Anonych omaistumorofthenailornailbed Onycho myc osisisadiseaseofthenailscausedbyafungus AnydiseaseofthenailsiscalledanonychopathySurgicalremovalofthenailisonychectomy Thistermalsomeansdeclawingofananimal BODYFLUIDS Severalwordpartsthatrelatetobodyfluidsarepresentedbelow Afteryoucompletetheprogrammedstudythatfollowsthislist youshouldbeabletorecognizethemeaningsofthewordparts SELECTEDWORDPARTSTHATPERTAINTOBODYFLUIDS CombiningFormorWordPartMeaningCrin o crinesecreteDacry o lacrim otear tearing crying emia hem a hem o hemat obloodHidr osweatorperspirationHydr owater CombiningFormorWordPartMeaningLymph olymph sometimesreferstothelymphatics Muc omucusPy opusSial osaliva sometimesreferstosalivaryglands Ur ourine sometimesreferstotheurinarytract Exercise6Matchthewordpartsintheleftcolumnwiththeirmeaningintherightcolumn thechoicesontherightmaybeusedmorethanonce 1 Crin o 2 Dacry o 3 emia 4 Hemat o 5 Hidr o 6 Hydr o 7 Lacrim o 8 Lymph o 9 Muc o 10 Py o 11 Sial o 12 Ur o UrineLymphTearBloodPerspirationWaterMucusPusSalivaSecrete Exercise6Matchthewordpartsintheleftcolumnwiththeirmeaningintherightcolumn thechoicesontherightmaybeusedmorethanonce J1 Crin oC2 Dacry oD3 emiaD4 Hemat oE5 Hidr oF6 Hydr oC7 Lacrim oB8 Lymph oG9 Muc oH10 Py oI11 Sial oA12 Ur o UrineLymphTearBloodPerspirationWaterMucusPusSalivaSecrete ComprehensiveReviewExercises Workthefollowingexercisestotestyourunderstandingofthematerialinchapter4 Itisbesttoworkallthereviewexercisesbeforecheckingyouranswers A Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethe 1 cavity locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody andthe 2 cavity locatedneartheanterioraspect Eachofthesecavitiesissubdividedintosmallerones A Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethe 1 dorsalcavity locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody andthe 2 ventralcavity locatedneartheanterioraspect Eachofthesecavitiesissubdividedintosmallerones A Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThe 3 cavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves The 4 cavitycontainsthebrain Theventralcavityissubdividedintothe 5 orchestcavityandthe 6 cavity Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalled 7 Aserousmembranecalledthe 8 linestheabdominopelviccavityandinveststheinternalorgans A Useoneofthefollowingwordstocorrectlycompletethesentences AbdominopelvicperitoneumventralCranialspinalvisceraDorsalthoracicThe 3 spinalcavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves The 4 cranialcavitycontainsthebrain Theventralcavityissubdividedintothe 5 thoracicorchestcavityandthe 6 abdominopelviccavity Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalled 7 visceraAserousmembranecalledthe 8 peritoneumlinestheabdominopelviccavityandinveststheinternalorgans B Matchthetermsintheleftcolumnwiththedirectionaltermsintherightcolumn 1 Caudal 2 Cephalad 3 Distal 4 Dorsal 5 Proximal AboveBackFarFrontHeadNeartail B Matchthetermsintheleftcolumnwiththedirectionaltermsintherightcolumn G1 CaudalE2 CephaladC3 DistalB4 DorsalF5 Proximal AboveBackFarFrontHeadNeartail C Writethec