第七章动词（3）.ppt

第七章动词和动词词组 3 情态助动词 特点 本身带有情态意义词形不受主语人称和数的变化影响与主动词原形一起构成谓语 分类 各有现在时和过去时两种形式 may might can could will would shall should 只有现在时形式而无过去时形式must oughtto need dare只有过去时形式而无现在时形式usedto 在上述情态助动词中 dare 敢 和need 需要 也能作主动词用 比较 另有一个usedto 过去经常 虽然不能作主动词用 但其否定形式既可以是usednotto 也可以是didnotuseto 疑问形式的操作词既可以是used 也可以是did Iusedn t didn tuse tosmoke Usedyou Didyouuse togotoschoolonfoot 边际情态助动词 MarginalModalAuxiliary 情态意义表示法 可能 possibility 许可 permission 能力 ability 逻辑必然 logicalnecessity 义务 obligation 意志 volition 假设意义 hypotheticalmeaning 表示 可能 mayHemaylikepoetry Hemaybecoming Hemayhaveleftyesterday Hemayhavebeenworkingveryhard mightItmaybetrue Itmightbetrue Shemaylikepoetry Shemightlikepoetry can could在疑问句中表示 可能 不能用may 而要用can Canitbetrue Canhebehidingsomewhere Canhehaveleftalready Note can和may的过去时形式could和might不受此限 Couldyouhaveleftitatthebusstation MightIhaveleftitatthebusstation 在否定句中 用may might和用can could含义不一样 Hemaynotbeserious Itispossiblethatheisnotserious Hecan tbeserious Itisnotpossiblethatheisserious Hemightnotlikeitthere Hecouldnotlikeitthere Hemightn thavemadethatmistake Hecouldn thavemadethatmistake can could间或也能用于肯定句表示 可能 尽管如此 在肯定句中表示 可能 用may might比用can could普遍 A That snotmine Whosecanitbe B Itcan couldbesomeoneelse s Note 表示 可能 含义的can could用于肯定句往具有 有时 不时 等含义 Lightningcanbedangerous Lightningissometimesdangerous Hecanbeunpleasant Fromtimetotimeheisunpleasant Johncouldbealittleannoying butIthinkyou llgetonwellwithhim Hecouldbeunpleasantwhenhewasyounger 在肯定句中用can表示 可能 往往指 理论上的可能 而用may则通常表示 事实上的可能 Therailwaysmaybeimproved Therailwayscanbeimproved Lookatthetrafficjam Theroadmaybeblockednotfarfromhere Technicallyspeaking banknotescanbecounterfeited 表示 许可 May Can 在非常客气的场合 也可用could和might表示征求 许可 Could MightIaskyouwhatyouropinionis CouldIseeyourdrivinglicense IwonderifIcould mightborrowyourpen Note 如果是第二人称主语 例如希望求得对方的帮助或合作 那末 只能用can could不能用may might 在谈到规章上是否容许做某事时 也用can could表示 不能用may 通常也不能用might Thenoticesays youcanfishtherewithoutapermit Thenoticesaid youcouldfishtherewithoutapermit Youcan tparkhere Youcouldn tparkhereinthosedays 表示 能力 can表示现在的能力 could表示过去的能力 表示由体力或知识等产生的能力 Canyouliftthattable Couldyouliftthattable whenyouwereyounger 由客观因素而形成的能力 Youcandrivealongtheroad it salwaysclear Youcoulddrivealongtheroad itwasalwaysclear 由反复操练形成的熟练技能所产生的能力 JohncanspeakChineseverywell Johncanplaythepianoverywell Johncouldplaythepianomuchbetterafewyearsago 将来的能力可以用can也可以用shall willbeableto表示 Note Could用来表示过去的能力时 并不指某一场合能力的具体例子 而是表明一种很普遍的意思 在否定句中则不受此限 如果could与see hear feel smell等感觉动词连用 则不受上述限制 之所以不受限制 是因为can could与感觉动词连用后 主要表示持续的感觉状态 几乎已经失去了它们作为表示能力的情态含义 表示 逻辑必然 must 表示说话人所作的结论不是来自直接经验 而是来自推理 带有 考虑到迹象如此 再无别的结论 这样的含义 也就是逻辑上的必然 Shemustbeclever I mcertainsheisclever Theymustbewaiting I mreasonablysurethat Hemustbecallingtonight Youmusthavebeendisappointed Itisreasonabletoassumethat Itmusthavebeenraining 弱化为仅仅表示猜测 YoumustbeMr Jones Youmustbetired must的这种弱化用法接近于will would表示 预测 意义的用法 Don tphonethemnow they llbehavingdinner should oughtto 在含义上相当于 较大的或然性 这种用法表明说话人对他所作的结论的可靠性存有怀疑 Thatshould oughttobeenough Theplayshould oughttostartsoon Sheshould oughttobehomealready Thetrainshould oughttobearrivingsoon Heshouldhavearrivedbynow Thepriceshouldn tincreaseforalongtime Yououghtn ttohaveanydifficultygettingthetickets 情态动词语义分类 能用于推测性用法的情态助动词共有九个 这九个情态助动词从它们表示不同程度的推测可分为表示 可能 的might may could can 表示 很有可能 的should oughtto would will 表示 肯定 的must 表示 义务 mustmust用于表示说话人下 命令 要别人做某事或不做某事 Youmusttellme Iinsistthatyoutellme Youmustbebackbyteno clock Youareobliged byme tobebackbyteno clock Youmustnotgetseparatedfromthegroup Youarenottogetseparatedfromthegroup Youmustn tkeepusallwaiting Iobligeyounottokeepusallwaiting 表示 义务 的解除 也就是没有义务去做某事 要用needn t needn t的含义是Idonotobligeyouto 或Youarenotobligedto A Mustwewait B Yes youmust No youneedn t needn t don thaveto don tneedto 由于must本身无过去时形式 它的过去时形式常由hadto替代 因此 mustyou 的过去时发问形式应是Didyouhaveto A Didyouhavetoworkveryhard B Yes wehadto No wedidn t haveto didn tneedto Note didn tneedto通常表示 认为不必要因而未做某事 这与needn thave ed表示 做了某事却无此必要 不一样 要加以区别 Whenhewasatuniversityhedidn tneedtopayanythingforhiskeep forhestayedwithhisuncle Youneedn thavewateredtheflowers foritisgoingtorain Ididn tneedtotellhimpersonally Iwrotehimaletter Youneedn thavetoldme butsinceyouhave I lldowhatIcanforyou must的弱化用法是 敦促别人做某事 Youmusthaveanotherglassofwine Youmustcomeandhavedinnerwithmeagain Youmustgetahair cut 在疑问句中 mustyou常常有一种特殊的讽刺意味 Mustyoumakethatdreadfulnoise Whymustyoushoutsoloudly should oughtto由should oughtto表示的 义务 含义 语气比must弱 即通常表示有义务或责任去做或不做某事 当用Youshould oughtto 你应该 或Youshouldn t oughtn tto 你不该 的时候 通常具有敦促 规劝或建议对方做某事或不做某事的含义 Youshould oughttodrinkless Iadviseyoutodrinkless Youshould oughttotakeaholiday Iurgeyoutotakeaholiday Youshould oughttobuyanewcar Irecommendyoutobuyanewcar Youshouldn t oughtn ttogotobedsolate Iadviseyounottogotobedsolate should oughtto的否定疑问形式 Shouldn twe shouldwenotwait Oughtn twe Oughtwenottowait 表示 义务 含义的should oughtto后面的不定式 如果采用进行体或完成体形式 往往具有否定含义 表示说话人的不满口气 Heshould oughttobeworkingharder Sheshould oughttobedrinkingless Heshould oughttohavestudiedharder Sheshouldhavewornaraincoat Note should oughtto的上述用法可以理解为说话人带有较强的责备口吻 如果要使语气缓和一些 表示轻微的责备 可以采用might could貌似 建议 的方法表示 Youmight couldhavetoldme Youmighthaveletmeknowthebosswasinafoultemper Youcouldhavegivenmesomenotice 表示 意志 will would所表示的 意志 有强弱之分 He willgoswimmingindangerouswaters Heinsistsongoingswimmingindangerouswaters Whowilllendmeacigarette Whoiswillingtolendmeacigarette will的前一种用法与第一人称主语连用表示说话人要让人知道他自己的毫不妥协的决心 与第二或第三人称主语连用表示说话人对旁人的态度感到恼怒 I willgotothedance andnooneshallstopme You willleavethatdooropen Thatman willtalktoomuch 与will相对应的过去时形式是would Thosepeople willbehavesostrangely Thechildren wouldactsoannoyingly Note 一般来说 will的这种用法不很普遍 较为普遍的是用will would表示介乎上述强弱意志之间的概念 也就是表示说话人的 打算 I lltakecareofit Iwon tdoitagain Iwon tanswerthatquestion Will Wouldyouhelpme please 用won t表示某物 拒绝 为 人们 做某事 Thedoorwon tshut Thiscorkwon tcomeout will would在上述用法中有时只有语气差别 而不是时间差别 Will Wouldyoubuymeanewspaper Will Wouldyoupassthesalt please Will Wouldyougoandgetthetickets please 在if 分句中用于表示请求对方帮助或合作时也有类似情况 Ifyou lltakeaseat he llseeyouinaminute Ifyouwouldkindlywaitamoment I llseewhatIcando Ishallbegratefulifyouwillreplyassoonaspossible Ishouldbegratefulifyouwouldletmeknowassoonaspossible Note 有时will would表示时间上的区别 而不是语气上的差异 即will表示现在时间 would表示过去时间 Theywon tlistentome Theyrefusetolistentome Theywouldn tlistentome Theyrefusedtolistentome 但在与mind ing或与like prefer等 to 不定式的搭配中 只能用would 不能用will 在这里 would表示现在时间 补充 will would用于表示 习惯性行为 也分别表示现在时间和过去时间 Hewill usually catchtheearlytrain Hewould usually catchtheearlytrain would的上述用法需与动态动词连用 也能为表示 过去习惯 的usedto所替代 但若与静态动词连用 则只能用usedto Whenwewerechildrenweusedto wouldgoskatingeverywinter Iusedto wouldhaveanoldRollsRoyce Thereusedto wouldbeatheatrehere Shallshall与第二或第三人称连用既可以表示 强意志 相当于Iinsistthat 我坚持 Youshallobeymyorders Nooneshallstopme 也可以是 弱意志 表示说话人的 意愿 带有说话人的恩赐口吻 Youshallstaywithusaslongasyoulike Heshallberewardedifheispatient Note 一般来说 shall的上述用法也不多见 较为普遍的是用ShallI Shallwe 表示征求对方的意愿 ShallIdriveyouhome Shallwewaittilllater 1 I you becauseIthoughtImustbewrong A darenotaskB darenottoaskC darenotaskingD daretonotask2 There someflowersinthegarden A wereusedtobeB usedtobeC usestobeD usedtobehaving3 Itakeitout I msorry you A Could couldn tB Might mightnotC Could canD May can t A B D 4 Youwerestupidtoclimbthetree You hurtyourself A mayB mightC willD mighthave5 You thoseletters Whydidn tyou A shouldpostB shouldhavepostedC musthavepostedD oughttopost 6 Allthelightsareon theSmiths up A mustgetB isgettingC mustbegettingD wouldget D B C 7 He leadahorsetothewaterbuthe notmakeitdrink A will canB may canC may daresD dare can8 Needwedothisjobnow Yes A youneedB youshouldC youmustD youcan9 tohavelunchwithustoday A DoyoulikesB WouldyoulikeC WillyoulikedD Haveyouliked B C B 10 Hesaidthatyou watchTValltheeveningifyouwished A mayB mustC canD might11 IsJohncomingbytrain Heshould buthe not Helikesdrivinghiscar A mustB canC needD may12 Peter comewithustonight butheisn tverysureyet A mustB canC mayD will D D C 13 Michael beapoliceman forhe smuchtooshort A needn tB can tC shouldn tD won t14 Ithoughtyou behungry soIhavebroughtyousomecakes A mayB mightC canD could15 I he llcomeagain A daretosayB daresayingC notdaresayD daresay daresay 我想 可能 大概 B B D 16 Comeon We hurrybecausethereisn tmuchtimeleft A mayB mustC canD need17 AmydidbestintheEnglishtest She hardlastweek A musthavebeenworkingB shouldhaveworkedC shouldworkD mustwork18 Thefirespreadthroughthehotelveryquicklybuteveryone getout A hadtoB wouldC couldD wasableto B A D 19 IstayedatahotelwhileinNewYork Oh didyou You withBarbara A couldhavestayedB couldstayC wouldstayD musthavestayed20 It snearlyseveno clock Jack behereatanymoment A mustB needC shouldD can A C 名词解释 Modalauxiliary OneofasetofEnglishverbs includingcan may must ought shall should will wouldandetc thatarecharacteristicallyusedwithotherverbstoexpressmoodortense 情态助动词一组英语动词中的一个 包括can may mast ought shall should will和would等 其特点是与其它动词联用表示语气或时态 简答题 情态助动词从语义来看分为哪两大类 Meaningsofmodalauxiliariescanbedividedintotwobroadcategories predictiveandnon predictive 情态助动词的推测性用法是什么意思 Thepredictivemeaningisconcernedwiththespeaker sassumptionorassessmentofprobabilityand inmostcases indicatesthespeaker sconfidence orlackofconfidence inthetruthofhisstatement 对于过去发生的某一事情 能不能就它发生的可能性的大小作出估价 Yes wecan Forexample wecansay Itmighthavebeenwarmerthereyesterday Thereareninemodalauxiliariesusedinthepredictivemeaning might may could can should oughtto would willandmust Frommighttomust thesemodalauxiliariesrankedinthisorderrepresentaroughscaleofdegreesofthespeaker assessmentofprobability 助动词can的三大类意义是什么