Grammar_10_基本句型.doc

第1章 基本句型常见的英语基本句型通常有五种结构形式，它们分别是:l 主语系动词表语；l 主语谓语动词（状语）；l 主语谓语动词宾语；l 主语谓语动词间接宾语直接宾语l 主语谓语动词宾语宾语补足语1.1 主语系动词表语1. 主语+系动词+名词l A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.l Tom was once a newspaper reporter.l My children are a great comfort to me.l She is no grammarian.l Their is no easy task.*NOTE*在本句型中，用作表语的名词和否定形容词“no”连用，构成否定句，但这种否定句和用否定副词“not”所构成的否定句不同。试比较：He is no scholar.他不大识字。He is not a scholar.他不是学者。2. 主语系动词代词The cat climbing up the stairs is not yours; its mine.It is something quite unusual.How much is it?3. 主语系动词形容词（介词短语）在本句型中，常见的有以下几种结构。A)主语系动词形容词（介词短语）My trip to France was most pleasant.Are you angry at my words?Our boss is quite content with his present position.B)主语系动词以“a”开头的表语形容词（介词短语）Miss Cathy and her sister are quite alike in appearance.He was not quite aware of the consequence of his decision.*NOTE*本句型中，常用的这类形容词有：ablaze, abroad, adrift, aflame, afloat, afraid, alight, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep,awake等 。C)主语系动词形容词of介词短语(1)Every time they meet us, they are full of complaints about something.He is careful of the rights of others.*NOTE*本句型中，常见的形容词有：bare, capable, desirous, doubtful, fond, forgetful,free, guilty, ignorant, innocent, liberal, proud, quick, short等。D)主语系动词形容词of介词短语(2)Thats very thoughtful of your grandmother.It is very impolite of him to speak so loudly on such an occasion.*NOTE*本句型中，常用的形容词有：careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, good, kind, nice, right, rude, silly, stupid, unwise, wise, wrong等 。这类形容词与“of”之后的名词或代词的关系近似主表关系，常用来描述人的品行或特点。4. 主语系动词现在分词The situation is quite encouraging.What the speaker said was convincing to the listeners.The world of food can be more exciting than the world of fancy.*NOTE*本句型中，常见的现在分词有：amusing, charming, encouraging, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, exciting, interesting, inviting, missing, misleading, obliging, pressing, promising, puzzling, refreshing, shocking, striking, surprising,ect.5. 主语系动词过去分词The airport is well designed.Is your friend qualified for the post?Bicycles made in China are quite established in Africa.The new settlers are not yet accustomed to the weather here.*NOTE*本句型中，常见的过去分词有:upset,decided, delighted, devoted, disappointed, discouraged, distinguished, drunk,amused, astonished, offended, hurt, faded, frightened, amazed, married, excited, exhausted, experienced, inexperienced, interested, complicated, confused,contented, crowded, qualified, pleased, puzzled, reserved, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried, unexpected, unmarried, unprepared, unqualified,etc.6. 主语系动词形容词动词不定式（短语）She is very reluctant to go with us.A good student is always curious to learn.The parents are willing for their daughter to marry Mr Jackson.The whole family are anxious for you to come back soon.7. 主语系动词形容词短语动词不定式（短语）This radio is too large to go into my pocket.The boy was clever enough not to commit such a stupid mistake.Smith was so fortunate as to succeed.8. 主语系动词形容词疑问词动词不定式（短语）The little child is not certain which to take.You must be careful how to handle the machine.9. 主语系动词形容词从句The local people are determined that the project be completed in time.Their daughter was very happy that she had got the opportunity to go to university.The girl is still hesitant (about) what she should do next.10. 主语系动词副词The light was still on when he returned.Their nighbour will take care of their house while they are away.本句型中，常用的副词有：down, in, off, out, over, up等。11. 主语系动词介词短语Matter is in constant motion and in constant change.The responsibility is on our presidents shoulder.The murderer is now under arrest.12. 主语系动词of介词短语Job seeking is of great interest to all the graduates.What the school master said at the meeting was of much importance.The two boys are (of) the same height.All the napkins are (of) the same colour.本句型中，前两句介词的宾语多为抽象名词，类似的还有：of no use, of great value, of some significance, of little assistance, of much help, of no interest等。这类介词短语可用相应的形容词代替。of great help=most helpful.后两句中，介词宾语前用“the same ”时，介词“of”经常省略。常用名词一般为表示年龄、量度、颜色等词。the same age, the same weight, the same length, the same size, the same price, the same width等。13. 主语系动词动名词（短语）My daughters hobby is collecting stamps.What I like most is swimming in the sea.His main work is designing radio circuits.14. 主语系动词动词不定式（短语）Our approach to nature is to seek answers in experiment.The duty of a postman is to deliver letters and parcels.The only thing I can do is (to) convey your request.My intention is for you to learn as much vocabulary as posible.15. 主语系动词疑问词动词不定式（短语）The trouble is how to find a new source of supply.The generals order was when and where to attack the enemy.His hesitation was whether to return or press ahead.16. 主语系动词从句Her impression is that he is in favour of the arrangement.Whats troubling me is that I dont have much experience in this kind of work.It was almost as if everybody had come to know it.The world is no longer what it used to be.That is why we decided to put the discussion off.17. 主语半系动词表语Their effort has proved to be a failure.The search for new materials remains a matter of considerable importance.A pencil in a glass of water will appear broken.Her excuse doesnt sound convincing.What has gone wrong with the recorder?在本句型中，除纯系动词“be”外，常用的半系动词有：become, come, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, lie, look, seem, smell, taste, turn等。1.2 主语谓语动词 （状语）1. 主语不及物动词 （状语）(一) My watch has stopped.Heat, light, sound and electricity travel in waves.She drives as carefully as her husband.They talked face to face.He behaves as if he were the boss.This sort of cloth doesnt tear easily.Their products sell well on the European market.最后两句中的动词有被动的含意，通常带有状语，否则句意不完整。2. 主语不及物动词动词不定式（短语）I came to bury Caesar, not to praise him.The old woman sat in a corner so as not to be noticed by anybody.All the children laughed to see the clown stand on his hands.The young man seemed to have been fired by his boss.Bob arrived at the airport only to find the plane gone already.3. 主语+go短语Some teachers at our college go to church every Sunday morning.Helen went to office at half past eight yesterday.本句型中，不及物动词“go”与“to”介词短语组成动词短语时，介词宾语前一般不用冠词，表示去进行一种活动，而不是表示去什么地方。这种短语中常用的名词：bed, college, hell,hospital, law, market, press, sea, school, town, war等 。4. 主语不及物动词名词性状语The forests stretched (for) miles and miles.That pair of trousers will last me at least another year.The visitors have stayed in Qingdao (for) a week.在本句型中，这类不及物动词作谓语带有状语。状语一般是由数词和表示单位的名词构成的，表示期间、距离、价格等 。这种状语除个别情况下用介词外，一般不用介词。常用的不及物动词有：cost, fall, live, march, measure, rise, run, travel, wait, walk, weight, work等。5. 主语短语动词（状语）Some of the rules are dying out gradually.The plane for Shanghai takes off at ten to six.Our material supplies will hold out for another month.6. there+be+主语（状语）There is much truth in what you say.There is no harm in trying.There have been many such incidents before in this area.There may be some misunderstanding between you and me.7. therebeno动名词（短语）There was no knowing when he would be back.There is no denying that he is a good leader.There is no mistaking what has been agreed upon.8. there动词短语主语（状语）There happened to be a letter box at the corner of the street.There used to be many traffic accidents before the fly-way was built.9. there+不及动物词主语（状语）There lies a big oil field beyond the hill.There runs a small river through the town.There remained the ruins of the building after the fire.本句型中，常用的不及物动词有：appear, arise, begin,come,emerge, exist, fall, follow, hang, land, live, occur, rise, sit, stand等。1.3 主语谓语动词宾语1. 主语及物动词名词或代词The theory bears examination.They have known each other very well.Anna cut herself in the kitchen this morning.2. 主语及物动词与动词同源的名词I dreamt a curious, terrible dream last night.The girl smiled a very sweet smile to her boy friend.These old people are living a better life today.本句型中，常用的同源词短语有：sleep a sound sleep, laugh a hearty laugh, die a heroic death, sing a merry song, fight a bloody fight, run a race等 。3. 主语及物动词动词转化的名词I often take a hot bath in the evening.The earthquake has caused great damage and loss of life.The climbers had several rests on their way up the hill.本句型中常用的及物动词有：do, have, give, make, take等。用作宾语的名词一般都可以作动词，常用的名词有：bath, breath, cry, damage, drive, effort, glance, look, nap, progress, rest ,ride, share, smoke, stroll, talk, telephone call,try, walk,work等 。4. 主语have(got)+名词动词不定式（短语）Our dean will have an important meeting to attend next week.The nurse has got five children to look after.The manager has a few official letters to be typed out.5. 主语不及物动词介词名词或代词The town relied on the seasonal tourist industry for jobs.We must stick to the principle through thick and thin.The lawyer will look into the matter right away.6. 主语不及物动词of 名词或代词Her parents did not approve of their marriage.Lately he has been complaining of insomnia and headache.The small village boast of an ancient church.本句型中，常用的短语有：admit of, dream of, judge of ,know of, read of, repent of, speak of, talk of,tell of, think of, write of 等。7. 主语及物动词名词介词名词或代词Most students take an active part in sports.Ill pay a visit to an old friend of mine before I leave.We lost sight of him in the crowd.8. 主语及物动词副词名词The operator didnt put through the passenger.When Mr Green retired his son took over the business from him.The university has turned out some first-rate scholars.9. 主语及物动词名词或代词副词Lets take our raincoats off since it has stopped raining.If I get any further information, I will ring you up.本句型和前一句型相同，一般说来，副词放在宾语之前或之后均可，但一般习惯上总是放在宾语之前。give up, lay down, make up, take in, take up, set up等。另外，如果代词作宾语，则副词一般放在宾语之后。Please take them down.请记下来。10. 主语不及物动词副词介词名词或代词They have been looking forward to increasing trade between the two countries.他们一直期待着两国间的贸易有所增加。Is your salary keeping up with inflation?The law did away with slavery.11. 主语及物动词动词不定式（短语）From then on they began to take study more seriously.Would you care to go for a walk?They pretended not to see us.12. 主语及物动词疑问词动词不定式（短语）We havent decided whether to buy it or not.The little boy didnt know how to use the English word yet.She was wondering which to buy.13. 主语及物动词动名词（短语）People prefer staying indoors on cold winter evenings.Ill never forget watching the display of fireworks on the Eve of the Spring Festival.She is timid and always avoids being asked by the teacher.14. 主语need/require/stand, etc.+动名词（短语）The old-classroom needs white washing.These cheap novels cannot stand re-reading.15. 主语do+动名词（短语）The young couple do a lot of sightseeing every spring.Mother does the cooking and washing in the house.Foreign language students do much translating every week.16. 主语及物动词名词或代词动名词（短语）I dont like young people behaving like that.Do you remember Jesses coming to see you?She cant bear that friend of mine always making fun of her.17. 主语及物动词从句Can you suggest where these books ought to be put?I am considering who should be assigned to do the work.The weather broadcast said that weather would get fine in the coming few days.1.4 主语谓语动词间接宾语直接宾语1. 主语及物动词代词或名词名词Please bring me the journal next time you come.The sun sends us light and heat.My sister made her boy friend a shirt last summer.Mother cooked us a very rich dinner last Sunday.本句型有两个宾语，前一个是间接宾语，一般用人称代词的宾格形式，用以指人：后一个是直接宾语，一般用名词，用以指物。但直接宾语为代词时，应放在间接宾语之前。Give it to me.把它给我。有些动词的间接宾语位于直接宾语之后时，可根据动词和介词的搭配关系，选用恰当的介词。She played a joke on me.2. 主语及物动词名词或代词of短语Life in the countryside cured the young man of his bad habits.The red light warned us of the danger ahead.The film reminded me of what I had seen in Beijing.本句型中常用的动词有：accuse, acquit, assure, clear, convince, deprive, ease, inform, persuade, relieve, rid, rob, strip, suspect等 。3. 主语及物动词名词或代词从句This book will show us how science has developed.Would you please tell me which is the shortest way to the post office?A years study has taught the students that they cannot master English without watching out for idiomatic usage.4. 主语及物动词介词名词或代词从句Some of the businessmen complained to the manufacturers that their packing needs improving.The criminal confessed to the priest when and how he had murdered the widow.I heard from Mr Johnson that the next flower show will be held sometime in May.The manager agreed with us that our price was most competitive.5. 主语及物动词名词或代词疑问词动词不定式（短语）Wed better ask the teacher whether to go on or to stop here.Our teacher will teach us how to write a business letter.1.5 主语谓语动词宾语宾语补足语1. 主语及物动词名词或代词名词They made Newton President of the Royal Society.They appointed her head of English Department.We found the place a very good summer resort.要求名词作补语的动词常见的有：appoint, call, consider, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate, term等 。2. 主语及物动词名词或代词as 短语Scientists use weight as a way of measuring mass.We usually take the earths crust as firm and unmoving.The government considers the labour problem as solved.要求as 短语作补语的动词常见的有：accept, advance, choose, consider, class, define, describe, elect, hire, imagine, intend, know, recognize, regard, report, see, take, treat, use 等 。3. 主语及物动词名词或代词形容词Pupils found this English poem interesting.The sun keeps the earth warm in winter.The cold wind has turned all the leaves yellow.要求形容词作补语的动词常见的有：boil, break, burn, colour, cut, drive, dye, fill, find, get, have, heat, hold, keep, lay, leave, let, make, paint, prove, push, see, set, sleep, strike, turn, wash, wipe, wish等。4. 主语及物动词名词或代词副词The mother often watches the children away.Jane didnt find her sister in when she called on her.The sick are usually kept indoor.5. 主语及物动词名词或代词介词短语People considered the manufacturing process of great value at that time.Did you see all the students in high spirits then?News of victory set all of us at ease.本句型中，作宾语补足语的介词短语一般都比较固定。有些固定的介词短语，其名词 前不用冠词其他定语。in check, in custody, in hospital, in mind, on fire,