美国文学简史常耀信版讲义1.ppt

AmericanLiterature OutlineofAmericanLiterature ColonialPeriod AmericanRomanticism TheAgeofRealism AmericanNaturalism TheModernPeriod ThePost WarPeriod 50s 60s AmericanDrama BlackAmericanLiterature ColonialPeriod BackgroundinformationWritersandworks NewEngland NewEngland scomposedofsixstates includingfromnorthtosouth Maine缅因州 NewHampshire新罕布什尔州 Vermont佛蒙特州 Massachusetts马萨诸塞州 RhodeIsland罗德岛州 Connecticut康涅狄格州 HistoricalBackgroundAmericanliteraturebeginswiththeorallytransmittedmyths legends tales andlyrics alwayssongs ofIndiancultures nowrittenliteratureTheIndian scontributiontoAmericaIndianwordsineverydayAmericanEnglishtodaysuchas canoe tobacco potato moccasin 软鞋 鹿皮鞋 raccoon 浣熊 persimmon 柿子 moose 麋鹿 tomahawk 战斧 totem 图腾 thefamousvoyageofanItalianexplorer ChristopherColumbusin1492 EuropeansettlerscametoAmericancontinent ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown Virginiain1607 Puritanism Puritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants 新教徒 基督教徒 whothoughttheEnglishReformation 英国宗教改革 hadnotgonefarenough Theywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurch Inthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland Puritanismremainedthedominantculturalforceinthatareaintothe19thcentury 1 FeaturesofPuritanism 1 Predestination Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred 2 Originalsin Humanbeingswereborntobeevil andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration 3 Totaldepravity 4 Limitedatonement Onlythe elect canbesaved 2 Influence 1 Agroupofgoodqualities hardwork thrift piety sobriety seriousandthoughtful influencedAmericanliterature 2 Itledtotheeverlastingmyth Allliteratureisbasedonamyth gardenofEden 3 Symbolism theAmericanpuritan smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican 4 Withregardtotheirwriting thestyleisfresh simpleanddirect therhetoricisplainandhonest notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible Overviewoftheliterature1 typesofwritingdiaries histories journals letters travelbooks autobiographies biographies sermons2 writersofcolonialperiod 1 AnneBradstreet 2 EdwardTaylor 3 RogerWilliams 4 JohnWoolman 5 BenjaminFranklin 6 ThomasPaine 7 ThomasJefferson 8 PhilipFreneau MajorWritersandLiteraryWorks BenjaminFranklin ThomasPaine ThomasJefferson PhilipFreneau BenjaminFranklin 1706 1790 BenjaminFranklin America s firstgreatmanofletters embodiedtheEnlightenmentidealofhumanrationality FranklinrecordedhisearlylifeinhisfamousAutobiography InmanywaysFranklin slifeillustratestheimpactoftheEnlightenmentonagiftedindividual Self educatedbutwell readinJohnLocke JosephAddison andotherEnlightenmentwriters Franklinlearnedfromthemtoapplyreasontohisownlifeandtobreakwithtradition inparticulartheold fashionedPuritantradition whenitthreatenedtosmotherhisideals BenjaminFranklin WhenFranklindiedin1790 oneofhisfellowAmericanssaid Hisshadowliesheavierthananyotherman sonthisyoungnation Asanauthor Franklin sstyleisquitemodern andhisworksshowareturntotheir plainstyle Atthesametime thereissomething anti literary aboutFranklin Hehadnolikingforpoetryandfeltthatwritingshouldalwayshaveapracticalpurpose Inthelanguageofhiswriting FranklinadmirablyreflectsbothLocke spsychologyandLocke spoliticaltheory andinfluencesotherwritersintheirchoicesoflanguage subjectmatterandworldview Inventor Printer statesman Librarian BenjaminFranklin Printer Attheageoftwelve hestartedasanapprenticewithhisolderbrotherJames Attheageoftwenty two heopenedhisownprintingshop Hisnewspaper thePennsylvaniaGazette zet becameverypopularandprofitable Afewyearslater PoorRichard sAlmanackwasreleasedandsoonbecamethebestsellingbookinthecolonies sellingover10 000copiesayear Soon hebecamethemostactiveprinterandwasappointedtheofficialprinterofPennsylvania BenjaminFranklin Librarian SomefellowprintersandBenjaminFranklin knownastheLeatherApronClub becausemostofusworeleatheraprons startedalendinglibrarythatwasopentoeveryone Theywouldpooltheirmoneyandbuybooks whichpeoplecouldborrow In1731 thefirstlendinglibraryinAmericaopened Soon othertownsbegantoimitatethelibrary untilreadingbecamefashionable BenjaminFranklin Inventor Attheageofforty two BenjaminFranklinretiredfromprintingtoexplorehisotherinterests Hedevotedthistimetoinventing Also heenjoyedexperimenting ofwhichthemostfascinatingoneiselectricity ThestoryofBenjamin skiteandelectricity andhislighteningrod BenjaminFranklin Statesman Duringthefightforindependence hewassenttoEuropetorepresentthecolonies In1776 hesignedtheDeclarationofIndependenceand in1778 theTreatyofAlliancewithFrance Whenthecolonistswontheirindependencein1781 FranklinhelpednegotiatethepeacewithEnglandandsignedwhatultimatelybecameknownasTreatyofPeacewithGreatBritain 1782 Hisworks 1 PoorRichard sAlmanac 2 Autobiography Term Almanacs apopularformofpracticalliteraturecontainingmuchusefulinformationforfarmersandsailors Features practicalandusefulinterestingbycreatingthecharacter PoorRichard continuationofsimplebutrealisticstoryaboutRichard hiswifeandfamilyincludingmany sayings aboutsavingmoneyandworkinghard PoorRichard sAlmanac SomeoftheseareknowntomostAmericanstoday Godhelpsthemwhohelpthemselves Earlytobed andearlytorise makesamanhealthy wealthyandwise OnetodayisworthtwotomorrowDiligenceisthemotherofgoodluck Autobiography ThecapstoneofFranklin sachievementasawriterishisAutobiography contribution 1 HehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospitalandtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety 2 Hewascalled thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfire electricityinthiscase fromheaven 3 Everythingseemstomeetinthisoneman Jackofalltrades HermanMelvillethusdescribedhim masterofeachandmasteredbynone apamphleteer afighterforindependenceandhumanrights Thesearethetimesthattrymen ssouls ThissimplequotationfromThomasPaine sTheCrisisnotonlydescribesthebeginningsoftheAmericanRevolution butalsothelifeofPainehimself Throughoutmostofhislife hewasafailure livingoffthegratitudeandgenerosityofothers buthiswritingshelpedtoinspireanation Hisworks TheCrisisCommonSenseTheRightsofManAgeofReason Publishedin1776 CommonSensechallengedtheauthorityoftheBritishgovernmentandtheroyalmonarchy TheplainlanguagethatPaineusedspoketothecommonpeopleofAmericaandwasthefirstworktoopenlyaskforindependencefromGreatBritian TheCrisisisacollectionofarticleswrittenbyThomasPaineduringtheAmericanRevolutionaryWar TheessayscollectedhereconstitutePaine son goingsupportforanindependentandself governingAmericathroughthemanyseverecrisesoftherevolutionarywar ThisworkcontainsthemostfamouspassageinallofPaine swritings Thesearethetimesthattrymen ssouls Thesummersoldierandthesunshinepatriotwill inthiscrisis shrinkfromtheserviceofhiscountry buthethatstandsitNOWdeservestheloveandthanksofmanandwoman Tyranny likeHell isnoteasilyconquered IndefenseoftheFrenchRevolutionPainewroteandpublishedTheRightsofMan 1791 Fourkeyrightsareliberty property security andresistancetooppression TOMYFELLOW CITIZENSOFTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA IPUTthefollowingworkunderyourprotection ItcontainsmyopinionsuponReligion Youwilldomethejusticetoremember thatIhavealwaysstrenuouslysupportedtheRightofeveryMantohisownopinion howeverdifferentthatopinionmightbetomine Hewhodeniestoanotherthisright makesaslaveofhimselftohispresentopinion becauseheprecludeshimselftherightofchangingit ThemostformidableweaponagainsterrorsofeverykindisReason Ihaveneverusedanyother andItrustInevershall Youraffectionatefriendandfellow citizen THOMASPAINE ThomasJefferson 1743 1826 ThomasJefferson politicalphilosopher architect musician bookcollector scientist horticulturist diplomat inventor andthirdPresidentoftheUnited Jeffersonlefttothefuturenotonlyideasbutalsoagreatbodyofpracticalachievements Withhisstrongbeliefsintherightsofmanandagovernmentderivedfromthepeople infreedomofreligionandtheseparationbetweenchurchandstate andineducationavailabletoall ThomasJeffersonstruckachordforhumanliberty200yearsagothatresoundsthroughthedecades Butintheend Jefferson sownappraisalofhislife andtheonethathewroteforuseonhisowntombstone suffices AuthoroftheDeclarationofAmericanIndependence oftheStatuteofVirginiaforreligiousfreedom andFatheroftheUniversityofVirginia DeclarationofIndependenceNotesontheStateofVirginia ThomasJefferson 1743 1826 TheDeclarationofIndependence 1776 isatoncethenation smostcherishedsymboloflibertyandJefferson smostenduringmonument Inexaltedandunforgettablephrases JeffersonexpressedtheconvictionsinthemindsandheartsoftheAmericanpeopleandsetforthalistofgrievancesagainsttheKinginordertojustifybeforetheworldthebreakingoftiesbetweenthecoloniesandthemothercountry PhilipFreneau 1752 1832 theearliestofAmericanpoets whoinspiredAmericanimagination PhilipFreneauleftabodyofpoeticworkimportantforitsformativeinfluenceuponhisimmediatesuccessorsandnotableinitself Freneauwasapioneer whofoundnewsubjectmattersforAmericanliterature sea Indianculture andAmericanwildness majorworks TheWildHoneySuckle 野金银花 TheRisingGloryofAmerica 美洲光辉的兴起 TheBritishPrisonship 英国囚船 TheIndianBuryingGround 印第安人墓地 FeaturesofhispoemssaturatedlyricaltoneGlorificationofthenatureandtheprimitivelivesoftheIndiansKeenobservationandfeverishimaginationHepioneeredRomanticismrepresentedbyEmerson PoeandLongfellow