Urban Green Space System Planning完整版.doc

College 2. Urban Green Space System Planning城市绿地空间系统规划Hello dear students.亲爱的同学们，1. 1.This lecture is about urban green and landscape structures in planning and design. On the basis of 5 different projects I will show you the value of this structures for planning and design. To use the green structure in a meaningful and sustainable way you need to have a good understanding of the landscape.本次讲座是关于城市绿化和景观结构的规划和设计。我将通过5个不同的项目，来阐述这个规划设计的核心价值。为了更好更可持续地来用这个绿化结构，首先你们需要能很好地理解景观的意思。2. 2.To make it possible to understand landscape we need some models. Landscape is, as I told you in the former lecture, very complex and ambiguous. Models helps us to find clues for solutions and as a result of that a new design. At the university in Wageningen, my professor KLaas Kerkstra, developed the triplex model. 为了更好地理解景观，我们需要一些模型。就像我在前一讲中讲到的，景观是非常复杂的、模糊的。模型会帮助我们为一些方案找到一些线索，并且还可以是一个新设计的成果显示。在Wageningen，我的教授KLass KerKstra，发展了三维模型。This model is built up from three different layers. The base of each landscape is the Abiotic layer. Abiotic is the natural layer from death material: geology, geomorphology and soil. 这个模型有三层。每个景观的基层是非生物层。非生物层来自自然中一些材料：地质、地貌和土壤。The biotic layer is the layer of the living nature; water and plants. The upper layer is the antropogenic layer. This layer include all the man-made elements. 生物层来自活着的自然物：水和植物。最上面的一层是人工层。这一层主要是人工元素。Between this layer exists reverse relationships. For example when the soil is fertile and flat it is more likely to find crops then when the soil is poor and on a style slope. You probably will find a wood or wilderness there.这层之间存在反向关系。例如，当土壤很肥沃平坦，很容易找到农作物；而当土壤很贫瘠并且在斜坡上的时候，那里会更原始或者更倾向于是一个森林或者荒野。3. 3.At the university of Delft they developed the triplex model in a new model. In this model the abiotic and biotic are merged in the natural layer. The second layer is the cultural layer, which is the layer with the historic landscape. This layer has normally a strong relation with the natural layer. Up there are different urban layer. Sometimes the urban field changes so fast and often that you can distinguish more then one layer through time.在代尔夫特大学，他们在一个新模型中更新了三维模型。在这个模型里，非生物和生物都融入了自然层里。第二层是文化层面，这一层融入了历史的景观。这一层与自然层面有很紧密的关系。4. 4.This analyse we made for a small village in the countryside, to find out how new buildings should be placed in the surrounding landscape. It is a good example to see how different layer changed during time. If you take apart the different elements it is much easier to discover patterns and relationships between elements.以我们在郊区做的一个小村庄来做分析，来找出新的建筑如何融合于周围的景观之中的。这是一个很好的例子，来看看不同的层通过时间是如何改变的。如果你拆开不同的元素，很容易发现模型和元素之间的关系。5. 5.In the urban region Groningen-Assen, a conglomeration of cities and villages the policy is to have green space between the different urban fields. An important green area is positioned in between the city of Groningen and the village of Haren. The municipality Haren asked us to make a Green Structure Plan for this area. A part of this area will be built with houses and the rest will be farmland or nature. It will be forbidden by law to built in the green area.？在格罗宁根省阿森城区，城市和乡村聚集的政策是，在不同的城市领域中间拥有绿色空间。在城市Groningen和乡村Haren之间，会有绿地。Haren市政府要求我们为这块地方做一个绿色结构规划。这里的一部分地区将建成房子，其他的地区将会是农田或者保持自然的状态。法律明令禁止在绿地中建房。This green area should get more ecological, recreational and visual quality. The plan should tell them what to make, restore, remove and for which reason. Also should the plan give the framework for the housing plan. And interesting to know we had to make it in consultation of the inhabitants. The village Haren is the place were a lot of professors and ex-professors from the university of Groningen live. So we had a critical public.绿地应该更生态、更休闲、视觉上更美丽。这个计划会告诉他们，要做些什么、恢复以及删除，以及做这些的原因。另外，这个计划同时要给出房屋计划的框架。有趣的是，我们得让当地居民参与到咨询中去。Haren村庄有很多来自Groningen大学的教授和前教授，所以我们有一个更重要的公共场合。6. 6.In the area are some open fields, but the most important are the hedgerows, windbreaks and ditches. 一些公共开放领域，最重要的是灌木丛、防风林和沟渠。7. 7.It is an area with some main roads, villas but also unpaved roads (what is rare in the Netherlands)这个地区有一些主要的道路，别墅却没有铺路（这在荷兰是很罕见的）。8. 8.We always start to look at the soilmap. The area is positioned at a sand ridge. On both sides of the ridge you found lower peat areas. The village lies high and dry. 我们总是先看一些土壤分布图。这个地区被定为处在沙脊。在沙脊的两侧，你会发现一些低矮的泥炭区，村庄则又高又干燥。9. 9.Before we started there was already made a kind of framework. The blue shading is the area for building. The big green oval is for agriculture as is the blue. This blue is situated around a very old hamlet.在我们开始之前，已经有了一些框架。蓝色阴影部分是建筑。绿色的大椭圆形是农业，蓝色是古老的小村庄的周围。Important is the yellow shading this is called the cavity, an open space in between the city and the village.重要的是黄色阴影部分，这就是所谓的凹洞处，是城市和乡村之间的公共空间。10. 10.This framework was worked out is a simple sketch. The most important green- and water structures are on this drawing. This picture was our starting point. 这个框架是一个简单的草图。最重要的绿色和水的结构都在图上。这张照片是我们的起点。11. 11.We start to make a broad analyse. We looked at the functions of the planes.我们开始进行广泛分析。我们先看一下平面图的功能。12. 12.The different types of roads. Do they have a lot of traffic, are going though or ending, are they paved or unspoiled?不同类型的道路。他们是不是有交通很重，铺装了吗？没有被污染吗？13. 13.Routes for bikes and pedestrians.自行车道和人行道。14. 14.We researched old maps to see how it looked in the old days, and how the landscape developed.我们研究旧地图，去研究它们在以前是什么样子的，以及现在是怎么发展的。15. 15.For example this is the green structure of 1850例如，这个是1850年的绿色结构。16. 16.And this of today. It is less and you see more planes then lines.在今天，你会看到更多的平面图和更多的线条。17. 17.We try to found as much as possible old pictures. 我们试图找到更多的以前的照片。18. 18.They give us information about the houses,他们给了我们关于房子的信息。19. 19.the trees.,树20. 20.the surface of the roads and also important路的表面，也很重要的是21. 21.an atmosphere of the place.这个地方的气氛22. 22.We do desk research in policy documents, reports and books to find information about the area as for example historic places, like fortified houses.我们做案头研究工作，研究政策文件、报告和书记，以试图找到这个地方的一些信息，例如历史悠久的地方，比如城堡。23. 23.Off course we define the green structure more specific. One is about line-elements; in this case: hedgerows, windbreaks, lanes, line planting, hedges and green strips.当然，我们定义更具体的绿色结构。一种是关于线元素的；在这个案例中：绿篱、防风林、小巷、绿篱等。24. 24.The other is about plane-elements; in this case: wood, group of trees, solitaire trees, green strip with trees, parks and cemeteries and wilderness.另外一个是平面元素，在这个案例中：树林、树木组、绿色带、公园、墓地和荒原。25. 25.In detail it is interesting to know if there are protected plants. Or plant that indicates special soil conditions.在细节上更有趣的是，要知道是否有受保护的植物，或者是否有能够反映土壤状况的植物。26. 26.When trees are old mostly it means that they are beautiful and special. And besides that the ecological state is interesting. So here you see the old trees, over 50 year.当树木年龄很大时，通常情况下都意味着它们很美丽。此外，生态状况也很有趣，像你在这里看到的这些老树，都超过了50岁。27. 27.Water is always an important part of the landscape. First we define the elements as canals, main watercourse, ditches, ponds and pools.水是景观的重要组成部分，首先，运河、主要的水道、沟渠、池塘和水池。28. 28.Secondly we want to understand the water system. Here you see how the clean rainwater runs of the flank of the ridge and is used to flush the urban water system. 其次，我们要了解水系统。在这里，你会看到干净的雨水如何流到山脊的两侧的，以及如何运用到城市流水系统的。29. 29.Besides the flora there is also fauna. There is strong relation between the flora and the fauna. So we want to know what does live in the area. This map is about the birds that are observed.除了植物区系也有动物。植物和动物之间很强烈的关系。所以我们想知道都有什么生活在这块土地上。这张地图显示了有哪些鸟。30. 30.This is about mammals. The red arrow shows the routes of forage of bats.这个是关于哺乳动物的。红色箭头显示了蝙蝠的觅食路线。31. 31.All these information together gives us information about the ecological connections.所有这些信息给了我们生态信息。32. 32.We also asked an ecologist to give his appreciation of the green structure. And we gave an appreciation of the functional and spatial quality of the elements. We brought it together in 3 levels; good, moderate, ill. Split in lines and我们也咨询了一位生态学家，并且参观了绿色结构图。我们提供了一个功能的、空间的元素。33. 33. planes.平面图。34. 34.All these information was the base of the spatial concept and the ecological, esthetical and recreational goal. First of all we want to keep the area as rich in variation as it was notwithstanding the new buildings. Second we want to make it more accessible, so people can really enjoy the area. Thirdly, we want to increase the ecological value of the site by improve the gradient rich and ecologically important passage from high to low.所有这些信息都是空间概念、生态美学和娱乐目标的基础。首先，我们想让这个地区尽量丰富化多元化，尽管有一些新的建筑。其次，我们想让它更容易接近，这样人们就可以真正地享受这里。第三，我们想通过提高梯度丰富度和生态廊道，来改善该地区的生态价值。35. 35.Here you see the base framework of lanes form north to south. Used for cars and bikes. Hedgerows and windbreaks in combination with ditches connects both sides of the ridge.这里，你可以看到从北到南的车道的基本框架，用于汽车和自行车。防风带和灌木丛和山脊的两侧相连。36. 36.More in detail we made this plan in which every green and blue element is drawn. And together makes the structure for people and nature.我们为了这个规划做了更细节的，每个绿色、蓝色的元素都画上了。使之更适合人和自然。37. 37.This plan is elaborate in an implementation map. This map shows which elements should be saved, restored, took away or should be made.这个规划在实施图中很精细。地图显示了哪些元素应该保存、维护、删除或者制作等。38. 38.Together with pictures we showed how it should be.和照片一起，我们显示了为什么是这个样子。39. 39.Off course we did not only draw a 2 dimensional plan but also elevations.当然，我们不仅仅做了2维计划，同样也做了海拔。40. 40.Or the most important views which should be kept open.最重要的景观是，哪些应该保持开放。41. 41.And how to improve old and characteristic lanes.如何改善那些老的车道。42. 42.Along ribbons and lines this is a plan for expansion of the village of Nieuwehorne. Changes with new housing areas and new sport fields and a population who get older, made it necessary to think about the spatial development of the village. 沿着线条，这个是Nieuwehorne村庄的扩展计划。新房子地区的改变和新的体育场，使得这个村庄的空间改变变得很很必要。43. 43.This is a typical village for the northern sand landscape of the Netherlands. Ill show you some pictures to get an idea of how it looks. 这是一个典型的荷兰北部村庄。我会给你看一些照片。44. 44.The countryside surrounding the village is flat and open.村庄的周围很开阔平坦。45. 45.There is a little shopping centre.有一个小购物中心。46. 46.Sometimes a market.有时也是一个超市。47. 47.And nature reserve nearby.附近是自然景观。48. 48. In this project we als start to make e analyse of the site. Here you see the geological map. It is an old sand landscape with rivers and peatlandscape in the valley. You can see the elongated ridge. 在这个项目中，我们也开始做这个地区的分析。这里，你会看到地质图。是很老的砂质景观，在峡谷中有河流和泥炭。49. 49.This the same map but more detailed. In which you still see the elongated form.这是同样的地图，但有更多的细节。这里你仍然会看到加长的形式。50. 50.This is an old map. You can clearly recognize the old roads on the ridge. And the rivers in the valley.这是张老地图。你可以清楚地看到山脊上的旧路，以及峡谷中的河流。51. 51. In this map it is even clearer. We also see the elongated plots perpendicular on the ridge.在这张地图中，更加清晰了。我们还能看到山脊上细长的地块。52. 52.In this map of the current situation we still regonize the orginal structure of the landscape. Plots are a bit broader.在这张地图中，我们仍然能认出景观的原始结构，地块更宽广。53. 53.Waterstructure on the flank is complementary on the plots. On top of the ridge we dont see water.两侧的水结构正好和地块互补。在山脊的最上面，我们没有看到水。54. 54. From the top to the flank of the ridge we see windbreaks, hedgerows ans small woods. In the valley are no trees.在山脊的上面，我们看到了防风带、灌木丛和小型森林。在峡谷中，没有树。55. 55.It is always interesting to understand the current situation by research the past. So we did and here you see how old roads are, or where they were in the past. Only in the last thirthy years roads appear in the valley.最有趣的是认清当前的形势和过去的形势。所以我们做了一些，你们会看到这些老路是怎么改变的，在过去它们是在哪里。只有在过去的13念力，它们才出现在峡谷中。56. 56.We did the same for the waterstructure and here you see that the river was changed from a winding stream in a canal.我们同样为水结构做了规划。这里，你会看到河流是怎么从一个运河的支流那里改变的。57. 57.After researching the surroundings we analysed the village itself. Ill only show you some aspects. This show the hierarchy of the streets. The main road is following the ridge.研究了周围的环境后，我们分析了村庄本身。我将演示几个方面。这里显示了街道的层次。主要街道就在山脊后面。62、And give also the possibility to make a direct relation with the landscape for the new houses without losing this connection by the old houses. 为了新房子不会在这方面与老房子失去联系也给出了直接与风景联系的可能63、The main public functions will be increase in the future. There will be a new nursing and renewed sport centre.主要的公共设施将会在将来增加，会有看护和翻新的运动中心。64、 To connect these functions we introduce the green ribbon. A foot path especially for older people and children. 为了联系这些功能，我们介绍绿带，一条为人们特别是老人和小孩徒步的路径。65. If you put this all together this is the new scheme for development of the village. 如果你把这些放一起就是乡村发展的新计划。66. These first two projects are maybe a little abstract. These plans are necessary to make the real plans. But besides that it is also good to think about view on the future. This to discover new possibilities. This is a study we made to convince local authorities to invest in greenroofs. 这两个项目，也许是有点抽象，为了做出真正的计划，这些计划是必须的。除此之外，这也是很好的思考未来的观点，为了发现新的可能性，我们用一个研究来说服当地政府投资greenroofs。67、Within a few years, more than 50% of the worlds cities. Time to cities drastically greener.To this end, public space might be the most appropriate place. But there is also a huge potential not exploited green on our roofs. Imagine that all the roofs in the town green. 在几年内，世界上50%以上的城市大幅度成为绿色城市。为此，公共空间可能是最合适的地方，但未开发绿色屋顶也有巨大潜力。想象所有的屋顶在绿色城市。 68.And especially in the places where the city already compacted and rebuilt several times because here are often beautiful roof landscapes emergence of large, small, flat and inclined surfaces, cams and dormers, which together form a wonderful space directly connected to the horizon.By jointly (as neighbourhood association or under the direction of a municipality or housing association, as a public institution or major market participant) the roof as a new green urban landscape development created great opportunities. 尤其是在地方的城市已压缩和多次重修，因为这里常常出现大、小不同，平面和倾斜的表面不同，凸轮和天窗不同的美丽屋顶景观，以形成一个精彩的空间直接连接到地平线。联合（如邻里协会或下一个方向，直辖市或房屋协会，作为一个公共机构，或主要市场参与者）屋顶为一个新的绿色城市景观发展创造了极大的机遇。69. As at the provincial house. An almost classic green roof that insulates, water retention, CO2 capture, oxygen supplies, filters and power supplies. A moot showcase for Groningen as the capital of the Green Deal. 在省级的房子几乎是一个可以隔离、保水、供二氧化碳、氧气、滤波器和电源的经典绿色屋顶，一个模拟展示格罗宁根作为首都的绿色处理。70. The beginning is because the cells are already there, but it does more, the roof provides opportunities nest and food for birds and insects. A wonderful contribution to a rich biodiversity and diverse urban ecology. Imagine, on a beautiful summer day in the teeming city of icarus blues. 一开始是因为细胞已经存在，但屋顶却给鸟类和昆虫提供了屋顶巢和食物的机会。为生物多样性和多样化的城市生态学作了贡献。想象一下，在一个拥有蓝调伊卡洛斯拥挤城市的美丽夏日。 71. When a neighborhood associations work together this creates the opportunity for a completely new layer in the urban landscape. By linking multiple roofs and develop together it creates room for differentiation, which was not to possible before. Different roofs have different functions. 当一个邻里协会共同为一个完全新的层中城市景观创造机会，通过连接多个屋顶和共同发展创造以前不可能的空间分化，那么不同的屋顶上有就会有不同的功能。 72.So you can eat your own roof, by making joint urban vegetable gardens that deliver fruits, vegetables and herbs. You can pick apples in roof orchard, where fertilization takes place through the city bees. There is space for movement on special playgrounds. And perhaps most importantly, you can wander from rooftop garden to rooftop garden. Because together, these roofs with their beautiful city gardens gives a special amenity. And make a place where you can easily relax. 所以你可以在自己的屋顶种吃的，让联合城市菜园提供水果、蔬菜和香草。你可以在屋顶（在城市蜜蜂发生受精的地方)果园摘苹果，这也是有空间运动的特殊的地方。也许最重要的是，你可以从屋顶花园到天台花园。因为，这些屋顶和美丽的城市花园，给出了一个特殊的礼仪和一个你可以轻易放松的地方。73. For large institutions and companies are totally unprecedented opportunities ahead. Acute lack of space creates a large density of complexes in the city. In the UMCG, the space on the roof is, on a helipad after, completely unused. While it is wonderful to have lunch on the rooftop terrace, or making a relaxing stroll through the roof garden between operating. And many times more interesting is to look at the possibilities for care services. 这对于大型机构和公司是前所未有的机遇。但是缺乏空间来创建一个大密度的复合的城市。在UMCG，空间的屋顶上，一个直升机停机坪是完全未使用过的。而这是美妙的有午餐的屋顶露台或是放松漫步在屋顶花园之间的操作。很多时候，更有趣的是看到照顾服务的可能性。 74. As thus, a part of the roof can be used for a spa landscape where people with psoriasis are to be treated or where you have an easy training course for rehabilitation. In this way people can enjoy a healing environment during their stay or treatment. A green area is a healing environment at its best. 因此，一部分屋顶可以被用于温泉景观，牛皮癣患者可以在其中治疗或为康复做个简单的培训课程。这样，人们可以享受一个在他们逗留期间康复、愈合的环境。一个绿色的区域是最佳的愈合环境。 75. The garden is a metaphor for our relationship with nature. Climate change, energy and food shortages under pressure from a growing population and increasing prosperity require us to rethink this relationship. The city gardens, which have transcended the roof, our relationship with nature new form and content. 花园是我们与自然关系的一个比喻，日益增长的人口和日益繁荣的情况衍生出的气候变化、能源和粮食短缺的压力需要我们重新思考这一关系。城市花园已经超越了屋顶，这是我们与自然关系的新形式和内容。76. Another theme where we are dealing with as society is how to make renewable energy and can we use land which is not used yet, because of our economical crises. A lot of developments are stopped and the land is unused. We have examined possibilities for renewable energy by biomass. But in a form that does not compete with food production. 另一个主题是我们的经济危机使我们要面对社会如何使用可再生能源和我们可以利用但还未利用的土地，许多发展的停滞是因为土地闲置。我们审查了可再生能源生物量的可能性，但不会以与粮食生产比赛的形式。77. The idea is to use fallow industry areas. This is an overview of possible locations in a part of the province Groningen. 这个想法是使用休闲产业区，概述了可能的地点是在格罗宁根省的一部分。78.We defined three possibilities for the planes; energy allotments, with landfarming. Citizens use the energy allotments for their own purpose. The ener