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RadioHost WelcomebacktoTalkRadiotenninety four I myourhost NancyMorales andwe retalkingtodaywithDr EugeneBateman apsychologistfromtheNationalUniversity Goodmorning Dr Bateman Guest Goodmorning Nancy Thankyouforhavingme RadioHost Thankyouforbeinghere Now yourresearchareaisthehumanfearresponse ormorespecifically thequestionofwhetherwelearntobeafraidofcertainthings orifweinheritsomethingfromourancestorsthattriggersourfear Tobecontinued Listening1 Guest That sright Nancy andwe retalkingaboutourdistant distantancestors peoplewholivedalongtimeago tensofthousandsofyearsago Backthen reactingquicklytosomethinglikea likeafallingrockorahungrylionwasagoodqualityinahumanbeing Itmeantthatheorshewasmorelikelytosurvive morelikelytolivelongenoughtohavechildren andmorelikelytopassontheirgenestotheirchildren RadioHost OK butpeopletodaydon thavetodealwithhungrylionsveryoften So whatdoesthefearresponsedoforus Tobecontinued Listening1 Guest Well itstillkeepsusoutoftroubleandhelpsustosurvive Imaginethatyou redrivingacar andthecarinfrontofyousuddenlystops There saseriesofeventsthattakesplaceinourbrainsthatmakesourbodiesreact inthiscase byputtingourfootonthebrakes thattakesplacebeforeweevenrealizewhatishappening Itallhappensmuchfasterthanourconsciousthoughtprocesses RadioHost Thatsoundslikeaprettyusefulphenomenon Doesitconfirmthatwedoinheritourknowledgeofwhattofearfromourancientancestors Guest Yes andno Someinterestingexperimentswereconductedwithmonkeysthatwereraisedinalaboratory Thesemonkeyshadzeroexperiencewithbeingoutdoors right Sothey theresearchers showedthemonkeyssomesnakes Tobecontinued Listening1 RadioHost Andwerethelabmonkeysafraidofthesnakes Guest Notatall atleast notatfirst Thentheresearchersshowedthemonkeysvideosofwildmonkeyshavingafearfulreactiontosnakes Afterthat thelabmonkeysbecameafraidofsnakestooastheylearnedtoassociatethesightofasnakewithafearfulreaction RadioHost Sotheylearnedthefearfromthewildmonkeys inasense Guest That sright buthere stheinterestingpart Whentheresearcherschangedthevideossothatthewildmonkeysappearedtobeafraidofflowers thelabmonkeysdevelopednofearofflowersatall RadioHost Huh smartmonkeys Tobecontinued Listening1 Guest Exactly andthat swheretheinheritedaspectoffearcomesintothepicture Whatweinheritisatendencytofearcertainthings thesamethingsourancientancestorsfeared Ontheotherhand wehavetolearnfromothersaroundusaswell otherwise thefearresponsedoesn toccur RadioHost Thatisveryinteresting Fearseemslikesuchabasicresponse Itwouldn thaveoccurredtomethatwewouldneedtolearnitfromanyone Andisitthesameforpeopleasformonkeys Guest Itseemstobe yes butthat sexactlythequestionthatmyresearchishopingtoanswer RadioHost ThenIwishyouluckwithyourresearch Ladiesandgentlemen Dr EugeneBateman Guest Thankyou Thanksverymuch Nancy Listening1 Leo So didyouenjoytheparty Reba Idid Itwasreallynicetomeetallofthepeopleyouworkwith They reabigpartofyourlife afterall Leo Yeah sometimestoobigapart maybe Reba Oh comeon Theyseemlikeprettynicepeople especiallyGloria Shesaid hi tomerightaway Ithoughtshewasreallycharming Ilovedthestoryshetoldusabouthercaraccident Thatwasprettyfunny Leo Right shecanmakeanythingseemfunny Iguessallofmyco workershavetheirpositiveattributes Reba Likeyourmanager Whenyougotalittlebitupsetaboutthefoodarrivinglate hemadesureeveryoneknewitwasn tGloria sfault Imean shemayhavechosenthecaterer buttheybroughtthefoodlate nother Tobecontinued Listening2 Leo Yeah that strue He salwaysdoingthingslikethat He sareallyniceguy He sprettyextroverted sohelikestotalktoeveryone Andifsomebodyisfeelingawkward hesayssomethingtomakethemfeelcomfortable He sgotgreatsocialskills whichIguessispartofthereasonwhyhe ssuchagoodmanager Reba Thatisanimportantqualityinamanager ButwhataboutToby Itriedtotalktohimatonepoint buthe hejustwalkedaway Itseemedlikehewasavoidinganykindofinteraction Ishejustreallyshyorsomething Leo Yeah Tobyisreallyintroverted andIthinkheexperiencesalotofanxietywhenhe saroundalotofpeople especiallynewpeople He sreallyaniceguythoughandagoodco worker andhe sfinewithsmallergroupsofpeople likewhenwegooutforlunchtogether He sfinethen Tobecontinued Listening2 Reba Isee Allinall itwasagoodparty Ihadfun Leo Good I mglad Ihadfun too Andnowthatyou vemetthepeopleIworkwith maybewecandothingswiththemsometimes Reba Yeah shouldweinvitesomeofthemoverfordinnersometime Leo Well thatmightbetoomuch ButI denjoymeetingthematarestaurantfordinnerorgoingtoasoccergametogether orsomethinglikethat Reba So youdon twantthemcomingtoourhouse Leo Yougotit I dratherkeepatleastalittledistancebetweenmyworklifeandmypersonallife Listening2 OnMay6th 1856 SigmundFreudwasborninwhatistodaytheCzechRepublic And150yearslater themanknownasthefoundingfatherofpsychotherapyisstillgeneratingcontroversy It sthecityofVienna wherethefamilymovedwhenSigmundwasayoungchild that smostassociatedwithFreud Hereceivedhismedicaldegreeherein1881andbeganstudyingthehumanbrain Butovertime Freudbecamefascinatedbysomethinghecouldn tseeortouch thehumanmind Inthe1890s Freudbegandevelopingthetheoriesbehindthepracticehenamedpsychoanalysis Hebelievedthatallhumanbeingshaveanunconsciousportionofthemind Intheunconscious strongsexualandaggressivedrivesstruggleagainstthemind sattemptstosuppressthem Freudbelievedthatdreamswereonewaytolookintotheunconsciousandtodiscoveraperson sdeepestdesiresand Tobecontinued fears Usinghisowndreamsandthoseofhispatients Freudpublishedwhatiswidelyconsideredhismasterpiece TheInterpretationofDreams in1899 Intheprocess hehelpedmakepsychologyahallmarkofthenewcentury In1938 whenFreudwas81 theNazisannexedAustria TheyhadalreadyburnedFreud sbooksinGermany labelingthemtheproductofJewishscience FreudfledtoEnglandthatsameyear anddiedthenextautumn onSeptember23rd 1939 Today fewerthan5 000patientsintheU S aretreatedwithFreud smethodofpsychoanalysis atypeoftherapywherepatientsexploretheworkingsoftheirunconsciousoverthecourseoffivetosixyears Hismethodsasadoctormaybeindecline butasatheorist SigmundFreudsucceededinchangingforeverthewaythatpeoplethinkaboutthehumanmind AssessingtheCredibilityofaNewsArticleDoyouhavetroublehearingpeopletalkatparties Trypracticingthepianobeforeyouleavethehouse That sbecausemusicians fromkaraokesingerstoprofessionalcelloplayers arebetterabletoheartargetedsoundsinanoisyenvironment Inthepast10yearsthere sbeenanexplosionofresearchonmusicandthebrain AniruddhPatel theEstherJ BurnhamSeniorFellowattheNeurosciencesInstituteinSanDiego saidtodayatapressbriefing Mostrecently brain imagingstudieshaveshownthatmusicactivatesmanydiversepartsofthebrain includingapartofthebrainthatprocessesbothmusicandlanguage Languageisanatural Tobecontinued AssessingtheCredibilityofaNewsArticle aspecttoconsiderinlookingathowmusicaffectsthebrain accordingtoPatel Patelstatesthat likemusic languageis universal there sastronglearningcomponent anditcarriescomplexmeanings AccordingtostudyleaderNinaKraus directoroftheAuditoryNeuroscienceLaboratoryatNorthwesternUniversityinIllinois thebrainsofpeoplewithevencasualmusicaltrainingarebetterabletogeneratethebrainwavepatternsassociatedwithspecificsounds whethermusicalorspoken Inotherwords musiciansareusedto playing soundsintheirheads sothey vetrainedtheirbrainstorecognizeselectivesoundpatterns suchasspokenwords evenasbackgroundnoisegoesup AssessingtheCredibilityofaNewsArticle Max What sthematter Youlooklikeyou resad Abigail I mreadinganewspaper HowcanIlooksad Max I mjustreadingyourfacialexpression Ilearnedthatwhenpeopleexperiencebasicemotions likesadnessorfear youcanseeitintheirfaces Abigail ButI mIndonesian andyou reCanadian Maybewemakedifferentfacialexpressionstoexpressthesameemotions Max Well that stheinterestingthing Backinthe1800s CharlesDarwinspeculatedthatourfacialexpressions likesmilingwhenwe rehappy areauniversalhumanphenomenon Abigail Sowasheright Doweallmakethesamefacialexpressions Tobecontinued Listening1 Max Wedo Around40yearsago apsychologistnamedPaulEkmanconfirmedDarwin stheory Heconductedanexperiment andtheresultsshowedthatpeopleacrossculturesmakethesamefacialexpressionstoexpressthesameemotions Abigail Soitdoesn tmatterwhichculturewecomefrom Max Right Healsowonderedwhetherthethingsthattriggerouremotionsmightbeuniversal Abigail Interesting Soarethethingsthatcauseouremotionsthesameforeveryone Max Theansweris yes andno Certainthingsareuniversal likeasuddenmovementinourfieldofvisiontriggersfear forexample Tobecontinued Listening1 Abigail Thatmakessense Asuddenmovementcouldsignaldanger somaybewereactbecauseofourinstincts Max Right butsomethingsdon ttriggerthesameemotion Forexample onepersoncouldassociatethesmelloftheseawithsomethingpositive likeavacation Abigail Andanotherpersonmightassociatethesmellwithasadtimeintheirlives Max Exactly Abigail AndIsupposethatthoseemotionaltriggersmighthavetodowithpersonalityaswell Max You reprobablyright Listening1 Ifyouwanttoclearyourheadaftermakingatoughdecision researchsuggeststhatyoushouldwashyourhands TheresearchwasconductedattheUniversityofMichiganintheU S bySpikeW S LeeandNorbertSchwarz whoaskedstudentvolunteerstoparticipateinwhattheythoughtwasaconsumersurvey Thestudentswereaskedtorank10musicCDsinorderofpreference ThentheresearchersletthemchoosebetweenthefifthandthesixthCDtotakehomeasagift Oncethevolunteershadmadeadecision theywereaskedtoevaluatealiquidhandsoap Somestudentschosetoevaluatethehandsoapbywashingtheirhands whileothersjustlookedatthebottle Thestudentswhodidn twashtheirhandslaterrankedtheirchosenCDshigherthantheyhadbefore butstudentswhodidwashuprankedthe10CDsinbasicallythesameorderasbefore Listening2 Tobecontinued Aftermakinghardchoices peoplewouldkeepthinkingaboutwhethertheyhadmadeawisechoice whichmadethemquiteconflicted Theytendtojustifytheirdecisionstomakethemselvesfeelbetter Leeexplained Youwanttofeelthatyoumadetherightchoice soyoujustifyitbythinkingaboutthepositivefeaturesofyourdecis