英语省略句归纳.doc

省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息而省略句中的一个或者几个句子成分并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。在语言应用中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。在英语考试中，也经常会采用微型语境的方法，使用省略手段来设计考试陷阱，增加考试的难度。在考试陷阱中，所涉及的省略情况一般有：词的省略、句子成分的省略、多个成分的同时省略等。1. 不定式结构的省略1）Would you like to see the film with me? Yes, Id very much like _. A. to B. to seeC. D. see 此题应选A。该句为省略句，补完整为：Id very much like to see the film with you. 我很想同你去看电影。 有时为了避免重复前面已经出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号(to)来代替不定式结构，但在许多情况下这个不定式符号(to)不能省略。如：I dont dance much now, but I used to. 我现在不常跳舞，但我过去常常跳。 He hasnt done the washing, but hes going to. 他还没有洗衣服，但他就要去洗了。 Why didnt you come last night? You were told to. 你昨晚为什么不来，告诉过你要来的吧。“Will you come?” “Id love to. ” “你来吗?”“我愿意来。”A：Is he going to learn to drive? 他打算学开车吗? B：Hed be silly not to, wouldnt he? 他要是不学开车，那他就有点傻，是不是? 2）不过有时也可将代替不定式的不定式符号(to)省略。如：Ought he to start now? 他现在必须出发吗? Yes, he ought (to). 是的，他必须出发。3） 在某些情况下省略不定式符号 to(如在let, make, have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to，在see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch 等表示感官的动词后必须省略to等)。如：You have made me feel secure. 你使我感到安全。If you want help, let me know. 如果你需要帮助，可以告诉我。Did you notice me pause? 你注没注意我停顿了一下？4）但当不定式是be或动词的完成体时，be及have一般不能省略。如：Will Bruce be a player for our team? 布鲁斯将会成为我们队的队员吗？He wants to be, but we wont take him in. 他倒想，而我们不会接受他。Has he finished reading the book? 他把书看完了吗？He hopes to have, but in fact he reads too slowly. 他倒希望看完了，而事实上她读得太慢了。2. 省略从句时，若从句为否定，则从句中的否定词not被保留。这样的主句谓语动词有：think, believe, guess, suppose, hope，be afraid, be sure 及连接副词：why, if。如：Do you think he will come to see us? 你认为他回来看我们吗？I think not. 我认为不会。Is it going to rain? 天会下雨吗？Im afraid not. 恐怕不会。Can you go to the concert with us this evening? 今天晚上能跟我们一起去听音乐演奏会吗？ Why not. 为什么不呢当整个从句被省略时，可用so来代替。这样的主句谓语动词有：think, believe, guess, suppose, hope, be及疑问副词why, how, if等。如：Do you think the thief will be put into prison? 你认为那个贼会被打入监牢吗？ Yes. I think so. 是的，我认为会。Do you believe that he will come back from abroad? 你认为他会从国外回来吗？ Yes. I believe so. 是的，我认为他会回来。It is said that Mary got her arm broken. 据说玛丽把手臂弄断了。How so. 怎么会这样呢。He must be in the classroom now. 他现在肯定在教室里。If so, lets go to the classroom to see him. 如果她在教室里，我们就去那儿看他吧。 当从句为否定，而整个从句被省略时，可写为dontso, 也可只保留从句中的not。这样的主句动词有：think, believe, suppose等。如：()Do you think he will change his idea? 你认为他会改变主意吗？No. I dont think so. 不，我认为他不会。Do you think English is difficult? 你认为英语难学吗？No. I dont think so. 不，我认为不难学。3. 与do有关的省略1). 从句的谓语部分省略后，从句中的情态动词或助动词保留。如： He said he would do as much as he could to help us. 他说他要尽一切努力来帮助我们。 当从句或分句中的谓语动词省略时，有时须加一个助动词do合适的形式来代替。如Anyone cant break the rules. If you do, you will sure be punished. 任何人也不能违反纪律，如果你违反了，你将肯定要受到惩罚。He was told not to go there alone at night, but he did. 人们告诉他夜晚不要单独一人去那儿，然而它却去了。 Do you like swimming? 你喜欢游泳吗？ Yes, I do. 是的，我喜欢4. 某些句型中的省略 1) Have a little more if delicious. =You have a little more if it is delicious 如果好吃就多吃一点。Make changes where necessary. =You make changes where it is necessary. 在必要的地方作些修改。He acted as if certain of success. 他表现得对成功很有把握似的。If possible, let me know beforehand. 如果可能，可在事前通知我。Though exhausted, he stayed up late. 尽管疲惫不堪，他仍很晚才睡。Whenever possible, the children play outside. 每当可能，孩子们总在外边玩耍。 Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. 只要可能，都要避免这种结构。 Her daughters were of some help, however small. 她的女儿们总能帮些忙，不管多小的忙。Ill be round as quick as I can. 我将尽快赶来。2) Work harder, and youll succeed. 工作再努力些，你就会成功。Hurry up, or youll be late. 快一点，不然就会迟到了Give me ten more minutes, and Ill finish it. = If you give me ten more minutes, Ill finish it. 多给我十分钟，我就会把它完成了。Drive slowly, or youll get a fine.= If you dont drive slowly, youll get a fine. 开慢一点，否则你就会被罚。有时，这个句型可进一步省略，成为：more + 名词，and + 句子。如：A little more effort, and you get it finished. = If you make a little more effort, youll get it finished. 再努力一点，你就会把它完3）What if he did come today? 要是他今天不来，那怎么办呢？5.在虚拟条件句中含有were, should, had 时，可将 if 省略，将 were, should, had 提到句首。如： (1) Were I there, I would stop him doing that. 要是我在那儿，我就会阻止他那样做。(2) Had he learnt English, he would be studying abroad. 要是他以前学过英语，他会正在国外学习。(3) Should he like swimming, I couldnt stop him. 要是他喜欢游泳，我可阻止他不了。6. what引导的结构有时可用于省略形式Something is the matter, but I dont know what. 总有点不对劲，但我不知道是什么。句中的what=what it is。Ill tell you what. 让我告诉你怎么办。句中的what=what to do。 Ill always love you, no matter what. 我爱你，不管发生什么事情。句中的no matter what=no matter what happens。 Ive decided to leave tomorrow, no matter what. 不管发生什么情况，我已决定明天走。句中的no matter what=no matter what happens。7. 疑问词why引导的省略句 1). 肯定形式Why talk so much about it? 这样大谈它干嘛?Youre fully insured, so why worry? 你已经全部保险了，那何必还担心呢?Why ask me? How should I know? 为什么问我? 我怎么知道?一I think I ought to tidy this place up. 我想我应该把这地方清扫一下。一Why bother? 何必麻烦呢? 2). 否定形式 Why not try again? 干嘛不再试呢?Why not go now? 现在就去好不好?Why notjust wait and see what happens? 何不静观其结果呢? Why not try to expand your story into a novel? 你怎么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢? Why not wait till the winter sales to buy a new coat? 为什么不等到冬季大贱卖时再买一件新外衣呢?8. 1)省略主语的例子.英语中的主语一般不可省略，但在口语中某些惯用表达也可省略。如：Beg your pardon. 请再说一遍。Doesnt matter. 没关系。Havent seen you for ages! 好久不见了!Looks like rain. 像是要下雨的样子。Glad to see you. 很高兴见到你。Hope to hear from you soon. 希望不久能接到你的来信。Must have gone home. 准是回家了。2)有时主语和助动词一起省略：(Do you) Want some? (你) 要一点吗? (Have you) Had a good time? 玩得好吗? (Weve) Got to go now. 得走了。(Im) Not feeling very well today. 今天感到不太舒服(Im) So pleased to have made your acquaintance. 认识了你很高兴。(Its) Nice day again. 又一个好天。9. 1）在比较结构中，than和as后的主语+系动词，通常可省略系动词。如：Sally is as intelligent as Bill. 莎莉和比尔一样聪明。说明：Bill后省略了is。He is as quick in answering as his sister. 他回答得和他妹妹一样快。说明：sister后省略了is。His sister is quicker than he. 他妹妹比他敏捷。he后省略了is。I m not as old as you. 我没有你年龄大。you后省略了are。2）当比较的主句和从句都为及物动词带宾语时，从句省略后，留下的代词用主格或宾格时，意思不同。如：He likes the dog better than she. 他比她更喜欢那条狗。He likes the dog better than her. 他喜欢那条狗甚于喜欢她。因此，从句的主语若为名词，省略谓语部分后须加助动词do 的适当形式，否则就会产生歧义。如：He likes his dog better than his wife does. 他比他的妻子更喜欢那条狗。He likes his dog better than his wife. 他喜欢那条狗甚于喜欢他的妻子。10.非谓语的省略。 She tremble a little while doing so. 她这样做时稍稍颤抖了一下。He tends to get carried away when watching wrestling on TV. 他一看电视中的摔跤就很兴奋。 They were surprised by her openness when talking about her private life. 她谈起私生活时非常坦率，大家都很吃惊。He will work hard wherever (he is) sent by the Party. 无论党把他派往哪里，他都会努力工作。 While (I was) waiting I was reading some old magazines. 等的时候我在看一些旧杂志。If (it is) carefully done, the experiment will be successful. 如果做得仔细，这个实验会成功。 Look out for cars when (you are) crossing the streets. 过马路时要注意汽车。Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。 Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Success in business is simply a matter of knowing when to take a chance. 商业上的成功就在于把握时机。 Smiling pleasantly, the stranger turned as if to speak to me. 那个陌生人面带愉悦的笑容，转身向我，似乎想对我说话。11.略连系动词。如：To know is one thing, and to teach quite another. 知道是一回事，教又是一回事。 to teach后省去了is。Our flat is on the first floor and theirs on the third. 我们的公寓在一楼，他们的公寓在三楼。theirs后省去了is。He is a millionaire and his father without a cent. 他是百万富翁而他父亲却不名一文。his father后省去了is。12在由though, as引导的让步状语从句中，如果从句的表语是可数名词单数，将名词提前时，名词前面的冠词a 须省略。如：Child as though he is, he knows much about the society. = Though he is a child, he knows much about the society. 尽管他还是个小孩，他对社会的了解不少。13. if类型There are few people nowadays, if any, who remember him. 当今记得他的人，如有的话，也不多了。He seems to have little, if anything, to do with this. 若要说他和这事有什么相关的话，那也似乎是很少的。if ever 可视为习语，它通常与seldom连用，表示“极少”“难得”。如：She seldom, if ever, goes to the cinema. 她难得看电影。He seldom if ever travels abroad. 他到国外旅行，即使有过，也是极少的。If ever youre in Cambridge, do give me a ring. 万一你来剑桥，一定要给我打电话。省略的几类典型陷阱1。Many people have become rich by working hard, _ you? A. areB. haveC. arent D. havent 此题应选B。容易误选C，D，误认为这是反意疑问句。其实这是一个省略句，补全为。如：Many people have become rich by working hard; have you become rich by working hard too? 许多人通过勤劳致了富，你也通过勤劳致富了吗? 又如。He will leave for Japan next week. Will you? 他下星期要去日本，你去吗? We all want to attend the meeting; do you? 我们都想参加这次会议，你想参加吗? 2.He is a man of few words. He never speaks unless _. A. speakingB. spokenC. speaking toD. spoken to此题应选D。这是省略句，补完整为。如：He is a man of few words. He never speaks unless he is spoken to. 他是一个沉默寡言的人，除非别人同他说话，否则他从不说话。3.In some western countries，the rich are becoming richer，and _. A. the poor the poorB. poor poorC.the poor poorerD. poorer the poor此题应选C。这是一个省略句，若补充完整应为：In some western countries，the rich are becoming richer，and the poor are becoming poorer. 在有些西方国家，富人变得更富，而穷人则变得更穷。4.Jim plays football as well as，if _ than，Mike. A. no betterB. not betterC. no goodD. not good此题应选B。容易误选A。这是一个省略句，其中的 ifnot better thanif he doesnt play football better than。全句意为：吉姆踢足球如果不是比迈克踢得更好，至少也是一样好。1. Her pronunciation is as good as，if_ than，her teachers. A. no betterB. not better C. no good D. not good2. This bridge is as strong as，if _ than，thatone. A. no stronger B. not stronger C. no strongD. not strong3. In that business，he earned as much as，if _than，$40000. A. no more B. not more C. no much D. not much4. He has been to Guilin as many as，if_ than，ten times. A. no more B. not more C. no much D. not much答案：1. B 2. B 3. B 4. B5.If the weather is fine，we will go. If _，_. A. not，notB. no，noC. not，noD. no，not 此题应选A。这是一个省略句，若补充完整应该是：If the weather is fine，we will go. If the weather is NOT fine，we will NOT go. 如果天气好，我们就去，若天气不好，我们就不去。6.Although _A_ my opinion, the old professor didnt come up with his own. A. againstB. onC. forD. in此题答案选A。根据句首的although可知，前后两者句意思相反，故against。全句意为：虽然老教授不同意的观点，但他也提不出自己的观点。句中的although against my opinion为although he was against my opinion之省略，为“连词+省略结构”的一种。这类结构归纳起来主要有以下几种类型：7. We all know that, _B_, the situation will get worse. A. not if dealt carefully with B. if not carefully dealt withC. if dealt not carefully with D. not if carefully dealt with 8.hough he started late, Mr. Guo played the piano as well as, if _A_, Miss Liu. A. not better than B. not better C. no better than D. better9. What should I do with this passage? _ the main idea of each paragraph. A. Finding outB. Found outC. Find outD. To find out【分析】答案选C。很容易误选A或D，误认为这是考查非谓语动词。根据问句可知，完整的答语应是You should find out，此处是承前省略了You should，所以就是Find out。10.My friend Mary is _ beautiful girl and _ girl everyone likes to work with.A. a, a B. a, theC. the, a D. the, the【分析】此题很容易误选B，认为第一次提到 girl 用不定冠词，第二次提到就应该用定冠词。但其实最佳答案是A。句中第二次提到 girl 时并不是特指的，此句实为一省略句，补充完整为 My friend Mary is a beautiful girl and she is a girl everyone likes to work with. 请再看两道题(答案选A)：(1) Jim is _ brave boy and _ boy never fearing anything.A. a, a B. a, theC. the, a D. the, the(2) It is really _ useful dictionary and _ dictionary every one of us needs.A. a, a B. a, theC. the, a D. the, the3. “What made her struggle to become an artist so hard?” “_ she was a woman.”A. / B. WhenC. That D. What【分析】此题最佳答案选C。that用以引导主语从句(此that不可省略)，其后的谓语和宾语等被省略，若补充完整，即为 That she was a woman made her struggle to become an artist so hard. 下面两题答案选A，理由同上：11“What made her so happy?” “_ her son passed driving test.”A. That B. 不填 C. Since D. For 12. “What were you trying to prove to the police?” “_ I was last night.”A. Where B. When C. That D. What13.Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _IQ.A. a high B. a higherC. the higher D. the highest【分析】此题答案为B。此句实为Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has a higher IQ than him之省略。省略than him后不仅句意仍然清楚，而且显得更为简洁。句意为“我怀疑班上有没有哪个人比他智商更高”，即“我认为他可能是班上智商最高的”。请再看以下类似的题目(分析理由同上，答案均选A)：(1) How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _ voice.A. a better B. a bestC. the better D. the best (2) “Ive never found _ job.” “Congratulations.”A. a better B. a bestC. the better D. the best (3) “What do you think of the service here?” “Oh, wonderful. We couldnt have found _ place.”A. a better B. a bestC. the better D. the best (4) How cold it is! Weve never had _ day this winter.A. a colderB. a coldC. the coldest D. the colder2. Shes too thin. She _ gain some weight but she _ too little.A. would, ate B. will, eats C. would, eats D. will, ate14.Who has eaten all the cake, Jim? Oh, _ must your two pet dogs. A. itB. theyC. thatD. which【分析】许多学生可能认为此题应选B，因为其后的your two pet dogs为复数。但实际上，此题的最佳答案就是A，此句实为强调句型It must be your pet dogs that have eaten all the cake 的省略形式。15.If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _ ityouve got some big bills coming. A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget【分析】此题最佳答案为A。考查had better后接动词原形的用法。但是考题中将you had better这一结构省略成better，致使许多同学一时看不出来。又如：Better go with him. 最好同他一起去。Better have the operation right now. 你最好还是现在就动手术。16.Why _ skating there with us this afternoon?A. dont goB. not to goC. not goD. go not【分析】许多学生会认为否定式须在go前加助动词及否定词或在不定式的小品词to前加否定词，从而将答案误选为 A 或B。其实，此题答案应该选C。当询问情况、提出建议或征求意见时，人们通常将Why dont you do 省略成Why not do，故答案选 C。17. He is a man of few words, and seldom speaks until _ to.A. spoken B. speaking C. speak D. be spoken【分析】此题容易误选B，认为until 是介词，后接动词时用动名词形式。其实，此题应选A，until spoken to 为 until he is spoken to 之省略。句意为“他是个沉默寡言的人，别人不同他说话，他很少同别人说话”。18If carefully _, the experiment will be successful. A. do B. does C. done D. doing【分析】答案选C，为 if it is carefully done 之省略。19.he research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it.A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun【分析】答案选D，为 once it is begun 之省略(from )。20It _ very silly to argue any more against each other about it _ true.A. will be; could that be B. must be; could that beC. should be; was that to be D. would be; should that be【分析】有些同学会认为主句表示推测，从而将答案误选为 B。其实，只要分析一下句子成分就很简单了。四个选项均为谓语动词，且第2 空所给选项为倒装，这正好与虚拟语气中省略 if 时倒装结构一致。由此可知该题考查与将来相反的虚拟语气的用法。故答案选 D。21. _ as it is, it can understand you. A. A dogB. DogC. DogsD. The dog2. _, he talks a lot about his favorite singers after class. A. A quiet student as he may beB. Quiet student as he may beC. Be a quiet student as he mayD. Quiet as he may be a student【分析】根据前面的分析，这两道题的答案均为B。省略句练习题01. When _ the tunnel will be the longest in the world. A. complete B. completingC. having completedD. completed02. Although _ before the war, the engine is still in perfect order. A. building B. builtC. to be buildingD. to have been built03. Unless _, this law will make life difficult for farmers. A. to change B. changingC. changedD. to be changed04. Do not leave the building unless _ to do so. A. to instructB. instructedC. being instructedD. instructing05. When _ if he wanted anything else, he just shook his head. A. askingB. to ask C. askedD. to be asked06. If _ for this post, you will be informed within a week. A. acceptingB. to acceptC. acceptedD. to be accepted07. These working conditions are unhealthy, _ extremely dangerous. A. if soB. if not C. so if D. not if08. Her needs are just as important as yours, _ so. A. if not moreB. if more notC. more not if D. not if more09. Where _ necessary, improvements will be made. A. they areB. we are C. are D. 不填10. She hurried out of the room, as if _ angry. A. was B. it was C. got D. 不填11. _ paying by credit card, please pay in cash. A. UnlessB. UntilC. Since D. Before12. Although _ ten years ago, the house still looks new. A. buildingB. builtC. to build D. having built13. By 1977 things were beginning to improve, _ quickly enough.A. even if notB. even not if C. if not evenD. if even not14 Ill be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat？ Not at all. _ . w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.mA. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be happy to 15 He did all he could _ . A. help me out B. to help out me C. help me out of D. to help me out 16 When _ why he walked in _ permission, he just _ at us and said nothing. A. asked；without；stared B. been asked；with；looked C. asking；without；glared D. to be asking；with；laughed 17 Do you think its going to rain over the weekend？ _ . A. I dont believe B. I dont believe it C. I believe not D. I believe not so 18 What made Mary so sad？ _ three tickets to the music concert. A. Lose B. Losing C. Because of losing D. To lose 19 I wonder why he didnt do it as _. A. told him B. he was told C. told to D. telling to 20 John wanted to ride his bike in the street but his uncle told him _ . A. not to B. not do B. not do it D. do not to21 Shall I te高考资源网ll John about it？ No, you _ ,Ive told him already. A. neednt B. wont C. mustnt D. shouldnt 22 The problem isnt difficult for the children to work out, is it？ _ . Perhaps they should have been given a more difficult one. A. Yes, it i