Lecture six sentence writing英语句子写作.doc

Sentence Writing 1. English Sentence Writing1.1 Types of Sentences1.2 Basic Sentence Patterns1.3 Expanding Basic Sentence Patterns1.4 Sentence Structure Problems1.5 Subject-Verb Agreement1.1 Types of English Sentences Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Compound-complex sentence Declarative Sentence Interrogative Sentence Imperative Sentence Exclamatory Sentence 简单句：只包含一个主谓结构且各个成分均由词组构成的句子。He knows everything about it.复杂句：某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示的句子。He complained that what you said was not true.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the latecomers had to wait outside.并列复杂句：包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分的句子。They watched television and enjoyed themselves inmensely, but we couldnt see the program because our television was broken. Do you know?The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard. (Simple sentence)(Complex sentence) Do you know?There arent as many trees here as there used to be.Did you hear about the new project? Please send my kind regards to your parents.How it thunders! 雷打得真响啊!(Declarative sentence)(Interrogative sentence)(Imperative sentence)(Exclamatory sentence)1.2 Basic Sentence PatternsSV (subject + intransitive verb)主-动SVC ( subject + linking verb + subject complement )主-动-补SVO (subject + transitive verb + direct object)主-动-宾SVOiOd (subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object )主-动-宾-宾SVOC (subject + transitive verb + object + object complement)主-动-宾-补SVThe guests have arrived.Things change. There exist a variety of different opinions on this question.P.S. There + be是倒装结构,谓语还可以是appear, come, enter, exist, happen, lie, live, occur, remain, rise, seem, stand等。SVCHard work and honesty are the keys to success.Without suitable preservation, food goes bad easily.P.S.系动词还有appear, become, grow, prove, run, seem, feel, look, smell, sound, taste等。SVOStudents often recite useful phrases to be used in their compositions.Do you mind filling out this application form?P.S. 以动名词作宾语的动词包括avoid, admit, deny, enjoy, finish, keep, mind, postpone, recommend, prefer, require, resume, risk, quit, practice 等。SVOiOd(SVoO)一位朋友给我带来一本内科学的教科书。A friend of mine brought me a textbook of lexicology. OR:A friend of mine brought a textbook of lexicology to me.P.S. 此句型的动词有bring, buy, fetch, get, give, lend, offer, save, sell, send, show, take, wish等。 SVOC在SVOC结构中，及物动词之后跟宾语和宾语补语。Today, we call Einstein a genius. They believe it important to make an early diagnosis of cancer.P.S.主谓宾补结构的常见动词有believe, call, consider, cut, elect, find, have, keep, leave, let, like, make, name, polish, think, want, wish等。On Auguest 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima. /The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. /Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. /The air itself around the point of explosion began to burn. /A shower of penetrating invisible rays attacked every living or dead thing in the town. /Then followed a shock-wave(冲击波) which shattered the buildings and a tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal and wood over the ground. /The explosion killed at least 140,000 people and left tens of thousands of others disfigured for life.1.3 Expanding SentencesCompare the following sentences：Hong Kong is a very large city. Hong Kong is an overcrowded and commercialized city. Hong Kong is an overcrowded and commercialized city with a population of over seven million.How to expand sentences?(1) Addition 增添法(2) Coordination 并列法(3) Subordination 从属法 （1） AdditionExpanding with Modifying Words (修饰词)Expanding with Modifying Phrases (修饰短语)a. 用介词短语扩展b. 用不定式短语扩展 c. 用动名词短语扩展 d. 用分词短语扩展Put multi-modifiers in order： 限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等）数词一般描绘性形容词（短词语在前，长词语在后）表示大小、长短、高低的形容词表示形状的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质、材料的形容词表示用途、类别的形容词。 简化版：限定描绘大长高形状年龄和新老颜色国籍出材料作用类别往后靠教室里有一张新的圆形红色木质大课桌。There is a large round new red wooden desk in the classroom.Examples of modifying phrasesWith great feeling, Martin Luther King, Jr. expressed his dream of freedom. Its difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts. The janitor staggered down the stairway, gasping for air.A new technique having been worked out, the yields this year as a whole increased by 30% in this area. （2） CoordinationExpanding with Compound Sentences (并列句) 使用并列连词and, or, but, not only.but also, so, either.or, yet. 使用连接副词however, moreover, otherwise, therefore, besides. 使用分号连接Expanding with Parallelism （平行结构）Expanding with ParallelismYouth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind.青春不是年华，而是心境； It is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees.青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，It is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, vigor of the emotions而是深沉的意志、宏伟的想象、炽热的感情（3）Subordinationl Expanding with Noun Claus名词从句主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句，宾语从句Expanding with Adjective Clause 形容词从句定语从句/关系从句Expanding with Adverbial Clause 副词从句状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等When we will go to school is still a question.主语从句I have a friend whose cousin is a tennis player.定语从句The doctor asked the patient what he had had for lunch.宾语从句The news that our team won the game made us happy.同位语从句I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before状语从句Combine each group of sentences into a single sentence, using coordination, subordination or both:1. This is a good spot for a picnic.A river flows on one side.A large tree provides shade.We can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll(小山).With a river.and a large tree., this is a .and we can spread.2. The story is written in plain language. It consists of three parts. It has an interesting plot. The plot centers round an old aristocratic family. The family lived in 17th-century France.The story, written in., consists of .with an interesting.centering.3. He was nearing the top.His eyes were already glowing with triumph.He was climbing faster and faster.He climbed recklessly fast.He suddenly slipped and fell.He tumbled to the ground.He lay motionless there.He was a crumpled pile of arms and legs.Nearing the top, he climbed recklessly faster and faster, his eyes glowing with triumph, but he suddenly., tumblinglaying, a crumpled.1.4 Sentence Structure ProblemsWhats wrong with the following sentences?To please the visitors, a cross talk was performed.Without telling anyone, even her sister, Mary, going to the park, meeting her friends.The physics problems were just impossible, they took all day to do.That the course was so hard we all studied day and night, with no one getting an A or a B.I knocked at the door when the lady came I gave her most ingratiating（讨好的） smile.Four Types of Common Problems (1) Sentence Fragments 残缺句 (2) Run-on Sentences 粘连句（接排句 ）(3) Misplaced Modifiers 误置修饰语 (4) Dangling Modifiers 悬垂修饰语 (1) Sentence FragmentsA sentence fragment is a group of words that lacks a subject or a verb and does not express a complete thought.Having driven across the desert. We enjoyed the cool weather.Corrected：Having driven across the desert, we enjoyed the cool weather.Having no money and being lonely in the big city.Corrected： Having no money and being lonely in the big city, the old woman committed suicide.PracticeRevise the following run-on sentencesDramatic weather conditions dont always cause disasters. But at times create beautiful situations as well.Although she says that she doesnt like to read.For example, ice cream and chocolate cake.(2) Run-On Sentences 粘连句 (接排句)就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起，没有正确的标点或连接词标明关系的句子。I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town, all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival.Corrected：I called for a reservation at a famous restaurant in town, but/; however,/ all the tables were taken before the Dragon Boat Festival.PracticeRevise the following run-on sentencesWomen no longer need to move into the traditionally male professions they have already opened most of the doors to desirable career paths. Utah is famous for her scenery and friendly people, I love living in this state particularly.(3) Misplaced Modifiers误置修饰语，亦称“修饰语错位”，在修饰语和其所修饰的中心词之间不恰当地夹进了其他成分。修饰语与被修饰语尽量不要离得太远，否则，句子意义会含糊不清。He sold the old car to the man with leather seats. The robber was described as a six-foot-tall man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds. Corrected: He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.Corrected: The robber was described as a 150-pound, six-foot-tall man with a mustache.PracticeIdentify the misplaced word or words in each sentence. The lioness watched the trainer caring for her cub in the cage.She is teaching a seminar this term on market economy at the Osaka International University.The animal trainer rode on the elephant with a broken foot.Tony bought an old car from a crooked（不正当的） dealer with a faulty transmission(变速器).The suburbs nearly had five inches of rain.(4) Dangling Modifiers悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）是指在句子中没有修饰对象的词或词组。辨别悬垂修饰语时，首先要判断修饰语的逻辑主语和主句的逻辑主语是否一致。当一个句子的修饰语置于句首时，其动作的执行者通常是其后句中的主语，否则，则该修饰语为悬垂修饰语.To write well, good books must be read.Corrected: To write well, I must read good books.To write the proposal, research must be done.Corrected: To write the proposal, the professor must first do some research.非限定性动词短语作状语时，易形成悬垂性修饰语。Practice Please revise the following sentences with dangling modifiers.Thumbing through the magazine, her eyes automatically noticed the cosmetic ads.To please the visitors, a cross talk was performed.On entering the teachers office, a terrestrial globe（地球仪） caught his attention.Though only seventeen, the army accepted his application.1.5 Subject-Verb Agreement(1) Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects不定代词作主语(2) Compound Subjects复合主语(3) Intervening Words插入语(4) Collective Nouns集体名词(5) Plural Forms with Singular Meaning复数形式表单数意义(1) Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects作主语时时，要求谓语动词用单数。l -one words -body words -thing words l one nobody nothing l anyone anybody anything l everyone everybody everything l someone somebody something Do you know?Find the right subjects.The poor attitude of many students (is/are) responsible for the high number of failures. (主语是attitude 而不是 students)Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, (is/are) missing from my tool box. (主语是two pairs of pliers)(2) Compound SubjectsSuccess and fame are often the litmus tests of ones character.The secretary and the accountant were present.l (两个人)The secretary and accountant was present. (同一个人)(3) Intervening Words 插入成分有along with, as wellas, like, no less than, except, but，in addition to，together with等连词或介词。Tom and his brother was/were home for the holidays.