IUPAP国际女性物理工作者研讨会会议报告.doc

IUPAP国际女性物理工作者研讨会会议报告Report of The IUPAP International Conference on Women in Physics会议地点：法国巴黎市联合国文教组织(UNESCO, Paris, France)会议时间：2002.03.07 至2002.03.09台湾女性物理工作小组出席代表团团员：国立中正大学物理系 教授戴明凤博士(团长)国立台湾大学凝态科学研究中心 副研究员林昭吟博士私立文化大学物理系 副教授吴慧敏博士国立台湾大学物理系 教授高涌泉博士(男性物理学家代表)中央研究物理所所长兼国立清华大学物理系教授 吴茂昆博士(国科会长官代表)行政院国家科学委员会自然处 研究员何怡帆小姐(国科会自然处代表)Department of Curriculum Studies, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, 博士候选人蔡丽玲(学生代表) 报告撰写人：国立中正大学物理系 教授 戴明凤撰写日期：91 年3月15日A、会议经过与内容： 由世界纯粹与应用物理联盟组织 (International Union of Pure and Applied Physics; IUPAP)赞助主办的IUPAP女性物理工作者国际性研讨会为了配合3月8日的国际性妇女节日，特别选定于2002年3月7日至9日在法国花都巴黎市举行，研讨会会场设在近市中心巴黎铁塔和巴黎军事学校附近的联合国文教组织(UNESCO)所在之办公大楼的会议室中举行。此次台湾共有七位代表出席此会议，由国立中正大学物理系戴明凤教授任代表队领队，其它四位女性代表则是国立台湾大学凝态科学研究中心林昭吟博士，文化大学物理系吴慧敏教授，行政院国家科学委员会自然处研究员何怡帆小姐(国科会自然处代表)，以及博士班学生代表蔡丽玲小姐等人。并应大会要求希望代表队成员能够至少有一位男性代表与会，许多国家的代表队甚难达到此项要求；然而，我们很高兴台湾代表队却能够有中央研究物理所所长兼国立清华大学物理系吴茂昆教授(原国科会副主任委员)和台湾大学物理系高涌泉教授两位男士学者参加。两位教授对我们的工作不仅给予高度的认同和全力的支持，并不时提供非常有用的建议和想法。会前亦总在百忙中抽空参与我们多次的会议与行前讨论，此次会议中更全程参与热烈的讨论。此次会议共有来自65个国家的代表队，计三百多人与会讨论，来自各国的男性代表约占15%。三天紧凑的会程中在一天(3/7)一早的开幕式中分别邀请IUPAP的主席(President) Dr. Burton Richter, 在UNESCO组织中负责自然科学一般事务的助理理事长(Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences) W. Erdelen博士，和欧洲共同联盟研究部门组织的执行长(Commissioner for Research of the European Union) Philippe Busquin博士等人致开幕词的序幕中热烈地展开，每天早上的议程均安排数场的大会专题演讲，主要是由大会议程委员分别邀请美国、英国、法国、中国大陆、埃及、巴西、日本、俄罗斯、印度、德国、瑞士等国代表报告各国或各地居女性物理学家或工作者的发展情形、现况和所面临的困难，或对某些特殊议题的报告。每个大会专题报告时间加问题讨论为三十分钟，每场报告后的问题讨论和意见交换均相当踊跃热烈，甚至有些人谈到两性间不平等的议题时情绪显得相当激动。下午时间则全部用以作为分组讨论，大会会前事先规划了下列六大主要议题：Topic 1: Attracting Girls into PhysicsTopic 2: Launching a Successful Physics CareerTopic 3: Getting Women into Physics Leadership StructureTopic 4: Improving the Institutional Climate for Women in PhysicsTopic 5: Learning from Regional DifferencesTopic 6: Balancing Family and Career第一天下午讨论前三项议题，第二天下午则讨论后三项主题。为使每个人能够有机会和足够的时间发表自己的看法和意见，每一项主题又分成四个小组分开讨论，每一小组讨论共有两场次，每一场次的讨论时间为90分钟，共180分钟。大会要求代表队的成员能够平均分布到每一场次中参与讨论，且希望每一个人在同天的讨论中固定在同一小组中讨论，不要换来换去，以期能够掌握小组的全程讨论，不致有遗漏之虑。每一小组有一位引言人和一位负责全程会议纪录的工作人员。每场小组讨论完后，各小组引言人再自行利用会后时间汇整各小组讨论所得的主要综合结果，制作成投影片数据，并于隔天早上大会专题演讲时间内，提出各议题综合成果和结论的报告。有关大会的成立背景、会议经过、和目前世界各地女性物理工作者的现况简介可参阅附录一的简述；六大主题的会议成果报告和相关参考资料则汇整于附录二。本篇会议报告、以及这些会议结果报告工作小组将会陆续转译成中文发表于中华民国物理学会所发行的物理双月刊中，并上载于物理学会的网站上(.tw)。此外，女性工作小组亦将会随时撷取或转载来自IUPAP () 和其它国家女性物理工作小组的信息于物理学会的网站上，或我们近期将架设的专属网站，以供大家参阅并家和意见与信息。B、IUPAP 物理女性研讨会的决议(蔡丽玲协助译稿)会议中针对中小学、大学、研究单位、工业界研究实验室、国家政府、经费提供单位、研究计划申请单位、科学学会及社群和IUPAP组织委员们等相关单位提出了数个具体的决议。大会发送的英文版会议决议数据请参考附录三，或参考International Conference on Women in Physics网站: http:/www.if.ufrgs.br/barbosa/conference.html。一、导言物理是使我们了解我们所生活的这个世界的一个关键，并对各国的福利与经济发展具有重大的贡献。物理学家的知识与解决问题的技巧，对很多专业、工业、以及社会而言都是必须的。在今天这个快速多变的科技世界中，每个国家都必须有高度教育的女性与男性人口，以充分参与其制定福利相关的决策。因此，每一个公民至少具备一定的物理知识是极重要的。并且，各国文化里女性与男性多样且互补的不同研究取径，有助于增进对物理的了解，并且是一个令人振奋的智识挑战。目前，女性不但能，也正一直在执行这个任务，并通过物理对人类福祉做出贡献，只是人数偏少，成为尚待开发利用的智识库。不管是成为实验室里的研究者、科学领导者、科学教室、或是科学决策者，只有当女性能充分参与这些角色，女性才能感觉，生活在这个科技导向的社会，她们是对等的参与者。这个决议案的目的是要带领更多女性进入主流物理与扮演领导者的角色。这些决议案在二零零二年，八三月七日至九日在巴黎举行的第一届物理女性国际研讨会中，获得在场来自六十五个国家超过三百位物理学者的一致通过。每个国家的情形不同，因此每个国家的代表会将决议案翻译成各国文字。在翻译后，决议案将有适当的措词以送达各国的有关单位。一、 致中小学教学单位以及政府单位在中小学阶段，女孩在学习物理上，应与男孩获得相同的机会与鼓励。家长及老师鼓励女孩学物理，可以强化女孩的自信且有助于她们进步。用以教授物理的方法与课本，必须包含可以引起女孩兴趣与学习成就的教材。研究显示，年轻女孩强烈想要帮助改善人们的生活，因此在学习过程中，确保她们能看到物理对社会有正面冲击的机会是很重要的。二、 致各大学教学单位2.1 学生大学必须检视其政策与程序以保证女学生和男同学有相同的成功机会。所有带有歧视的政策都必须被废除，采用具包容性的政策。实务上可能包括：采用宽广的跨学科方式研读物理；采用弹性的物理入学标准；允许学生尽早参与研究工作；提供师徒式的指导关系，并使学生了解物理对其他科学、医学、工业、生活质量等作出的重要贡献。采用这些方法会特别对年轻女学生有正面的效果，她们通常觉得在物理里被孤立或不受欢迎。2.2. 教授与研究人员最近的研究显示，即使在杰出的研究单位，女科学家并没有获得和男同事相同的对待。这不仅对科学里的女性不利，长期而言，对整个科学界皆不利。大学必须检视其政策与实务并进行沟通，以确保做到促进平等。大学内保证透明与公平的晋用与升迁机制，是极具关键重要性的。其它引致成功的要素包括研究经费与设备的取得，以及充分的作研究时间。拥有家庭不应该成为阻挠女性科学事业的因素。对家庭友善的工作环境措施，像是提供育儿措施，弹性工作时间，提供物理双生涯家庭工作机会等，皆有助于促进事业成功。大学校务一般皆由男性主导，女性必须被延揽在校务与系务的操作上，特别是一些重要的政策制定委员会。女性必须参与那些决定她们命运的决策。对年轻女物理学者而言，让她们看到女性在研究，教学与领导等方面活跃是很重要的。三、 致研究机构研究单位将受益于有助女性科学家成功的政策。研究机构主管须确保促进晋用与升迁方面性别平等的政策能落实与加强。通常所谓的玻璃天花板即阻碍了女性事业上的进境。研究机构主管应主动确保对家庭友善的实务，例如育儿设施与弹性工时等，人人都可以利用。调查不断发现，对女人而言，首要考虑一直是如何在家庭与事业中求取平衡。拥有家庭不应该成为阻挠成功参与科学研究的因素。四、 致工业实验室工业界的实验室将受益于有助女性科学家成功的政策。业界经理人员和研究主管应该确保研究单位内促进晋用与升迁方面性别平等的政策能落实与加强。通常所谓的玻璃天花板即阻碍了女性事业上的进境。经理人员应主动确保对家庭友善的实务，例如育儿设施与弹性工时等，人人都可以利用。调查不断发现对女人而言，首要考虑一直是如何在家庭与事业中求取平衡。拥有家庭不应该成为阻挠成功参与科学研究的因素。五、致科学学会与社群科学学会与专业社群应该在增进物理女性的数目与成功上扮演主要的角色。每一个学会或社群应该有一个委员会或是工作小组负责此项任务，并对其社群提出建议。各社群应至少做到以下几点：和其它组织合作以搜集并发表女性在各阶段参与物理的统计资料；指认女性物理学家并将她们公众化成角色模型；延揽女性参加计划委员会以及社群赞助的会议或研讨位的受邀讲者；延揽女性成为社群期刊的编辑委员。六、致政府单位物理是我们了解我们所生活的这个世界的一个关键，并对各国的福利与经济发展有重大的贡献。因此各国应本着自己的利益提供其公民强健的物理教育以及支持更进一步的教育及研究。政府单位须确保在研究和教育上，女性和男性有一样的途径与机会。国家的规划与审查委员会应该包括女性，并且政府的奖励与补助应该只提供给具有性别平等政策的组织和机构。七、致经费提供机构提供科学研究经费的机构在促进个别科学家与整体科学的成功上扮演了关键的角色。过去的研究已指出审查过程有性别偏差的证据。因此，为确保女性和男性有相同的申请经费的机会，评鉴过程必须透明且公开；获得经费的标准必须清楚；所有评审与决策委员会必须包含女性。申请资格里对年龄的限制，或是补助的年限等，对以家庭因素请假的申请人极为不利的条文必须重新考虑。机构应提供与保持以性别来分的统计资料，例如申请与获得补助的男女比例与其资格。八、致IUPAPIUPAP是国际物理学家的组织，因此透过其声明与活动，其对物理社群具有可观的影响力。IUPAP应签署以上致其它组织的各项决议，并检视其行动以确保其对增进女物理学家的数目与成功做出贡献。IUPAP将此次研讨会的成果和其它领域的国际科学组织交换沟通也值得进行。IUPAP进行其执委会选举时，应订定法规使其选举程序提供女性完全参与的机会。IUPAP一向赞助主要的国际研讨会，其中一项赞助标准应是是否展现了女性被延揽在其国际顾问与计划委员会之中。IUPAP应要求会议召集人报告其所邀讲者的性别分布。IUPAP应该鼓励其所有的各国联络委员会延揽女性委员。联络委员会应在其国家倡导此决议文。IUPAP应继续此物理女性工作小组，并更强化之，以建立一个国际顾问委员会由各国派一代表组成，越多国家越好。最后，此小组将作为建立网络的基础，持续促进女性在物理的参与与成功。这些结论强调了下列几项事项的重要性： Giving the same opportunities and encouragement to girls as to boys to learn physics. Encouragement of parents and teachers strengthen girls self-confidence. Ensuring that female students are given an opportunity for success that equals that of male students. Promoting equity through policies and practices by establishing and publicizing transparent and fair mechanisms of recruitment and promotion of physicists and for review and approval of requests for funding. Enabling career success by providing a family friendly environment (child-care facilities, flexible working schedules and employment opportunities for dual career families) Including women in university and institute governance, particularly on key policy committees and in leadership positions; as well as on national planning and review committees. Collecting, maintaining and making available statistical data, including gender.会议研讨过程中大家一再地强调希望此次全球性的推动活动能够永续地经营下去，不希望在经过如此热烈的讨论后，却因会议的结束而划下休止符，或不了了之。故而在最后一天下午的闭幕讨论会(closing session)中，大会主席Dr. Marcia Barbosa综合了这些天的讨论结果及经大家选举出来的结论，希望各国与会参加者回去后在短期内能够进行并完成下列等工作事项：1. 将此次会议的讨论报告和决议转译成本国语言。2. 将转译的数据广泛传递给所有国内的女性物理工作者，以及男士物理工作者，以寻求普遍的认同，并正视女性物理学家的问题。3. 希望各国能够架设一专属女性物理工作者的联谊网站，以提升各工作小组的功能和加强彼此间的联系，并作为国内外相关人员查询与交换讯息用。4. 希望各国将此次会议展示的海报数据文件传给大会主席Dr. Marcia Barbosa，如果档案太大亦可自行公布在自己的网站上，但请提供大会网站的站名，使得大会的网站可以透过网站连结，以供其它国家参考用。5. 大会在短期内会将经此次会议讨论并修改过后的最后会议决议(conference resolutions) 尽速传送给与会者。在撰写此报告之际，正好收到大会传送来的决议报告，附于本报告的附录三中。6. 为期能够扩大这个会议的影响力，请各国小组回国后能够至少完成一篇会议报告，并送交当地物理学会委员或理事参阅，甚或刊登于国内相关期刊上以供所有物理界及中学生或家长阅读。7. 积极将此次会议中所讨论的事项和决议转达各国的IUPAP代表，期使他们将来在IUPAP的一般性整合会议(General Assembly Conferences)上能够大力支持本次会议的结论。8. 邀请在此会议中所结识的女性工作者至国内演讲、进行学术交流、研究合作、或教学访问，以增进女性工作者彼此之间的学术交流、提高相互协助扶持的机会，进而提升女性的研究能力、质量、和在学术界的地位。9. 深入了解女性学术生涯和职场进升的关键性困境和不平等的障碍，并广泛探讨与传递此议题，以寻求多方的重视和改进10. 协助更正中小学学生和社会大众对物理学科刻板且错误的印象，帮助教育一般民众认识物理的魅力和多彩多姿的有趣内涵。随此会议报告并附上于会议中发表的海报缩印本一份。致 谢此次代表队得以成行特别要感谢中央研究院秘书处、行政院国科会国国合处、以及大会在出国旅费上的支助。另外，我们也要特别感谢国科会驻法科学组副组长王裕隆博士和蔡琳玲秘书在语言翻译、住宿、及交通等多方面大力的协助。附录一 (Appendix I)Yields Many Recommendations for Improving Low ParticipationAn International Conference on Women in Physics has concluded that strong encouragement from parents and teachers will help bring more women into the field. Once there, support that includes equitable opportunities for research and funding, along with convenient childcare facilities will help keep them active. In todays fast-changing, technological world, attracting and keeping women in physics is important because the knowledge and problem-solving skills of physicists are essential in many professions and to society at large.The Conference, held March 7-9 in Paris, was organized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP). It brought together more than 300 participants - about 15 percent of them men - from 65 countries. The conference is one event in a series of activities that follows up the World Conference in Science (Budapest 1999). Women are traditionally underrepresented in physics and related fields, such as engineering, that require a strong physics background. Moreover, the percentage of women in these fields decreases markedly with each step of career advancement. The Working Group on Women in Physics was established by IUPAP in 1999 to understand why so few women go into physics as a profession, and to develop strategies for increasing their participation and impact in the field. It is believed that strategies for improving womens involvement in physics will likely apply to other professions that are essential to progress in a highly technological society.The working group, under chairperson, Dr. Marcia Barbosa (Instituto de Fisica, UFRGS, Brazil), initiated an international survey of women in physics and invited a team of physicists from each country to attend the conference. Each team was also asked to develop a brief report on the situation for women in physics in their country. The survey and the reports showed that the highest percentages of women among students awarded a doctorate in physics are 20 to 27 percent (India, Australia, Poland and France) and the lowest percentages are 8-9 percent (Japan, South Korea, Netherlands and Germany).The international survey obtained responses from about 900 individual women physicists in more than 50 countries. The factor most frequently cited as contributing to their success was encouragement from their families (parents and husbands). Also mentioned were the support of high school teachers, advisors, and professors; the womans own determination, will power and hard work; and participation in important international projects.The responses indicated some cultural differences among the countries represented, with family issues such as marriage and child care important factors in some countries, and less so in others. Women in developing countries are more likely than women in developed countries to be married (four out of five in the first case, compared to two out of three in the second). The perception that marriage affected work varies greatly in different countries: in Egypt, the US and Russia a majority of married women said that marriage had affected their work. In other countries such as China and France, very few women said that marriage had affected their work. Among respondents over age 45, about one-third from developed countries do not have children but only one in ten woman physicists in developing countries is childless. The barriers women mentioned include the problem of balancing family and career and overcoming the frequently encountered bias that women cannot do physics. The women who responded shared a strong passion for physics, and three out of four said that they would choose physics again, despite any difficulties or barriers they had encountered. Philippe Busquin, Commissioner for Research of the European Union; Walter Erdelen, Assistant Director-General for Natural Sciences at UNESCO and Burton Richter, President of IUPAP each gave a speech to open the conference and welcome the participants. Eleven invited speakers described the situation, barriers, and actions from every region of the world. These talks included a report from Japan that it takes women on average 10 years longer than their male colleagues to advance professionally to the rank of professor, and a report from the United States on a study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that found women professors consistently had less laboratory and office space and were paid less than their male colleagues. Discussion groups at the conference shared issues and successful practices related to six important topics for increasing womens participation and success in physics. Example discussion topics included attracting girls into physics, and launching a successful physics career, and preparing for leadership positions. The Conference adopted eight Resolutions directed at schools, universities, research institutes, industrial laboratories, scientific societies, national governments, granting agencies and at the organiser IUPAP. The resolutions emphasised the importance of Giving the same opportunities and encouragement to girls as to boys to learn physics. Encouragement of parents and teachers strengthen girls self-confidence. Ensuring that female students are given an opportunity for success that equals that of male students. Promoting equity through policies and practices by establishing and publicizing transparent and fair mechanisms of recruitment and promotion of physicists and for review and approval of requests for funding. Enabling career success by providing a family friendly environment (child-care facilities, flexible working schedules and employment opportunities for dual career families) Including women in university and institute governance, particularly on key policy committees and in leadership positions; as well as on national planning and review committees. Collecting, maintaining and making available statistical data, including gender. Having scientific societies focus on increasing the number and success of women in physics (making available statistical data, identifying and publicising role models, and appointing women to important committees and editorial boards). Each country team is translating the resolutions (attached) into their own language. The working group will request IUPAP approve the resolutions at its General Assembly in October, and carry them forward for implementation. In its role as the international organisation of physicists, IUPAP can make sure its own actions and processes contribute to increasing the number and success of women in physics.The conference participants agreed to network with each other in order to keep in contact, to publicize and advocate the resolutions, to monitor their implementation, and to evaluate their impact on the climate for women in physics internationally. The proceedings of the conference, featuring the invited talks, the reports from each country, and the summary of the conference discussions, will be published in the summer.The team from countryname consisted of NameA (institution, team leader), NameB (institution), NameC (institution)?.optional sentences could be inserted here to describe actions being taken by the country team.More details on the conference can be found at , under a link to the International Conference on Women in Physics. The conference was made possible by funding provided by more than 25 organizations, including international organizations as well as sponsors from within individual countries in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North America.附 录 二 (Appendix II)Topic 1: Attracting Girls into PhysicsIssues: stereotypes, role models, schools, teachers.(A) Problems with parentsHow to motivate parents into sending girl children to schools, to better schools, to spend money on their education? To see girls as potential careerists, not just home-makers.To see education not just as route to marriage?Science versus humanities. Why are more girls encouraged to study humanities by parents? To emphasize importance of science education for all, problem solving training, scientific approach.Possible solutions: Counseling for parents in schools? (B) Problems with societyWomens independence and career not taken very seriously, secondary to the husbands career, therefore better to train for softer options?Even within science, why biology is preferred to physics?More girls in biology, enroute to medicine, seen as desirable career for women.Positive perceptions of women as doctors, so potential good students go to biology.Very recent trend towards maths and physics even for girls, enroute to careers in information technology again seen as desirable. Is it global or only in particular countries? Engineering careers seen as undesirable everywhere?Special third world problems:Gradual increase in women in sciences, and physics, over the years, mainly in the information technology industry in past 10 years or so, but not seen in academics, because of low prestige associated with teaching and academic careers, low-paying.No clear perception of what scientists do (general problem for boys too).(C) Problems with teachers and in schoolsTeachers perceptions and prejudices. Many teachers including women dismissive of girls abilities, maths and physics perceived as hard, why study hard because softer options like humanities available which fit in with societys expectations from them?Main need - teacher training to remove their own prejudices.Do girls need counseling, particularly in higher classes to maintain their interests and not fall in with societal expectations?Why do more girls opt for humanities than sciences? More for biology than physics or maths? What about the self-assessment of girls?Do they themselves perceive themselves as less able at young ages?Co-ed schools have better teachers, but drawback, do women tend to become less assertive? Will parents hesitate to send girls to co-ed schools?What about attitudes of boys in the class? Do boys see them as dumber? More bookish, less independent and able to think? Does this affect their self-image and confidence? Physics not well-taught.Private coaching for physics and maths because school teaching is not good enough, mostly for boys because more expensive? Often boys are forced to try harder by family and society, because of the perception that they are the bread-winners and need more paying jobs.More peer pressure on boys to do well (perhaps mor