国外社会心理学PPT课件.ppt

Chapter12 Thismultimediaproductanditscontentsareprotectedundercopyrightlaw Thefollowingareprohibitedbylaw anypublicperformanceordisplay includingtransmissionofanyimageoveranetwork preparationofanyderivativework includingtheextraction inwholeorinpart ofanyimages anyrental lease orlendingoftheprogram GroupsandIndividuals TheConsequencesofBelonging Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Copyright2006 AllynandBacon GroupsandIndividuals Groups WhyWeJoin AndWhyWeLeaveEffectsofthePresenceofOthersCoordinationinGroups CooperationorConflict PerceivedFairnessinGroupsDecisionMakingbyGroups Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Groups Group collectionofpersonswhoareperceivedtobebondedtogetherinacoherentunit entiativity tosomedegreeSomecommoncharacteristicsFrequentinteractionGroupisconsideredimportantSharedgoalsMembersaresimilartoeachother Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Groups SomebasicaspectsRoles setofbehaviorsthatindividualsoccupyingspecificpositionswithinagroupareexpectedtoperformStatus positionorrankwithinagroupNorms ruleswithinagroupindicatinghowitsmembersshould orshouldnotbehave Cohesiveness forcesthatcausegroupmemberstoremaininthegroupInfluencedby Statuswithinthegroup effortneededtobecomeagroupmember existenceofcompetition sizeofgroup Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Groups BenefitsofjoininggroupsGainself knowledgeBoostone sstatusStatusismoreimportanttopeoplewhoseekgroupmembershipasawaytoincreaseself enhancement versusself transcendence AccomplishsocialchangeCostsofjoininggroupsMembershipoftenlimitspersonalfreedomGroupsmakedemandsonmembersthatmustbemetMembersmaydisapproveofgroup spoliciesDisapprovalandthebeliefthatthegroupanditsmembershavechangedsignificantlycanresultinwithdrawalfromthegroup Copyright2006 AllynandBacon Groups Whatareyourthoughts Whatarepotentialconsequencesofinternalizingtherolesthatgroupsassigntheirmembers Isgoodcohesivenessalwaysagoodthing Whyorwhynot Whatareadditionalbenefitsofjoininggroups Arethereothercostsofgroupmembership Ifso whatarethey Whydosomepeoplerisktheirlivestojoinagroup Copyright2006 AllynandBacon EffectsofthePresenceofOthers SocialFacilitation effectsuponperformanceresultingfromthepresenceofothersPresenceofotherscaneitherresultinbetterorimpairedtaskperformanceDriveTheoryofSocialFacilitation Zajonc merepresenceofothersisarousingandincreasestendencytoperformdominantresponsesPerformancewillimproveifdominantresponsesarecorrect taskiseasyforperson Performancewillworsenifdominantresponsesareincorrect taskisdifficultforperson Copyright2006 AllynandBacon EffectsofthePresenceofOthers PresenceofotherscanincreaseevaluationapprehensionDistraction ConflictTheory suggeststhatsocialfacilitationstemsfromconflictproducedwhenindividualsattempttopayattentiontoboththeaudienceandthetaskSocialfacilitationeffectsareduetoincreasedarousalandcognitivefactors Copyright2006 AllynandBacon EffectsofthePresenceofOthers Copyright2006 AllynandBacon EffectsofthePresenceofOthers SocialLoafing reductionsinmotivationandeffortwhenindividualsworkcollectivelyinagroupcomparedtowhentheyworkindividuallyorasindependentco actorsCommonwithAdditiveTasks tasksforwhichthegroupproductisthesumorcombinationoftheeffortsofindividualmembersOccurswithbothcognitiveandphysicaltasksOccursinchildrenandadultsHowever itisslightlylesscommoninwomenanddoesnotappeartooccurincollectivistcultures Copyright2006 AllynandBacon EffectsofthePresenceofOthers DecreasingsocialloafingIncreaseaccountabilitybymakingcontributionsidentifiableIncreasecommitmenttothesuccessofthegroup staskIncreasetheimportanceofthetaskIncreasetheperceptionthatcontributionsofeachmemberareuniqueandnecessary Copyright2006 AllynandBacon EffectsofthePresenceofOthers Deindividuation characterizedbyreducedself awarenessandreducedsocialidentity broughtonbyexternalconditionssuchasbeingananonymousmemberofalargecrowdIncreasesthetendencytofollowthenormsofthegroup thecrowd whichcanresultinnegativeorpositivebehaviorsResultsinbehaviorsthatindividualsinthegroupoftenwouldnotperformbythemselves Copyright2006 AllynandBacon EffectsofthePresenceofOthers Whatareyourthoughts Underwhichconditionsissocialfacilitationlikelytooccur Whatcanbedonetoreducesocialloafinginacademicsettingsandintheworkplace Haveyouexperiencedtheprocessofdeindividuation Whatconsequencesensued Copyright2006 AllynandBacon CoordinationinGroups Cooperation behaviorinwhichgroupsworktogethertoreachsharedgoalsItoftenprovidesbenefitstogroupmembers butdoesnotalwayshappenSocialdilemmas situationsinwhicheachpersoncanincreasehisorherindividualgainsbyactinginoneway butifall ormost personsdothesamething theoutcomesexperiencedbyallarereducedInvolvemixedmotives cooperationorcompetitionExampleistheprisoner sdilemma Copyright2006 AllynandBacon CoordinationinGroups Copyright2006 AllynandBacon CoordinationinGroups FactorsinfluencingcooperationReciprocity basicrulesuggestingthatindividualsshouldtreatothersastheyhavetreatedthem reciprocalaltruism PersonalorientationCooperative maximizeeveryone sgain Individualistic maximizeowngains Competitive maximizeownandlowerothers gains CommunicationCanincreasecooperationwhenindividualsarecommittedtocooperateandnormstohonorcommitmentarestrong Copyright2006 AllynandBacon CoordinationinGroups Conflict individualsorgroupsperceivethatothershavetakenorwillsoontakeactionsincompatiblewiththeirowninterestsCausesofconflict bothsocialandcognitive Faultyattributions incorrectlyblameothersfornegativeoutcomeFaultycommunication receivingdestructivecriticismBeliefthatownviewsareobjective whileothers arebiased whichismorelikelyinpowerfulgroupsTypeApersonality individualswhoarehighlycompetitiveandirritable Wheninitialgroupperformanceispoorandnegativelyevaluated Copyright2006 AllynandBacon CoordinationinGroups ResolvingConflictsBargaining negotiation processinwhichopposingsidesexchangeoffers counteroffers andconcessions eitherdirectlyorthroughrepresentativesOutcomesareinfluencedbytacticsadopted whichtendtofocusonreducingtheopponent saspirations Toachievethisgoal beginwithextremeinitialoffer convinceothersidethatbreak evenpointishigherthanitis andthatoptionstonegotiatewithothersareavailable Tacticsthatareethicallyquestionableareattackingopponent snetwork makingfalsepromises misrepresentation andinappropriateinformationgathering Copyright2006 AllynandBacon CoordinationinGroups Outcomesalsodeterminedbytheorientationofthebargainerstotheprocess negotiationsare win lose situationsorarepotential win win situations Exampleofwin winsituationsareintegrativeagreements inwhichjointbenefitsareachieved Inducesuperordinategoals goalsthatbothsidesseekthattietheirintereststogetherCanreducetendenciestoexaggeratedifferencesbetweenone sgroupandtheopposingsideandtoderogatemembersofoutsidegroups Copyright2006 AllynandBacon PerceivedFairnessinGroups RulesforJudgingFairnessDistributiveJustice individuals judgmentsaboutwhethertheyarereceivingafairshareofavailablerewardsProceduralJustice judgmentsconcerningfairnessofproceduresusedtodistributeavailablerewardsBasedonconsistency accuracy opportunityforcorrections biassuppression andethicalityInteractional Interpersonal Justice extentthatdecisionsregardingthedistributionofrewardsareexplainedandcourtesyisshowntowardthosewhoreceivetherewards Copyright2006 AllynandBacon PerceivedFairnessinGroups FactorsAffectingJudgmentsofFairnessAffectivestatesPeopleusetheircurrentemotionsasaguideStatusFocusingonstatusinagroupleadstoaconcernaboutthefairnessofproceduresusedtodistributerewardsReactionstoPerceivedUnfairnessChangethebalancebetweencontributionsandoutcomesEngageincovertactions e g employeetheft Changeperceptionsaboutfairness Copyright2006 AllynandBacon CoordinationandFairnessinGroups Whatareyourthoughts Whatareexamplesofsocialdilemmas Whyisconflictbetweengroupsascommonasitis Whatcanbedonetoreduceit Inwhichsettingsarejudgmentsofperceivedfairnessimportant Whatfactorsmakeitmorelikelythatsomeonewillperceivethatagroupprocessisfair Copyright2006 AllynandBacon DecisionMakingbyGroups DecisionMaking processesinvolvedincombiningandintegratingavailableinformationinordertochooseoneoutofseveralpossiblecoursesofactionHowgroupsattainconsensusSocialDecisionSchemes rulesrelatingtheinitialdistributionofmemberviewstofinalgroupdecisionsMajority winsrule groupadoptswhateverdecisionmajorityagreedwithinitiallyTruth winsrule groupeventuallyadoptscorrectdecisionFirst shiftrule groupadoptsdecisionconsistentwithdirectionoffirstshiftinopinionshownbyanymember Copyright2006 AllynandBacon DecisionMakingbyGroups GroupPolarization tendencyofgroupmemberstoshifttowardmoreextremepositionsaftergroupdiscussionCausesinclude SocialcomparisonAttempttoholdviewsthatare better oftenmoreextreme thanothergroupmembersPersuasionviathecentralrouteduetohearingargumentsthatfavorthegroup sinitialpreferenceCaninterferewithabilitytomakecorrectdecisions Copyright2006 AllynandBacon DecisionMakingbyGroups Copyright2006 AllynandBacon DecisionMakingbyGroups PotentialdangersofgroupdecisionmakingGroupthink membersofhighlycohesivegroupsassumethattheirdecisionscan tbewrong thatallmembersmustsupportthegroup sdecisionstrongly andthatinformationcontrarytoitshouldbeignoredWhydoesitoccur HighcohesivenessamonggroupmembersEmergentgroupnormsthatsuggestgroupisinfallibleandmorallysuperior nofurtherdi