定语从句基础知识讲解.ppt

定语从句 Thereislittlethatismorerewardingthantocollaboratewiththosewhobringvisionandimaginationtoachallengingartistictask AndIgreatlyappreciatedthespiritinwhichweworkedtogether aspiritthatembodiedgenuinefriendshipandrespect STATEMENTFROMSTEVENSPIELBERGREGARDINGBEIJINGOLYMPICGAMESANDDARFUR Iwouldliketoapologizetoalltheladiesandtoalltheirfamiliesforanyharmorhurtthattheyhavebeenfeeling AttributiveClause RelativeClause概念在复合句中 修饰某一名词 短语 或代词的从句叫做定语从句 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 antecedent HeisanEnglishteacherwholikessingingsongs 定语从句 先行词 引导词relativepronoun 引导词 关系代词 who whom that which whose 关系副词 where when why 注意 1关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中都要充当句子成分 2当关系代词充当动词的宾语时可省略 当关系代词充当介词的宾语且介词不在关系代词之前的 关系代词也可省略 3定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词保持一致 4定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种 5非限制性定语从句中的关系词不可以省略 6 Antecedent的含义 Aword phrase orsentencethatisrepresentedbyanotherword forexample aPRONOUN 术语 先行词 前述词 InJanelostagloveandshecan tfindit Janeistheantecedentofsheandgloveistheantecedentofit 关系词的作用 1 连接作用把主句和从句连接起来 可以从句子之间有连词来理解 2 替代作用在从句中代替在它前面的先行词3 成分作用在从句中充当一个成分 区分定语从句和同位语从句 Titanicistheship sankafterhittinganiceberg which that ZhangGuorongisapopstar diedinthefallinMarch 2003 who that Beijingisthecityhasgotthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGames thecity getthechancetohostthe2008OlympicGames which that YeXinisanursediedinthefightagainstSARS anurse dieinthefightagainstSARS who that 定语从句的分分合合 两句话合成一句话 合并中了解定语从句 也可以进行一个相逆的过程 分裂中强化定语从句 Whichwomanisateacher Thewomanwholivesnextdoorisateacher 1Thewomanisateacher 2Thewomanlivesnextdoor 关系代词的用法 一 由who whom whose引导的定语从句 who用作主语 whom用作宾语 whose用作定语 whose n the n of whom which of whom which the n Thisisthemanwhohelpedme ThedoctorwhomyouarelookingforisinRoom201 DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu DoyouknowthemanthenameofwhomisWangYu Marylivesinthehousewhoseroofisred Marylivesinthehousetheroofofwhichisred Whichhouseismine 房顶是棕色的房子是我的 Thehouseismine whoseroofisbrown Myhouse Iknowthedoctor Hisdaughterstudiesabroad Iknowthedoctorwhosedaughterstudiesabroad Haveyouseenmybook Thebook scoverisred Haveyouseenmybookwhosecoverisred 1 Thestudent fatherworksinthefactoryissittingthere 2 Iliketherooms windowsfacesouth 3 Thisisthedesk legswerebroken whose whose whose 二 Which引导的定语从句 which在从句做主语或谓语动词和介词的宾语 Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool Thisisthebook which youwant Theroominwhichthereisamachineisaworkshop 注意 whom which作介词宾语时 介词一般可放在关系代词之前 也可放在原来的位置上 但是在含有介词的动词固定词组 中 介词只能放在原来的位置上 Thisisthepersonwhomyouarelookingfor which引导的非限制性定语从句 Ihavelostmypen whichIlikeverymuch Shewasawardedagoldmedal whichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonor Sheisalwayslateforclass whichmakestheteacherangry 三 由that引导的定语从句 that在从句中可以指人或物 在从句中做主语或谓语动词的宾语 Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly 主语 TheletterthatIreceivedwasfrommyfather 宾语 但不能放在介词后面作介词的宾语 Thisistheschoolinthatyouwillstudy Thisistheschoolinwhichyouwillstudy Thisistheschool which that youwillstudyin 注意在下面几种情况下必须用that引导定语从句 先行词是不定代词all few little much something nothing anything等 Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday Somethingthatweheardwasofgreattruth 当先行词是all everybody nobody anybody等不定代词时 如关系代词在从句中当主语 则优先选用who连接主从句 Anybodywhorefusedtobowwasthrownintoprisonwithouttrial Everybodywhowerewillingtoseethefilmsignedtheirnameshere 先行词被序数词 thelast或形容词的最高级所修饰 ThefirstthingthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten ThisisthemostinterestingfilmthatIhaveeverseen 先行词被all any every each few little no some等修饰 Ihavereadallthebooksthatyougaveme 先行词被theonly thevery修饰 ThisistheverypenthatIamlookingfor HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto 先行词既有人又有物时 Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyremembered 当句中已有who或which时 为避免重复 WhoisthemanthatistalkingtoJohn 如有两个定语从句 其中一个已经用了which 则另一个用that Edisonbuiltafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseen 8 当先行词是tobe的表语时 或先行词本身就是从句的表语 e g Itisasongthatisverypopular Theschoolisnolongertheonethatitwasusedtobe 9 由who which引起的疑问句 e g Whoisthemanthatistalkingtoourheadmaster 10 与thesame连用 指同一物 构成thesame that时 只能用that 且不能用as代替 e g Thisisthesamemuseumyouoncevisited that 11 在there be的句型中 句子的主语是先行词 而且又是物 例如 TherearetwonovelsthatIwanttoread 我要读的有两本小说 12 以Hereis are 开头的句子时 例如 Hereisafilmthatwillmoveanyone 这是一部将使任何人受感动的电影 13 在强调句子中 并且以who which what开头时 例如 Whowasitthatwaslost 究竟是谁迷路了 此句中 最好不用who来代替that 避免重复 14 当先行词为way时 定语从句的关系词可以有三种情况 that inwhich或不填 Idon tlikethewayyoutalkedtoyourmother choosetheonethatisnotproperforthisblank A thatB whichC inwhichD B 15 在It stime句型中 后面的从句也可以看成是定语从句 通常有下面几种句型 Itis high about timethat主语 谓语 should v 过去式Itis序数词timethat主语 谓语 现在完成时 ItishightimethatI todothephysicshomework A goB wentC shallgoD havegone Itisthefirsttime hehasbeenhere A thatB whenC atwhichD which B A 四 as引导的定语从句 as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句 并在从句中做主语 表语和状语 构成thesame as such as等结构 Iwanttohavesuchadictionaryashehas Ishalldoitinthesamewayasyoudid Ilikethesamebookasyoudo as引导非限制性定语 在从句中做主语 表语或宾语 这个定语从句说明整个句子 可以放在主句之前 之中和之后 Theexperimentisveryimportant asindeeditis Asisknowntoall hestudiesveryhard Asweallknow Chinaisadevelopingcountry 常用于这种类似插入语的句式有asissaidabove asisalreadymentionedabove asisknowntoall asitis asisoftenthecase asisreportedinthenewspaper 注意 which和as的区别是 which不能放在句首 而as则可以 在句中时 as有 正如 就像 之意 而which没有 从句的结构为 主语 谓语 宾语 时 as只可以作宾语 不可以做主语 而which都可以 关系副词引导的定语从句 1 由where引导的定语从句 定语从句在修饰一个表示地点的名词时 常用where引导 Abookofficeisaplacewhereticketsaresold Where在从句中做状语 相当于一个介词短语 在本句中相当于inwhich 所以此句可以改为 Abookofficeisaplaceinwhichticketsaresold 因此定语从句中关系副词where 介词 which Thisisthehousewherehelives Thisisthehouse helives Thisisthehouse helivesin inwhich which that 2 定语从句在修饰一个表示时间的名词时 常用when引导 关键看在定语从句中所作的成分 状语 Istillremembertheyearwhenwestudiedtogether When在从句中时间状语 其作用相当于一个 介词 关系代词 Istillremembertheyear which that westudiedintogether Istillremembertheyearinwhichwestudiedtogether 3 由why引导的定语从句 关系副词why的先行词只有reason 在从句中表示原因状语 DoyouknowthereasonwhyIleftearly Why在从句中作原因状语 其作用相当于forwhich Doyouknowthereason Ileftearly 但如果关系词在从句中不是作状语 而是作宾语时仍用that which Thereason hegaveuswasunacceptable forwhich that which 关系代词和关系副词的选用 在定语从句中到底选用关系代词还是关系副词要看它们在从句中所充当的句子成分来决定 有时同一个先行词往往关系词却不同 1 Thisisthefactorywhich thatproducesTVsets Thisisthefactorywheremyfatheronceworked inwhich 2 I llneverforgetthedaythat whichwespenttogetherinthecountryside I llneverforgetthedaywhenhishousewasbrokeninto onwhich 3 Isthisthereasonthat whichhetoldyou Isthisthereasonwhyhewaslateforclass forwhich 介词 关系词引导定语从句介词 关系代词引导的定语从句多用于正式文体中 这样的关系代词主要是which whom whose Thisisthehouseinwhichmygrandfatheroncelived ThefilmofwhichI mspeakingistobeshownnextweek ThisisthemanfromwhomIlearnthenews 注意 这类句子中的介词也可以放在从句的末尾 这时关系代词可省略 Thisistheperson whom youaregoingtoworkwith 如何选用结构中的介词 根据从句中的谓语动词的搭配onwhichIspentfiveYuan forwhichIpaidfiveYuanThisisthebookfromwhichIlearntalotinwhichtherearefewnewwordsaboutwhichTomoftentalks 根据先行词的搭配习惯thedayonwhichIjoinedtheleague IstillrememberthedaysduringwhichIlivedinthecountry theyearsinwhichIstayedthere 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 定语从句补遗 1 定语从句分隔式定语从句即未置于先行词之后而被其他句子成分隔开的定语从句 通常用在下面两个种场合 1 有时由于先行词的后置成分较长 为使句子保持平衡 将其后移 2 有时出于修饰上的需要 避免千篇一律的语言格式 1 被副词或副词性短语隔开 Thereisamandownstairswhowantstoseeyou Iboughtabooktoday whichIwillgiveittoyou 2 被介词短语隔开 Iwastheonlypersoninourofficewhowasinvited 分隔式 3 被谓语动词或分词短语隔开 Thedaysaregonewhenweused foreignoil HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfieldswhenIshouldhavestudied 4 被分句隔开 Thereisnoman whateverhisfortuneis whoisnowengagedinanyearnestoffices Whatringdidyougive Notthatone Ihope whichyoureceivedfromme 5 被用作宾语补足语的形容词隔开 Haveyougoteverythingreadyweneed 6 被theonly of后的名词或代词隔开 HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoknowsRussianinourschool 2 but than引导的定语从句but可作为关系代词引导定语从句 同具有否定意义的主句连用时 有双重否定的意味 其先行词可以是人 也可以是物 此时but在意义上相当于 that not who not which not 只用于限制性定语从句中 Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents 此句的关系代词but在从句中用作主语 其先行词是few but相当于 whodon t 的意思 than作关系代词用在带有比较意义的句子中 其结构为 比较级 than 定语从句 Theboyhashadmorefoodthanisgoodforhishealth 关系代词than在从句中用作主语 其先行词是food 3 prep relativepronoun todo ratherformalanduncommon Wemovetothecountrysothatthechildrenwouldhaveagardeninwhichtoplayin haveagardentoplayinismorecommon 4 That specialcases Afterwordsreferringtomanner timeorplace thatisoftenusedinsteadofinwhich when orwhere Thatcanbeleftout I llneverforgettheSundaythatyoufirstarrived 5 agreementofpersonItismethatisresponsiblefortheorganization informal ItisIthatamresponsiblefortheorganization informal Cleftclause 强调句 Ask Itisthebankswhichwilllose notthecustomer Here thebankisemphasized ThecommonwordorderisThebankswilllose notthecustomers Re thatorwhich thatisthebetterchoicethanwhichbutoftenwedon tevenusethat He sthemanthatIme