阅读理解猜测生词的常见方法高中.doc

阅读理解越来越注重能力的考查。高考试卷阅读理解题设置的一个重要原则就是必须含有一定量的生词，而根据上下文猜测词义是提高阅读水平的重要途径。考生在应试中碰到一些不认识的词，这是正常现象，大可不必惊慌失措，也不要对某个词的词义纠缠不清，以致影响对文章的继续阅读、阅读的速度、阅读的质量，从而影响解题的效果。因此，如何通过语言环境和上下文联系，再结合正确的方法快速而准确地猜测出生词，对阅读理解和做好考题相当重要。有时，必须将生词撇开，继续阅读下去，也许等到将全文阅读完毕，你就会猜出生词的词义。另外，考生也可以通过派生、分解、转换、加减前后缀等方法来获取生词的词义。下面将分析一下近几年高考英语试卷中有关的题目。 根据同义词猜词义He replied quickly. But after he considered the problem more carefully, he regretted having made such a hasty decision.句中hasty 是生词，根据上文所提供的信息所知，hasty是形容词，与quick 同义。The old woman had a strange habit. She kept over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbors all called her eccentric lady.句中eccentric 是生词，根据句中所提供的信息，我们可以断定该词是形容词，与strange是同义。 根据反义词猜词义We can infer from the text that “computer-literate” means _.A. being able to afford a computerB. being able to write computer programsC. working with the computer and finding out its valueD. understanding the computer and knowing how to use it句中的computer-literate 是生词，根据下文所提供的信息：David does not see it that way. He says that computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”.考生可以断定computer-literate与people-literate相反。Unlike his brother, who is truly handsome man, John is quite homely.句中unlike是关键词。它提示了John与他的兄弟情况相反。由此可知handsome与homely是反义词。故homely应是ordinary-looking的意思。 根据定义猜词义文中常用解释性词语引出生词含义，如that is, mean, stand for, namely, in other words, to be等，有时用破折号，括弧来表示，或者用同位语、定语从句的形式出现。Have you ever wondered what a Degree might be worth to you in your job or career ?这儿or表示job与career同义，所以career译为职业较妥。Decision-thinking is not unlike pokerThis card game has often been of considerable interest to people.从后面句子的解释不难看出，poker 应是一种玩纸牌游戏。This card game 就是poker 的解释。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.句中herdsman是生词，但后面的定语从句已对该词作了解释，我们马上就能理解它的词义。 根据对比关系猜词义句中常有两个意义相对比的词，只要把握其中一词，就不难推出另一词的含义，这时句中会有 unlike, although, but, while 等信息词。考生可以凭借信息词进行推测词义。Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked. We passed the time telling stories.句中panicked为生词，数千人困在电梯中，情况应该不妙，可but 引出的后半句却告诉我们“人们还在讲故事消磨时间”，因此panicked 应为“慌张”、“恐惧”之意。One idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information.由前句中perfect information 到后面imperfect information 这一组对比关系的词，我们不难推断“Quite the reverse”应表示“对比、相反”的意思。 根据因果关系猜词义上下文中有连词because, as, since, so, therefore, sothat, suchthat 连接，由已知的“原因”推出“结果”，反之亦然。The biggest power failure happened yesterday. All of our ice cream and frozen foods melted.考生可以从停电的原因上猜出冰淇淋、冷冻食品化冰的必然结果，因此“melted”是“溶化”之意。There, his sister and brother, taking short and quick breaths and coughing, collapsed on the lawn.文中的兄妹二人呼吸忽急忽缓，且咳个不停，最终的结果只能是“瘫倒”在草坪上了。上半句是出现的现象，导致结果是“瘫倒”在地。 根据上下文猜词义高考试题中，还有一些要求考生用上下文提供的情景和线索猜测词义的题目。这已成了近年高考考查的热点。What did Cory Luxmoore mean when he said “Im on high”?A. Im rich. B. Im famous. C. Im excited. D. Lucky此题要求考生根据语篇情境猜测词语的意义。考生从文中可以看出 Cory Luxmoore 丢失日记后，深感难过，后来日记失而复得，他对记者说“Its wonderful, Im on high.”。由此可以推断出“Im on high”应是“快乐，激动”的意思。The words “deluxe sedans”, “minivans” and “station wagons” used in the text refer to _.A. cars in the making B. car rental firmsC. cars for rent D. car makers通过上下文，考生应该非常轻松地判断出这些词应指cars for rent。 根据构词法猜词义在阅读过程中，考生还会碰到一些熟词的派生词和合成词，这就要看考生词汇功底是否扎实。如果考生平时注意词缀的用法，有意识地进行归纳记忆，考试时就会驾轻就熟，排除拦路虎，顺利抓住文章大意。有一年的高考英语阅读英语题中，仅recycle一词，下文就出现了4个派生词：recyclables, unrecyclables, nonrecyclables, recycled。分别译为“可回收利用的材料”，“不可回收利用的材料”，“无法回收利用的材料”，“被回收利用的材料”。利用构词法知识猜测词义，关键应在理解词根的基础上，掌握前后缀规律，如re-,non-,un-, im-, in-, dis- 等前缀和-able, -an, -ive, -ist, -ise, -ty, -ness, -less 等，要懂得这些词缀与词干结合起来可组成新的单词，即派生词。近年高考试卷中出现的派生词还真不少，如imperfect, yellowish, popularity, inexpensive, rethink, unmistakable 等。 根据同类关系猜词义请看下题：I like many musical instruments such as piano, violin and guitar.Guitar 与钢琴、小提琴同属乐器， 结合发音可知其含义为“吉