托福阅读-短培3.ppt

托福阅读强化班 阅读主讲 周日进 长难句分析断句提高阅读速度抓主干方法句子简化题 长难句分析 长难句为什么难 因为长 为什么长 语法结构复杂 什么是语法 单词短语组成句子的规则 句子成分多 长难句分析 托福阅读的句子为什么这么长 成分这么多呢 为什么我们写出的托福作文每个句子都很骨感呢 Howtoaddweighttoyoursentences 如何扩充句子 句子结构之母 名词 动词 其他成分 句子的扩展的三种方法 名词的扩展动词的扩展句子的扩展 Fengjieisagirl 名词的扩展 1 形容词 2 介词短语 3 定语从句 4 同位语 同位语从句 5 分词 现在 过去分词 6 主语从句 7 形式主语 名词的扩展 1 形容词 Fengjieisagirl Fengjieisadisgustinggirl 2 介词短语 Fengjieisadisgustinggirlofthe21stcentury 名词的扩展 3 定语从句 Fengjieisadisgustinggirlofthe21stcentury whohasjustgottheUSgreencard 4 同位语 同位语从句 Fengjie onceacashierinChina isadisgustinggirlofthe21stcentury whohasjustgottheUSgreencard 名词的扩展 5 分词 现在 过去分词 Fengjie onceacashierinChina isadisgustinggirlofthe21stcentury whohasjustgottheUSgreencard shockingeverycreaturelivingonearth 名词的扩展 6 主语从句 WhatshockseverycreaturelivingonearthisthatFengjie onceacashierinChina hasjustgottheUSgreencard 7 形式主语 ItisshockingthatFengjie onceacashierinChina hasjustgottheUSgreencard 动词的扩展 1 副词 thedescriptionsgivenbypeoplewhoclaimedtohaveseenthepumaareextraordinarilysimilar Itimmediatelyrunawaywhenshesawit 动词的扩展 2 方式介词 Ifthemoneywasnotpaidpromptly thegangsterswouldquicklyputamanoutofbusinessbydestroyinghisshop 动词的扩展 3 连词合并 and but Pawprintswereseeninanumberofplacesandpumafurwasfoundclingingtobushes Pawprintswereseeninanumberofplaces Pumafurwasfoundclingingtobushes 句子的扩展 1 状语 2 形式主语 3 强调句型 句子的扩展 1 状语副词状语分词状语介词状语从句状语 admittedly invariablyfrankly generallyspeakinginthelastdecadewhen if although since tounless because wherever sothat 句子的扩展 1 状语副词状语分词状语介词状语从句状语 FJhasgottheAmericangreencard althoughitishardtobelieveit 句子的扩展 2 形式主语 Itisdisturbing happy awefultothinkthat 句子的扩展 3 强调句型 Itis that ItisFJthathasgottheAmericangreencard althoughitishardtobelieveit 长难句分析 Althoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccordingtothematerialsusedtoconstructthem clay glass wood fiber andmetal itwasoncecommontothinkofcraftsintermsoffunction whichledtotheirbeingknownasthe appliedarts 长难句分析 Ifapothasnobottomorhaslargeopeningsinitssides itcouldhardlybeconsideredacontainerinanytraditionalsense 长难句分析 Sincethelawsofphysics notsomearbitrarydecision havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied artobjects theyfollowbasicpatterns somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits 长难句分析 Whatvariesisnotthebasicformbuttheincidentaldetailsthatdonotobstructtheobject sprimaryfunction 长难句分析 Eventhoughthefineartsinthetwentiethcenturyoftentreatmaterialsinnewways thebasicdifferenceinattitudeofartistsinrelationtotheirmaterialsinthefineartsandtheappliedartsremainsrelativelyconstant 断句 断句的重要性 不会断句 文章读不懂 不会断句 文章读不快 阅读是有快有慢的 匀速的阅读是错误的方法 断句 断句的重要性 六十老儿生一子人言非是我子也家产田园尽付与女婿外人不得干涉 六十老儿生一子 人言非是我子也 家产田园尽付与 女婿外人不得干涉 六十老儿生一子 人言非是我子也 家产田园尽付与女婿 外人不得干涉 断句 断句的重要性 南京市长叫什么 江大桥 南京市长江大桥欢迎您 如何断句 根据意群断句 意群可以是一个词 一个词组或短语 也可以是并列句的一个分句或复合句的一个主句 从句等等 一个意群中阅读速度快 意群之间速度较之慢 阅读速度 意群 1 名词词组1 冠词 名词 例 acountry2 名词 名词 例 coumradeLi3 指示代词 名词 例 thisbook4 形容词 名词 例 naturalscience5 作形容词用的名词或分词 名词 例 NewYear sDaytheworkingclass6 数词 名词 例 thirty twonote books7 数词 数词 例 223 twohundredandtwenty three8 不定代词 名词 例 someink 意群 2 介词短语fromnowonwithaneffort 3 副词短语dayandnightfirstofall 4 副词 介词短语earlyinthemorningfarintothenight 5 副词 动词 或动词 副词quiteunderstandstudyhard 6 分词 不定式totakearesttohaveameetingencouragedbyhimlivingonearth 意群 7 名词性从句 包括主语从句 表语从句和宾语从句Thathewillcomehere iscertain 主语从句 Thisis howhestudiesEnglish 表语从句 Hetoldme whereIcouldfindmybook 宾语从句 8 定语从句Thisisafactory thatmakescloth 意群 9 状语从句 状语从句可以放在句首或句末 放在句首时 从句后通常要用逗号 放在句末时 从句一般不用逗号 Iwaited tillhecomeback Becauseheisill hecannotcome Hecan tcome becauseheisill Weworkedfast sothatwefinishourplan 意群训练 Althoughwenowtendtorefertothevariouscraftsaccordingtothematerialsusedtoconstructthem clay glass wood fiber andmetal itwasoncecommontothinkofcraftsintermsoffunction whichledtotheirbeingknownasthe appliedarts Althoughwenowtendto refertothevariouscrafts accordingtothematerials usedtoconstructthem clay glass wood fiber andmetal itwasoncecommon tothinkofcrafts intermsoffunction whichledtotheirbeingknownasthe appliedarts 意群训练 Thereis ampleconcreteevidenceofmusicalinstruments datingbacktotheStoneAge andmuchpresumptiveevidence abouttheroleofmusic inorganizingworkgroups huntingparties andreligiousrites ThereisampleconcreteevidenceofmusicalinstrumentsdatingbacktotheStoneAgeandmuchpresumptiveevidenceabouttheroleofmusicinorganizingworkgroups huntingparties andreligiousrites 意群训练 Somecomposers suchasScriabin haveemphasizedtheimportance oftherhythmicaspectofmusic bytranslatingtheirworks intorhythmicseriesofcoloredforms Others suchasStravinsky havestressedthesignificance ofseeingmusic performedbyanorchestraoradancetroupe Somecomposers suchasScriabin haveemphasizedtheimportanceoftherhythmicaspectofmusicbytranslatingtheirworksintorhythmicseriesofcoloredforms Others suchasStravinsky havestressedthesignificanceofseeingmusicperformedbyanorchestraoradancetroupe 提高阅读速度 1 克服不良阅读习惯 默读 回读 过分精读 2 集中精力 训练方法 3 群读 4 跳读 6 做笔记 5 记时阅读 提高阅读速度的训练模拟 Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans whales porpoises anddolphins aremammals Theybreathethroughlungs notthroughgills andgivebirthtoliveyoung Theirstreamlinedbodies theabsenceofhindlegs andthepresenceofaflukeandblowholecannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals However unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds seals sealions andwalruses whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged 提高阅读速度的训练模拟 Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans In1979 ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade 提高阅读速度的训练模拟 Itshouldbeobvious thatcetaceans whales porpoises anddolphins aremammals Theybreathethroughlungs notthroughgills andgivebirthtoliveyoung Theirstreamlinedbodies theabsenceofhindlegs andthepresenceofaflukeandblowhole cannotdisguisetheiraffinities withlanddwellingmammals 提高阅读速度的训练模拟 However unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds itisnoteasy toenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceans areknownfromthefossilrecord Howwasthegap betweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhale bridged 提高阅读速度的训练 Veryexcitingdiscoveries havefinallyallowedscientists toreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans In1979 ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistan foundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetus inhonorofthecountry wherethediscoverywasmade 抓住干的方法 长难句 clickhere 抓主干 Howtoloseweight NOTLOSEGRAVITY 抓住干的方法 剔除四大修饰成分 1 which that whose who whom where when 句子 verb that除外 2 介词短语 介词 名词 3 非谓语动词 Noun done doing 中的done doing成分 4 插入语 逗号之间 破折号之间的东西 抓住干的方法 剔除四大修饰成分 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation seconomywouldbringsocialchaos Peoplewerehaunted 抓住干的方法 剔除四大修饰成分 Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits thatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturalpursuits 抓住干的方法 剔除四大修饰成分 ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone andinfact in1776 sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople 抓住干的方法 剔除四大修饰成分 Theargumentthathumans eveninprehistorictime hadsomenumbersense atleasttotheextentofrecognizingtheconceptsofmoreandlesswhensomeobjectswereaddedtoortakenawayfromasmallgroup seemsfair forstudieshaveshownthatsomeanimalspossesssuchasense Theargument seemsfair 句子简化题 0 1questionperset Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation 题目分类 含有明确逻辑关系的长句不含明确逻辑关系的长句 句子简化题 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 Thestructureofthebackboneshows however thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown eventhoughaflukewasmissing however 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 解题步骤 逻辑判断 半句细节对比 常见逻辑关系 因果转折对比并列 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 Thestructureofthebackboneshows however thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown eventhoughaflukewasmissing EventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown itdidnothaveabackbone ThebackboneofAmbulocetus whichallowedittoswim providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke AlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales Bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine aprojector fromhiminsteadofseveral Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 Forexample peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified asduringwartime arelikelytoactaggressively whereaspeoplewhobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively Peoplewhobelievethattheyarefightingajustwaractaggressivelywhilethosewhobelievethattheyarefightinganunjustwardonot Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoactaggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently Peoplewhonormallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence successfullyresistingthedestructiveforcesofnature butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort livedingeologicalterms Whentheyarerelativelyyoung hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature Althoughtheyseempermanent hillsandmountainsexistforarelativelyshortperiodofgeologicaltime Hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature butonlyforashorttime Hillsandmountainsresistthedestructiveforcesofnaturebetterthanothertypesoflandforms 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 TheWhigswerestrongestinthetowns cities andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy whereasDemocratsdominatedareasofsemi subsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically WhigswereabletoattractsupportonlyinthewealthiestpartsoftheeconomybecauseDemocratsdominatedinotherareas WhigandDemocraticareasofinfluencewerenaturallysplitbetweenurbanandruralareas respectively ThesemisubsistencefarmingareasdominatedbyDemocratsbecameincreasinglyisolatedbytheWhigs controlofthemarketeconomy TheDemocrats powerwasgreatestinpoorerareaswhiletheWhigswerestrongestthoseareaswherethemarketwasalreadyfullyoperating 含有明确逻辑关系的长句 Iftheporesarelarge thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold anditwilldrainaway butiftheporesaresmallenough thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld Surfacetensionisnotstrongenoughtoretaindropsofwaterinrockswithlargeporesbutitstrongenoughtoholdontothinfilmsofwaterinrockswithsmallpores Waterinrocksisheldinplacebylargeporesanddrainsawayfromsmallsizeporesthroughsurfacetension Smallporesandlargeporesbothinteractwithsurfacetensiontodeterminewhetherarockwillholdwaterasheavydropsorasathinfilm Iftheforceofsurfacetensionistooweaktoholdwaterinplaceasheavydrops thewaterwillcontinuetobeheldfirmlyinplaceasathinfilmwhenlargeporesexist 正确答案形式 原文主干结构精确改写 不含明确逻辑关系的长句 错误答案形式 1主干变动或丢失2新信息3新关系 不含明确逻辑关系的长句 Windvelocityalsoincreaseswithaltitudeandmaycauseseriousstressfortrees asismadeevidentbythedeformedshapesathighaltitudes Becauseoftheirdeformedshapesathighaltitudes treesarenotlikelytobeseriouslyharmedbythestrongwindstypicalofthosealtitudes Asaltitudeincreases thevelocityofwindsincrease leadingtoaseriousdecreaseinthenumberoftreesfoundathighaltitudes Thedeformedshapesoftreesathighaltitudesshowthatwindvelocity whichincreasewithaltitude cancauseserioushardshipfortrees Increasedwindvelocityathighaltitudesdeformstheshapesoftrees andthismaycauseseriousstressfortrees 不含明确逻辑关系的长句 Manyecologistsnowthinkthattherelativelong termstabilityofclimaxcommunitiescomesnotfromdiversitybutfromthe patchiness oftheenvironment anenvironmentthatvariesfromplacetoplacesupportsmorekindsoforganismsthananenvironmentthatisuniform Ecologistsnowthinkthatthestabilityofanenvironmentisaresultofdiversityratherthanpatchiness Patchyenvironmentsthatvaryfromplacetoplacedonotoftenhavehighspeciesdiversity Uniformenvironmentscannotbeclimaxcommunitiesbecausetheydonotsupportasmanytypesoforganismsaspatchyenvironments Apatchyenviro