中国矿业大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题.doc

中国矿业大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One Cloze (15 points)Directions: Fill each of the blanks in the passage with one suitable word.The Indians rise soon as it is light, the children run down to the river to swim, the woman go to the creek to bring fresh water. Soon maize soup is being prepared for (1) _. Before noon they will eat again, usually fish, meat and bananas, the fruit of the “chontadure” palm and a drink of “chicha”. When the sun has (2) _ over the river, some of the younger women go (3) _ their children by canoe to their forest plantation to (4) _ maize, bananas and wild fruits. The older women stay in the house making pots which are (5) _ for drinking water and for “chicha”. Later they have to (6) _ the evening meal and look after the children. The women do most of the daily work and each (7) _ day involves much the same (8) _. The men, who may have been hunting during the night, (9) _ the day repairing nets, replacing an arrow lost while hunting, fishing with hook and line or “atarraya” net.In January after the rains, (10) _ men and women go to the forest plantation to sow maize. (11) _, in August and September, they sow a (12) _ crop. Four months after each (13) _, the maize is ready for harvesting by the women. At nightfall the family congregates once (14) _, and after the babies are (15) _ in their hammocks they discuss the days events.Part Two Reading Comprehension (40 points)Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:The energy crisis, which is being felt around the world, has dramatized how the careless use of the earths resources has brought the whole world to the brink of disaster. The over-development of motor transport, with its increase of more cars, more highways, more pollution, more suburbs, more commuting, has contributed to the near destruction of our cities. The disaster has arrived in the form of the energy crisis.Our present situation is unlike war, revolution or depression. Worldwide resources exploitation and energy use have brought us to a state where long range planning is essential. What we need is not a continuation of our present serious state, which endangers the future of our country, our children, and our earth, but a movement forward to a new norm in order to work rapidly and effectively on planetary problems.This country has been falling back under the continuing exposures of loss of morality and the revelation that lawbreaking has reached into the highest places in the land. There is a strong demand for moral revival and for some devotion that is vast enough and yet personal enough to enlist the devotion of all. In the past it has been only in a way in defense of their own country and their own ideals that any people have been able to devote themselves wholeheartedly.This is the first time that we have been asked to defend ourselves and what we hold dear in cooperation with all the other inhabitants of this planet, who share with us the same endangered air and the same endangered oceans. There is a common need to reassess our present course, to change that course and to devise new methods through which the world can survive. This is a priceless opportunity.To grasp it we need a widespread understanding of nature if the crisis confronting usand the worldis a crisis that is no passing inconvenience, no by-product of the ambitions of the oil producing countries, no environmentalists mere fears, no by-product of any present system of government. What we face is the outcome of the invention of the last four hundred years. What we need is a transformed life style. This new life style can flow directly from science and technology, but its acceptance depends on a sincere devotion to finding a higher quality of life for the worlds children and future generation.1Which condition does the author feel has nearly destroyed our cities?ALack of financial planning.BThe breakup of the family.CNatural disasters in many regions.DThe excessive growth of motors.2The author in the second paragraph states what we need in our present situation is_.Aa continuation of our present serious stateBworldwide resources exploitation and energy useCa movement forward to a new norm to planet research workDa state where long range planning is essential to us3According to the author, what is one example of our loss of morality?ADisregard for law.BLack of devotion.CLack of cooperation.DExploitation of resources.4By comparing past problems with present ones, the author draws attention to the_.Asignificance of this crisisBinadequacy of governmentsCsimilarity of the past to the presentDhopelessness of the situation5According to the last paragraph, what contribution does the author feel people must now make ?ASearch for new energy sources.BOutlaw motor transportation.CAccept a new life style.DAdopt a new form of government.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Futurists have identified two changes that seem to be central to contemporary social life. First, the United States is being restructured from an industrial to an information society. Second, modern societies are increasingly shifting from a national to a global economy. Futurists have applied a good many metaphors to these changes, including Daniel Bells “postindustrial society”, Alvin Toffiers “the third wave” and John Naisbitts“megatrends”. Common to these metaphors is the notion that American society is shifting from the production of goods to the production of services and from society based on the coordination of people and machines to a society organized around knowledge. These changes, it is contended, will afford a myriad of choices. The world will increasingly be one of many flavors, not just vanilla (香草) or chocolate.Many observers of contemporary American life believe that we are witnessing a historical change and the first major impact of the shift from an energy economy to an information economy. For 300 years technology has been cast in a mechanical model, one based on the combustion processes that go on inside a star like the sun. The steam engine opened the mechanical age, and it reached its peak with the discovery of nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, which replicated the energy producing processes of a star. We now seem to be moving toward a biological model based on information and involving the intensive use of materials. Although biological processes need physical energy and materials, they tend to substitute information for both. Biological processes “miniaturize” size, energy, and materials by “exploding” information. The human brain is some ten times the size and weight of the brain of a lemur, but it handles a billion times more information. As a result, high tech industries are information intensive rather than energy or material intensive.Sociologists have played and will continue to play an important role in assessing and interpreting these developments and other aspects of change.6It can be inferred that underlying the two changes is the change of_.A the instrument of production Bthe size of the societyCthe social structure Dthe economic market7With what does the mechanical age reach its highest point?AThe steam engine. BNuclear power production.CThe combustion process. DThe energy producing process of the sun.8With the coming of the information age, the society is becoming _.Amore intolerable. Blarger.Cmore varied. Da more pleasant place.9What characterizes the information society?AThe amount of knowledge to be learned.BPhysical energy and materials.CRapid change and its social effects.DSmall size and high capacity.10What is the attitude of the author towards the function of sociologists in the great changes?ACritical. BPositive. CNegative. DIndifferent.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:In the past oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoesby transplanting them. First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other remains, and then scattered clean shells about. Next they “planted” fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat (贝卵). The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food. Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them in other waters to speed up their growth, and then transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy peoples needs. But today the delicious seafood is no longer available in abundance. The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900s marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food. So they set up well-quipped hatcheries and went to work. But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs. They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. And they knew little about the predators that attacked and ate baby oysters by the millions. They failed, but they doggedly (努力) kept at it. Finally, in the 1940s a significant breakthrough was made.The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to lay eggs not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring. Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities (盐分) and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!11Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?AThe Threatened Extinction of Marine Life.BThe Cultivation of Oysters.CThe Discoveries Made by Marine Biologists.DThe Varieties of Wild Oysters.12At what stage of oysters did farmers begin to speed up their growth and fatten them up in the past?AShell. BEgg. CLarvae. DSpat.13According to the passage, which of the following words best describes the efforts of the marine biologists working with oysters?APersistent. BIntermittent. CTraditional. DFruitless.14In the passage, the author mentions that the new strains of oyster are_.Acheaper Bshaped differentlyCbetter textured Dhealthier15Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?AStep by step description of the evolution of marine biology.BDiscussion of chronological events concerning oyster production.CRandom presentation of facts about oysters.DDescription of oyster production at different geographic locations.Passage FourQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Writing to learn makes it possible to show learning in writing. Much of the writing you will do in college and at work will ask you to demonstrate what you have learned. The success of that demonstration will depend on, among other things, revising your writing to show your knowledge to best advantage. When you have begun to see what you want to say (frequently this becomes clear at the very end of a first draft), it is time to start thinking about how to present your ideas to others. It is time to start thinking about revising.Revising can be described as the most important (and frequently most neglected) part of writing. Novelists Doris Lessing has said that many novels miss greatness because authors are unwilling or unable to revise them. James Michener explains the importance of revision in this way: I have never thought of myself as a good writer. Anyone who wants reassurance of that should read one of my first drafts. But Im one of the worlds great revisers.Revising takes many forms. It means thinking about the audience for your writing. Who will read your work and why? It also means developing an overall plan for the writing that will make your ideas clear. Often the organization of a first draft will reflect your process of discovery, but that may not be the best way to present your ideas to someone else.Revising also gives attention to the style of language, to the structure of a paragraph, and to the shape of sentences and other forms that show learning to its best advantage in order to understand your point and change a word or a phrase to make your meaning clearer.Writing to learn and writing to show learning are never, of course, entirely separate processes. Writers frequently consider issues of demonstrating learning while writing to learn, and writing to show learning often leads to new understanding. In drafting, for example, you may start thinking about what an audience will need to know in order to understand your point and change a word or a phrase to make your meaning clearer. But understanding the differences between writing to learn and writing to show learning is central to seeing writing as a process.16The author thinks that revising starts when_.Ayou want to show what you knowByou think about your audienceCyou have discovered your ideaDyou have developed an overall writing plan17The chief purpose in revising your writing is for you to _.Alearn in the course of writingB show your learning to its best advantageCadd new ideas to your writingDuse an appropriate style of language18According to the passage, it is a fact that_.Ain revising, one should only correct some spelling mistakesBa good writer does not need to revise his writing muchCthe organization of a first draft is sure to be the best way to convey authors ideasDaccording to James Michaner he is a good reviser before he is a great writer19What Doris Lessing said helps to support the idea that _.Ahe is one of the worlds great revisersBhe is not a good writerCrevising is very importantDmany writers are unwilling to revise their works20Which of the following statements can be the best title of the passage?AThe importance of revisingBThe importance of writingCHow to compose good writingDHow to revise your writingPassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Bird wings have a much more complex job to do than the wings of an airplane, for in addition to supporting the bird they must act as its engine, rowing it through the air. Even so the wing outline ora of a bird conforms to the same aerodynamic principles as those eventually discovered by people when designing airplanes, and if you know how different kinds of aircraft perform, you can predict the flight capabilities of similarly shaped birds.Short, stubby wings enable a tanager and other forest-living to swerve and dodge at speed through the undergrowth, just as they helped the fighter planes of the Second World War to make tight turns and acrobatic maneuvers in a dog-fight. More modern fighters achieve greater speeds by sweeping back their wings while in flight, just as peregrines do when they go into a 130 kph dive, swooping to a kill. Championship gliders have long, thin wings so that, having gained height in a thermal up-current they can soar gently down for hours and an albatross, the largest of flying birds, with a similar wing shape and a span of 3 meters, can patrol the ocean for hours in the same way without a single wing beat. Vultures and hawks circle at very slow speeds supported by a thermal and they have the broad rectangular wings that very slow-flying aircraft have. People have not been able to adapt wings to provide hovering flight. That has only been achieved with the whirling, horizontal blades of a helicopter or the downward-pointing engines of a vertical landing jet. Hummingbirds have paralleled even this. They tilt their bodies so that they are almost upright and then beat their wings as fast as 80 times a second producing a similar downdraft of air. So the hummingbird can hover and even fly backwards.21Which of the following is not true according to the passage?ABird wings have to support the bird.BBird wings must act as the birds engine.CAirplanes wings must act as the airplanes engine.DSimilar wing shapes in aircraft and birds produce similar flight capabilities.22Modern fighter planes can be compared to_ in the way they move.Atanagers Bhawks Cperegrines Dhummingbirds23Which of the following birds beats its wings the least while flying?ARedwing. BAlbatross. CParakeet. DSwallow.24Why can the hummingbird can hover and even fly backwards?ABecause its wings are large enough.BBecause it can tilt its body.CBecause it has whirling and horizontal blades like a helicopter.DBecause it can produce down-draft of air by beating their wings very fast.25Whats the main idea of the passage?ABird wings are more complex than airplane wings.BPeople design airplane by looking at the wing shapes of birds.CHow can we make the airplane wings more efficient.DThe wings of birds and airplanes conform to the same aerodynamic principles.Passage SixQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Security and commodity exchanges are trading posts where people meet who wish to buy and sell. The exchanges themselves do no trading, they merely provide a place where prospective buyers and sellers c