高中英语语法积累精华.doc

【用法+案例】学透贯穿高中三年的16种时态时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。1.一般现在时 （do/does; is/am/are）表示现在的情况、状态和特征。例：He is a student.他是一个学生。 表示经常性、习惯性动作。例：He always helps others.他总是帮助别人。客观事实和普遍真理。例：The earth moves the sun.地球绕着太阳转。表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词，可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。例：The next train leaves at 3 oclock this afternoon.下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。在时间、条件和让步状语从句中经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将的来事情。例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。2. 现在进行时(am/is/are doing)表示此时此刻正在发生的事情。例：He is listning to the music now.他现在正在听音乐。表示目前一段时间内一直在做的事情，但不一定此时此刻正在做。例：I am studying computer this term.这个学期我一直在学习计算机。现在进行时可以表示将来的含义。瞬时动词的进行一定表将来。例： I am leaving.我要离开了。持续动词的进行只有有将来的时间状语或有将来语境中才表将来。例： I am travelling next month.下个月我要去旅行。现在进行时与频度副词连用，表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。例： He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。（褒义）3. 现在完成时(have/has done)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成，强调对现在产生的影响。例：I bought a new house, but Ihavent soldmy old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.我买了一所新房子，但是还没有卖掉旧的，所以现在我又两所房子。表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas have been challenged today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。4. 现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。5. 一般过去时 (did; was/were)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。例：I bought some fruits yesterday.我昨天买了一些水果。表示过去习惯性动作。would/ used to do：表示过去常常.例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。He used to visit his mother once a week.他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。6. 过去完成时(had done)表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的过去的过去。Until then, his familyhadnt heardfrom him for six months.到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。7. 过去将来时(would do)表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。表示过去某个时间段内一直在发生的事情。例：I was travelling in London last summer vacation.去年暑假我在伦敦旅行。过去进行时可以表示过去将来的含义。瞬时动词的过去进行时一定表示过去将来的含义。例：Then she said she was leaving.然后她说她要离开了。持续动词的过去进行时只有在有过去将来的时间状语或过去将来的语境下才能表示过去将来。例：She said that she was travelling the next day.她说她第二天要去旅行。过去进行时和频度副词连用可以表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。9. 一般将来时基本结构是will do。例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。表示“打算，要”时，可用 am/is/are going to do。例：This is just what I am going to say.这正是我想说的。 表示“即将、正要”时，可用am/is/are about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。例：Dont worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。be to do的2种用法：a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.星期一你准会在实验室见到她。b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。10. 将来进行时(will be doing)强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。例：Dont worry, you wont miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。11. 将来完成时(will have done)表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是在某个将来时间完成，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。例：The conference will have lasted a full week by the time it ends.会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。12.将来完成进行时：(will have been doing)例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。13.过去完成进行时：had been doing例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。14.过去将来进行时：( would be doing )例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。15.过去将来完成时：(would have done)例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。16.过去将来完成进行时：(would have been doing)例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。用13个句型记住高中全部语法！1. as 句型(1) as引导方式状语从句句型：“按照;正如”例：As(it is)in your country, we grow wheat in the north and rice in the south. 正如(像) 你们国家一样，我们北方种植小麦，南方种植水稻。(2) as+形容词/副词原级+(a /an)+名词+as ;否定式：not as/so - as例：He is as good a player as his sister.他和他姐姐一样是位优秀的运动员。(3) such + n. + as to do 如此以致于例：She is such a fool as to believe what he said.她是一个如此的一个笨蛋以致相信了他所说的话。(4) so + adj./adv. + as to do sth 如此以致于例：He was so strong as to carry the heavy box.他是如此的强壮以致于能提起那重箱子。(5) such.as. 象之类的 (接名词或定语从句)例：He wished to be such a man as Lei Feng was.他希望成为一个像雷锋这样的人。(6) the same +名词+as 和一样的 (接名词或定语从句)例：He is not the same man as he used to be.他不是从前的那样子了。(7) as 引导非限制性定语从句例：As is known to us, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。(8)引导时间状语从句，与while意义相近例：We get wiser as we get older. 随着我们长大，我们也变得越来越聪明。(9) 引导原因状语从句，与 because的用法相近例：As it was getting very late, we soon turned back.因为越来越迟了，所以我们不久就回来了。(10) 引导让步状语从句例：Child as he is, he knows much about science.尽管他是一个小孩，但他对科学了解得很多。2. prefer 句型(1) prefer to do sth例：I prefer to stay at home. 我宁愿呆在家里。(2) prefer doing sth例：I prefer playing in defence. 我喜欢打防守。(3) prefer sb to do sth例：Would you prefer me to stay? 你愿意我留下来吗?(4) prefer to do sth rather than do sth 宁愿.而不愿.例句：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.我宁愿呆在家里而不愿出去.(5) prefer doing sth to doing sth例：I prefer watching football to playing it.我喜欢看篮球，不喜欢打篮球。(6) prefer sth to sth例：I prefer tea to coffee. 我要茶不要咖啡。3. when 句型(1) be doing sth.when.例：He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.他正笑着的时候门突然开了，他妻子走了进来。(2) be about to do sth . when .例：We were about to start when it began to rain.我们刚要出发，天就开始下雨了。(3) had just done . when .例：I had just gone to bed after a very hard day when the phone rang.在劳累了一天之后我刚刚就寝，电话铃就响了。4. seem 句型(1) It +seems + that从句例：It seemed that everyone was satisfied. 看来好像每个人都很满意。(2) It seems to sb that .例：It seems to me that she is right. 我看她是对的，(3) There seems to be .例：There seems to be a heavy rain. 看上去要有一场大雨。(4) It seems as if .例：It seemed that she couldnt come to class.看样子她不能来上课了。5. 表示“相差;增加了;增加到”句型(1) She is taller than I by three inches. 她比我高三英寸(2) There is one year between us. 我们之间相差一岁。(3) She is three years old than I. 她比我大三岁。(4) They have increased the price by 50%. 他们把价格上涨了50%(5) His salary has rised to 10,000 yuan per month.他的工资已经涨到了每月10,000元。6. what 引导的名词性从句(1) what 引导主语从句例：What surprised me is that everybody seemed to be very indifferent to her.让我吃惊的是每个人似乎对她都很冷淡。 indifferent adj.不关心的;冷漠的(2) what 引导宾语从句例：We can learn what we do not know.我们能学会我们不懂的东西。(3) what 引导表语从句例：That is what I want. 那正是我所要的。(4) what 引导同位语从句例：I have no idea what they are talking about. 我不知道他们正在谈论什么。7. too句型(1) too . to do .例：Politics is too important to be left to the politicians.(=Politics is so important that it cant be left to the politicians.)政治太重要了，不能由政治家来决定。(2) only too . to do .例：I shall be only too pleased to get home. 我要回到家里就非常高兴。(3) too + adj + for sth例：These shoes are much too small for me. 我穿这双鞋太小了。(4) too + adj + a + n.例：This is too difficult a text for me. 这篇课文对我来说太难了。(5) cant too +形容词 无论也不为过例：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。8. where 句型(1) where 引导的定语从句例：This is the house where he lived last year. 这就是他去年住过的房子。(2) where 引导的状语从句例：Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者事竟成。He left his key where he could find.他将钥匙放在易找到的地方。I will go where I want to go.我要去我想去的地方。(3) where 引导的表语从句例：This is where you are wrong. 这正是你错的地方。9. wish 句型(1) wish that sb did sth 希望某人现在做某事例：I wish I were as strong as you. 我希望和你一样强壮。(2) wish that sb had done sth 希望某人过去做某事例： I wish you had told me earlier 要是你早点告诉我就好了。(3) wish that sb would/could do sth 希望某人将来做某事例：I wish you would succeed this time. 我希望你这次会成功。10. would rather 句型(1) would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿做而不愿做例：She would rather die than turn against his motherland.她宁可死也不去背叛祖国。(2) would rather have done sth 宁愿过去做过某事例：I would rather have taken his advice.我宁愿过去接受他的意见。(3) would rather sb had done sth 宁愿某人过去做过某事例：I would rather I had passed the examination last week.我真希望通过上星期的考试。(4) would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人现在或将来做某事例： Who would you rather went with you? 你宁愿谁和你一起去?11. before 句型(1) before sb can/ could 某人还没来得及例：Before I could get in a word ，he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。(2) It will be +时间+ before