中考宾语从句巧掌握.doc

中考宾语从句巧掌握宾语从句是目前初三学生正在学习的语法内容，也是初中英语的语法重点与难点。由于宾语从句是由陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句等转换而来，而且时态亦要发生变化，所以不少学生在实际运用中容易发生一些错误。现将宾语从句简单归纳如下： 宾语从句与其他名词性从句一样，也有三种类型：1由从属连词that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义，连词that常可被省略。例如：I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy. Cant you see (that) Im a bird?注意：1）当主句的谓语动词是think,believe等时，宾语从句尽管要表示否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：I dont think he will come.我认为他不会来。2）两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时，有时省去第一个从句的连词that，但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。如：He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.2.由从属连词if或whether引导的宾语从句表示“是否（有，能，已经）”等一般疑问句的含义。例如：I wonder whether (if) he lives here.The teacher asked whether (if) they were getting ready for the English Evening.如果要强调“究竟还是不”，常用连词whether引导宾语从句，后面再加or not或直接在whether后加or not。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。如：Id be interested to know whether he will see the film“House of Flying Daggers”or not.=Id be interested to know whether or no the will see the film“House of Flying Daggers”.3.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,how,why等引导的宾语从句表示“谁，谁的，什么，哪（个，些），何时，何地，怎样，为什么”等等特殊疑问句的意义。除了连接词及被修饰的词提前以外，宾语从句用陈述句语序。例如：To masked who could give the message to her mother.Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was.宾语从句的时态呼应：1）当主句是现在时或将来时的时候，宾语从句可以用所需要的任何时态。2）主句是过去时，宾语从句一般只能用过去时的某种形式；当从句叙述的是客观事实或一般真理时，宾语从句仍然用现在时态。3）情态动词must一般不用于过去时，但却可以用于主句是过去时的宾语从句中。做宾语从句练习要记住“一连词，二语序，三时态”。中考宾语从句的几个考点宾语从句的结构为主句+连接词+从句，考点大多出自连接词与从句，考查这些知识的题型常常是单项选择题、句型转换题与用动词的适当形式填空三种题型，以前两种较为常见。下面详细具体讲解一下考点：（1） 宾语从句的语序考生只要记住：不管这个含有宾语从句的复合句的句式是否为疑问句，宾语从句的语序是陈述语序（或者称之为正常语序），即主语在前，谓语在后，从句中不会出现像do,did,does这三个无意义的助动词。常用的出题形式为单项选择题、句型转换题（直接引语转换为间接引语此类的题）。例题 1.He asked his father _. A. where it happens B. where did it happen C. how it happened D. how did it happen解析：本题可以用排除法做，首先根据从句的语序应该为陈述语序可排除B、D，然后再根据主句的时态，可以排除A，所以答案选C.所以关于宾语从句的单项选择题是最好做。（2） 宾语从句的时态 从句的时态受主句的限制，符合这样的原则：“主过从过”如果主句的时态是一般过去时，那么从句的时态要变成相应的过去的各种时态（有一种情况是除外的，如果从句说的是客观的事实或是真理，从句的时态只能用一般现在时）；如果主句的时态是一般现在时，从句的时态要用所需要的各种时态，此时从句的时态就不受主句限制了。例如：1. There will be a meeting in five days. Jack didnt know.（变为含有宾语从句的复合句） Jack didnt know that there would be a meeting in five days.(主过从过)2.I dont know.They have finished their homework. （变为含有宾语从句的复合句） I dont know that they have finished their homework .因为主句的时态是一般现在时所以从句就用原来的时态就可以了3.The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun. 老师告诉过我们地球围绕着太阳转动。（是客观真理）（3） 从句人称的变化在把直接引语变间接引语这类题中，人称的相应变化是个考查重点，它遵循一个原则，“一随主，二随宾，三不变”具体的讲，即直接引语中的人称在宾语从句中要发生变化，如果是第一人称则要随着主句的主语变，是第二人称就要随着主句的宾语变化，如果是第三人称就不需要变化了。此类题常以句型转换的形式考查。请看下面的例子：1 “Do you want to try it?” Toms mother asked him.(同义句)Toms mother asked him if he wanted to try it. (仔细观察划线部分的变化 二随宾) 2.My mother told me .”He will come to see me.”(同义句) My mother told me he would come to see her (一随主，三不变)（4） 连接词的选择考查这一内容的题型主要是直接引语变间接引语。如果直接引语部分是陈述句，选择的连接词是that，如果直接引语部分是一般疑问句，选择的连接词是if或whether，如果直接引语部分是特殊疑问句，引导词为特殊疑问词。由此我们得出宾语从句的引导词可以分为三大类：that 不能用在主句谓语动词是ask.wonder等词的后面做连接词。ifwhether 意为“是否 ” 特殊疑问词 （5） 宾语从句的简化问题对于含有宾语从句的复合句进行简化，即由复合句变成简单句，可以分为两种情况：第一：如果主句的谓语动词是，ask,tell,hope,wish,decide,agree等，从句部分可以转化为动词不定式结构。例如：I hope that I can receive your email(改为简单句) I hope to receive your email.第二：有些以特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句，从句部分亦可以简化为动词不定式结构，即特殊疑问词+to do ,特别是当主句的谓语动词为know,ask,forget,remember,learn,tell,teach等。例如：I dont know how I can get to the hospital.（改为简单句） I dont know how to get to the hospital. 这类题也可以反过来做：例如：Lucy hasnt decided which trousers to buy.（改为复合句） Lucy hasnt decided which trousers I will can buy.(6)以IWe thinkbelievesuppose+宾语从句复合句中，变为反意疑问句时，要依据从句，而非主句。同时还应该注意这种句型的否定转移问题。例如：I dont suppose they will come, _ _ ? (改为反意疑问句) I dont suppose they will come, will they ？再如：She doesnt suppose they will come, _ _ ? (改为反意疑问句)She doesnt suppose they will come, does she ?以上便是本人简单总结的关于宾语从句的重要的中考考点，请各位学生仔细阅读，认真记忆，相信弄明白了以上六点，中考中的宾语从句相关考题，你便迎刃而解了。祝广大考生心情愉快，争取考出一个好成绩！宾语从句中考考点点击宾语从句在初中英语语法中有着相当重要的地位，几乎每年的中考都有对宾语从句不同角度的考查。笔者认真研读了近年来有关宾语从句的中考题，发现其考查的重点一般都集中在以下几个方面：一、连接词宾语从句的连接词分为三类：1.引导陈述句用that（在口语或非正式文体中常常省略）。2.引导一般疑问句用if或whether。注意：下列几种情况通常使用whether：（1）在具有选择意义又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether；（2）在介词之后用whether；（3）在不定式前用whether等。3.引导特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词。中考题例：Wed like to know _ or not.（2004年山东潍坊）A.whether will the sports meeting comeB.if will the sports meeting comeC.whether the sports meeting will comeD.if the sports meeting will come答案与解析：答案为C项。题干中出现了or not，所以连接宾语从句的引导词要用whether，故选C项。二、语序在含宾语从句的复合句中，不管主句是陈述句还是疑问句，从句一律是用“连接词陈述句语序”，其标点符号由主句来决定。中考题例：- Excuse me，could you tell me _？- Certainly.Its over there along the street on the left.（2005年吉林）A.where the Peoples Park isB.where is the Peoples ParkC.the Peoples Park is whereD.the Peoples Park where is答案与解析：答案为A项。宾语从句一律使用陈述句语序，故选A项。三、时态1.如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，宾语从句的时态可视情况使用任何一种相关的时态。2.如果主句的谓语动词是过去时态，宾语从句必须使用过去相应的某一种时态。3.如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句是用什么时态，从句时态习惯上都用一般现在时。4.情态动词could / would用于“请求”，表示委婉、客气的语气时，从句时态不受主句的约束。中考题例：Do you know _ this time yesterday？ （2005年黑龙江）A.what she is cooking B.what is she cookingC.what she was cooking D.what was she cooking答案与解析：答案为C项。由时间状语this time yesterday可知，宾语从句应用过去进行时态，故选C项。四、否定转移当宾语从句表示否定的意义时，若主句主语为第一人称且谓语动词是think / believe / suppose / expect等时，应在主句上加以否定。中考题例：I dont think _ rain this afternoon.（2005年江苏徐州）A.it wont B.its going toC.if its going to D.whether its to答案与解析：答案为B项。五、简化宾语从句在一定条件下，可以简化为“特殊疑问词+不定式”、“it +形容词+不定式短语”、复合宾语、动词不定式（名词、动名词、形容词或副词、过去分词）短语、名词和过去分词等。中考题例：I dont know what I should do with the letter.（改为简单句）（2005年山东烟台）I dont know what _ _ with the letter.答案与解析：答案为to do.当主句谓语动词是know，learn，forget，remember等，其后接疑问词（连接代词副词）引导的宾语从句，且该从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，宾语从句可简化成“疑问词（连接代词副词+不定式（短语）”结构，故空白处填to do。六、注意点if / when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if / when引导宾语从句时，意思分别为“是否”和“何时”，此时它们的时态根据具体情况而定。if和when引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果”和“当的时候”，此时如果主句是一般将来时，从句部分则用一般现在时。中考题例：Were not sure if it _ tomorrow.If it _，we wont climb the South Hill.（2004年青海西宁）A.will snow；snows B.will snow；will snowC.snows；snows D.snows；will snow答案与解析：答案为A项。题干中前句if引导的是宾语从句，后句if引导的是条件状语从句，故选A项。日常交际用语简表日常交际用语简表1.问候a.Good morning / afternoon / evening. Hello / Hi !A: How are you? B: Fine , thank you. And you? / Very well, thank you.2.介绍a. This is Mr / Miss /Mrs. b. How do you do? Nice /Glad to see / meet you.c.My name is . Im a student/ worker etc. ( here)3.告别a. I think its time for us to leave now. b. Goodbye! (Bye-bye! Bye!)See you later / tomorrow .( See you .) Good night.4.打电话a.Hello!May I speak to ? b.Hold on. Please. He / She isnt here right now.Can I take a message for you? c.Im calling to tell / ask you d.Goodbye.5.感谢和应答a.Thank you (very much ). Thanks a lot. Many thanks. Thanks for.b.Not at all. Thats all right. Youre welcome. 6.祝愿、祝贺和应答 a. Good luck! Best wishes to you. Have a nice / good time.Congratulations! b.Thank you. c. Happy New Year! /Merry Christmas! /Happy birthday to you. d.The same to you.7.意愿Im going to I will . Id like to I want /hope to 8.道歉和应答 a. Im sorry. (Sorry.) Im sorry for / about Excuse me.b. Thats all right. It doesnt matter. Thats nothing.9.遗憾和同情What a pity! Im sorry to hear .10.邀请和应答a. Will you come to ? Would you like to ? b. Yes, Id love toYes, its very kind of you / nice of you. c. Id love to, but11.提供（帮助等）和应答a.Can I help you? What can I do for you? Here , take this / my . Let me for you. Would you like some?B. Thanks. That would be nice / fine. Thank you for your help. Yes, please.c.No, thanks/ thank you. Thats very kind of you, but.12.请求允许和应答a.May I .? Can / Could I b Yes / Certainly. Yes, do please. Of course(you may). Thats OK/ all right. C. Im sorry , but Youd better not.13表示同意和不同意a. Certainly / Sure / Of course. Yes, please. Yes, I thank so. Thats true. All right / OK. Thats good idea. I agree (with you).b. No, I dont think so. Im afraid not. I really cant agree with you.14.表示肯定和不肯定 a. Im sure. Im sure (that). B. Im not sure. Im not sure whether / if . C. Maybe / Perhaps.15.喜好和厌恶 a. I like / love . very much. I like /love to . b. I dont like (to) I hate (to)16.谈论天气 a. Whats the weather like today? Hows the weather in .？ B. Its fine/ could/windy/rainy,etc. Its rather warm /cold /hot/ etc.today,isnt is?17.购物a. What can I do for you? May / Can I help you? b. I want / Id like How much is it?=Whats the price of it? Thats too much / expensive, Im afraid. Thats fine. Ill take it. Let me have kilo / box ,etc.c. How many / much do you want? What color / size / kind / do you want? D. Do you have any other kind /size/color, etc.?18.问路和应答 a. Excuse me. Wheres the mens / ladies room / toilet /restrooms/ washing room?Excuse me ,can you tell me the way to.? How can I get to ? I dont know the way. B. Go down this street. Turn right / left at the first / second crossing. Its about meters from here.19.问时间或星期、日期和应答 a. What day is (it )today? Whats the date today? What time is it? Whats the time , please?b. Its Monday/Tuesday/ Wednesday/ Thursday/ Friday/ Saturday/ Sunday. Its January 10th. Its five oclock / half past five / a quarter to five / five thirty, etc. Its time for.20.请求a. Can / Could you for me ? Will / Would you please ? May I have ? b. Please give / pass me Please wait (here / a moment ). Please wait (for )your turn. Please stand in line/ line up. Please hurry.21.建议和劝告 a. Youd better . You should You need (to) b. Shall we .? Lets What/ How about.?22禁止和警告a. You cant / mustnt If you , youll . B. Take care. Be careful! = Look out!23. 表达感情a. 喜悦（pleasure, joy ） Im glad / pleased / happy to Thats nice. Thats wonderful / great. b.焦虑Whats wrong? Whats the matter / trouble / problem (with you)? Im / Hes / Shes worried. Oh,what shall I /we do? C.惊奇（surprise）Really? Oh,dear! Is that so?24.就餐（taking meals）a. What would you like to have ? Would you like something to eat /drink? B. Id like Would you like some more? Help yourself to some c. Thank you. Ive had enough. Just a little, please.25.约会a.Are you free this afternoon/ evening? How about tomorrow morning / afternoon /evening? Shall we meet at 4:30 at? b. Yes, thats all right. Yes, Ill be free then . c. No, I wont be free then. But Ill be free d. All right. See you then. .26.传递信息a. Will you please give this note / message to.? B. asked me to give you this note. C. Thanks for the message.27 看病a. Theres something wrong with .? Ive got a cough. I feel terrible(bad) Idont feel well. Ive got a pain here. This place hurts. B. Take this medicine three times a day. Its nothing serious. Youll be all right / well soon. 28.求助 a. Help! B. Whats the matter?29.处理交际中的障碍Pardon? Please say that again /more slowly. What do you mean by ? Im sorry I cant follow you. Im sorry I know only a little /English.30.常见的标志和说明BUSINESS HOURS FRAGILE OFFICE HOURS THIS SIDE UPOPEN MENU CLOSED PULL PUSH ON OFF ENTRANCE EXIT INSTRUCTIONS NO PHOTOS NO SMOKINGNO PARKING DANGER! PLAY STOP PAUSE定语从句专题复习定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose(一般指人), that（指人或物）, which(指物)等。关系副词有： when（时间）, where(地点), why（原因）等。（1）关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who / that在从句中作主语）He is the man (whom/ that) I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/who/that在从句中作saw的宾语,可以省略） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose/of which cover（封面）is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。 which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：Rosa likes music that/which is quite and gentle.（which / that在句中作宾语）This is the book (that/which) Im looking for.（which / that在句中作look for的宾语）（2）关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：Do you remember the day when I saw you?(你还记得我见到你的那一天吗？)Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why（for which）he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year（that / when / in which）he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place（that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。（3）判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对）This is the mountain village（which）I visited last year.（对）Ill never forget the days（which）I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where，when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1：Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one例2：Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例1 D；例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中，主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）。（4）介词+关系词 介词后面的关系词不能省略。 that前不能有介词。 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?（7）关系代词that 的用法 不用that的情况a. 在引导非限定性定语从句时。The tree, which（不能用that）is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b. 介词后不能用。We depend on the land from which（不能用that） we get our food. 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a. 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。b. 先行词有the only, the very , the last, the same 等修饰时修饰时，只用that。 c. 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。d. 先行词既有人，又有物时。举例：All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。(a)Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. (a)那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。1. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday. A. that B. who C. whom D. this2. Is this the factory _ a lot of students visited yesterday? A. the one B. which C. who D. whom3. Is this the shop _ sells childrens clothing? A. which B. where C. in which D. what4. The hotel _ during our holidays stands by the seaside.A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed5. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday. A. which B. whom C. whose D. this6. The man _ next to us is my English teacher. A. whom live B. which live C. who lives D. /7. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister.A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing8. Ill never forget the years _ I lived in the country with the farmers _ has a great effect on my life.A. that; which B. when; which C. which; that D. when; who9. Ill remember the time _ we spent together in the country.A. that B. when C. during which D. at which10. I dont believe the reason _ he has given for his being late. A. why B. that C. how D. what11. Will you please show me the way to the only tall building _ stands near the post office. A. / B. in which C. that D. where 12. The last place _ we visited was the Great Wall .A. which B. that C. where D. it 13. He talked happily about the men and books _ interested him greatly in the school. A. which B. that C. who