英语国家概况(美国经济).ppt

英语国家概况 TheUnitedStatesofAmerica Chapter11 Economy TheUnitedStatesofAmerica Thinkaboutthesequestionsbeforewestart WhatindustrialdevelopmentstookplaceduringthecolonialperiodofAmerica HowdidtheCivilWaraffecttheAmericaneconomy WhydoesAmericatrytoreducetradebarriers Warming upActivities Contents US thecurrentindustrial economicandtechnologicalgiantrankingfirstincomputertechnology spacetechnology nuclearenergy andelectronics etc producingamajorportionoftheworld smachinery automobiles oil electricalenergy andchemicals Mixedeconomyemphasizingprivateownershipfederalgovernment regulatingbusinessesanti trustlaws GeneralIntroduction Privatebusinessesproducemostgoodsandservices Twothirdsoftheoutputgoestoindividuals Onethirdisboughtbygovernmentandbusiness Consumereconomy GeneralIntroduction HistoryofAmericanEconomy 1 2 3 1 TheColonialPeriod Massachusetts settledbyPilgrimstoescapereligiouspersecutionOthercolonies likeVirginiaandPennsylvania foundedasbusinessventurescontributiontoEngland scolonizingprocessofthewould beUnitedStateschartercompaniesKingprovidedacharterorgrantconferringeconomicrightsaswellaspoliticalandjudicialauthority 1 TheColonialPeriod Mayflower theshipthatcarriedthePilgrimsfromEnglandtoPlymouth Massachusetts wheretheyestablishedthefirstpermanentNewEnglandcolonyin1620 1 TheColonialPeriod Englishinvestorsturnedovercolonialcharterstothesettlers enormouspoliticalimplicationsColonistswerelefttobuildtheirownlives communities andeconomy thatis toconstructtheirnewnation 1 TheColonialPeriod appearanceofsawmills 锯木场 andgristmills 磨房 shipyards buildingfishingfleetsandtradingvesselssmallironforges 冶炼厂 Secondaryindustries 二级产业 Gristmill Ironforge 1 TheColonialPeriod Clearregionalpatternsofdevelopmentbythe18thcentury NewEngland ship buildingandsailing Maryland Virginia andCarolinas tobacco riceandindigo 靛蓝属植物 NewYork Pennsylvania NewJerseyandDelaware shippedcropsandfurs Thefieldwasopenforentrepreneurs 企业家 创业者 amongthecoloniststoestablishthemselves 1 TheColonialPeriod DisputesovertaxationandothermatterswithBritain Americans modification 减轻 oftaxesandregulations demandformoreself governmentMountingquarrel leadingtowaragainsttheBritishandtoindependenceforthecoloniesAmericanRevolution bolstered 支持 支撑 byanemergingmiddleclassrallyingcry inalienablerightstolife liberty andproperty 1 TheColonialPeriod 2 SinceAmericanIndependence U S Constitutionestablishedthenationasaunifiedmarket notariffsortaxesoninter statecommerce Federalgovernmentcouldregulatecommercewithforeignnationsandamongthestates establishuniformbankruptcylaws createmoneyandregulateitsvalue fixstandardsofweightsandmeasures establishpostofficesandroads andfixrulesgoverningpatents 专利权 专利品 andcopyrights intellectualproperty AlexanderHamilton seconomicdevelopmentstrategy 2 SinceAmericanIndependence nurtureinfantindustriesbyprovidingovertsubsidies 公开的补贴 imposeprotectivetariffs 保护性关税 onimportscreateanationalbankassumepublicdebts AlexanderHamiltonwasthefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryoftheTreasury aFoundingFather economist andpoliticalphilosopher ThenewgovernmentdidmaketariffsanessentialpartofAmericanforeignpolicy PresidentJacksonopposedtoHamilton snationalbank Whenelectedforasecondterm Jacksonopposedrenewingthebank scharter Businessespanickedinboth1834and1837 2 SinceAmericanIndependence TheIndustrialRevolutionBy1860 onethirdofthenation sincomecamefrommanufacturing Cottonclothproductionwastheleadingindustry Urbanizedindustry limitedtotheNortheast ImmigrantworkersBetween1845and1855 some300 000Europeanimmigrantsarrivedannually 2 SinceAmericanIndependence UrbanIndustrialization TextilePlant 2 SinceAmericanIndependence TheSouth ruralanddependentontheNorthforcapitalandmanufacturedgoodsEconomicpolicyunderPresidentLincoln 2 SinceAmericanIndependence In1861 adoptionofaprotectivetariffIn1862 thefirstPacificrailroadwaschartered In1863and1864 anationalbankcode 银行代码 wasdrafted NorthernvictoryintheCivilWar ensuredthedestinyofthenationanditseconomicsystemslaverysystemwasabolished makingsoutherncottonplantationslessprofitable Northernindustrysurgedahead Industrialists dominationinsocialandpoliticalaffairsDisappearanceofthesouthernplanteraristocracy 贵族 Secondindustrialrevolution 2 SinceAmericanIndependence Secondindustrialrevolution anexplosionofnewdiscoveriesandinventions Thediscoveryofoil Thedevelopmentoftypewriter Theinventionoftelephone phonograph 速记法 andelectriclight Refrigeratedrailroadcarscameintouse Carswerereplacingcarriagesandpeoplewereflyinginairplanesbythedawnofthe20thcentury 2 SinceAmericanIndependence 3 The20thCentury Experiencedaperiodofprosperityintheearly20thcenturySufferedGreatDepressioninthe1930sWallStreetCrashinOctober1929 3 The20thCentury PresidentRoosevelt sNewDeal 新政 interventionofthegovernment ensurethateconomicopportunitiesarefairandaccessibletothepeople preventflagrant 公然的 abusesofthesystem Dampen 抑制 theeffectsofinflation stimulategrowth HisNewDealwaspopularwiththeelectorate 选民 andledtoasuccessfulreelectionin1936 ReaganAdministration snewmonetarist 货币主义者 policiesintheearly1980scontrolovergovernmentspendingdeficitscuttingtaxestoenhanceeconomicdevelopmentraiseofinterestratesGeorgeH W Bush sloweconomicrecessionClinton economicrecoveryAppearanceofnewtycoons 企业界或政界巨头 BillGates 3 The20thCentury IICurrentAmericanEconomy 1 Agriculture Conditionsfordevelopingagriculture vastnessofthelandgenerosityofnaturerainfall riversandundergroundwaterallowingforirrigationwherenecessary AverageAmericanfarm 462acres 187hectares Successofagriculturelargecapitalinvestmentshighlytrainedlabornewmethodsforraisingcrops 1 Agriculture Modernfarmingdiseaseanddroughtresistantseedsfertilizersandpesticidesspacetechnologyutilization 1 Agriculture Let stakealookatAmericanfarmscenery Agribusiness avarietyoffarmbusinessesandstructuresfromsmall one familycorporationstohugeconglomerates 联合企业 由许多不同行业的公司组成的有不同经营范围的大企业 ormultinationalfirmsAmericanfarm slow costoutputOne thirdofcropsforexport Europe Asia AfricaandLatinAmericaAgriculturalimportslagfarbehind leavingasurplusintheagriculturalbalanceoftrade 1 Agriculture Farmers notworkonthefarmsfull time45percentwithotheroccupations240 000tenantfarmers rentlandforcashorpaytheownerashareofthecropstheygrowmigrantworkers hiredonlyforaspecificchoreAgricultureremainsthefoundationuponwhichAmericanwell beingandprosperityarebased 1 Agriculture 2 ManufacturingIndustry Largemanufacturingindustriesemployingmorethan24millionworkersHighlydevelopedmilitaryindustryAutocompanies Ford GeneralMotorsandChryslerBoeingAircraftCompany commercialairlinersOtherindustries food clothing etc Americahasformedanindustrialsystemwithlargeproductivity 2 ManufacturingIndustry DivisionofManufacturingActivities TheEastNorthCentraltheleadingregionover25 ofmanufacturingcapacitymotorvehiclesandothertransportationequipments non electricalmachinery andfabricatedmetalsTheMiddleAtlanticregionoccupyingthesecondplacealmost20 ofthetotalvalueaddedchemicalsandmachinery bothelectricalandnon electricalThePacificcoastregiondominatedbythemanufacturingactivitiesofCaliforniathethirdplacewithabout15 ofthetotalvalueaddedTransportationequipments foodproducts andelectricalandelectronicequipments TheSouthAtlanticregionthefourthleadingregionover10 ofthetotalUSmanufacturingoutputtextiles chemicals tobaccoproducts andapparelTheWestSouthCentralandtheEastSouthCentralregionsabout15 ofthetotalnationaloutputchemicals foodproducts electricalandelectronicequipments andnon electricalmachinery DivisionofManufacturingActivities TheWestNorthCentral NewEnglandandtheMountainstatesregion remaining15 ofthenationaloutputNewEngland electricalandnon electricalmachinery andfabricatedmetalsTheWestNorthCentralstates machineryandfoodproductsTheMountainstates foodproducts primarymetalsandnon electricalmachinery DivisionofManufacturingActivities 3 ServiceIndustry Tremendousgrowthinemploymentintheservicesectorsincethe1970sthreecategories servicesfortheaffluent commercialbanking lifeinsurance realestateandlawserviceswelfareservices healthcare education governmentandsocialservicesservicesprovidedbythepoor servicestobuildingsanddwellings retailservices 3 ServiceIndustry Advancedserviceindustry 4 High techIndustry High techindustriesrankingfirstintheworldMoreemphasisonspacetechnology electronics chemicalsandcomputingSuccessfulflightofthespaceshuttleLeadingcomputercompaniesintheworldLeadingengineeringandinformationtechnology 4 High techIndustry 美国计算机协会 AssociationofComputingMachinery 简称ACM 是一个国际性的科技教育组织 是世界上第一个科学性及教育性计算机学会 ACM致力于提高信息技术在科学 艺术等各行各业的应用水平 5 ForeignTrade USforeigntradeplaysasignificantroleintheeconomyTradepattern fromdomestic orientedtointernationally orientedReducingtradebarriers 贸易壁垒 andcoordinatingtheworldeconomicsystemPromotingbilateral 双边的 andregionaltradetoenhancedomesticstabilityandloyaltyofallies E