美国司法制度.doc

精品文档美国司法制度受到经济基础、政治体制、社会需求、利益平衡、传统习惯、文化等社会因素以及特定的历史条件的制约。American judicial system is restricted by economic foundation, political system, social demand, interest balance, traditional customs, culture and other social factors, as well as the specific historical conditions.美国是英、美法系国家。The United States is the British and American legal system countries独立前，原13个殖民地基本沿袭英国的法律传统，又根据各自需要自立法令，自成司法体系。Before independence, the original 13 colonies basically followed the tradition of the English law, and according to their own needs independent laws, from the judicial system独立后，1787年美国宪法对司法权作了原则性规定，1789年美国国会颁布的司法条例规定了联邦法院的组织、管辖权和诉讼程序，逐步形成了现有的司法制度。After independence, the United States in 1787 Constitution provides for the principle of judicial power, in 1789 the United States Congress enacted the judicial regulations provisions of the federal court organization, jurisdiction and procedure, the existing judicial system gradually formed美国司法制度的主要特点有：贯彻三权分立的原则，实行司法独立；法院组织分为联邦和地方两大系统；联邦最高法院享有特殊的司法审查权，等等。The main features of the American judicial system are: (to implement the principle of separation of the three powers, to implement judicial independence ;) the court organization is divided into federal and local two systems; the Supreme Court has special judicial review power, and so on.司法组织juridical organization美国法院组织复杂，分为联邦法院和州法院两大系统，适用各自的宪法和法律，管辖不同的案件和地域。The United States courts are organized into two major systems, the federal court and the state court, each of which is governed by their respective constitutions and laws, which have jurisdiction over different cases and regions.联邦最高法院是联邦法院系统中的最高审级，由1位首席法官和8位法官组成，其判决为终审判决，并享有特殊的司法审查权（见（美国联邦最高法院）The Supreme Court is the highest trial level in the federal system, composed of 1 judges and 8 judges, the decision is final, and has the power of judicial review州法院系统极不统一，一般由州初审法院、州上诉法院和州最高法院组成。The state court system is not unified, generally unified by the state trial court, the state court of appeals and the Supreme Court.法官实行不可更换制、专职制、高薪制、退休制。Judges cannot be replaced, full-time system, high salary system, retirement system.美国没有统一的行政法院，行政纠纷案件除由普通法院审理外，各独立机构也有权受理和裁决。he United States does not have a unified administrative court, in addition to the case of administrative disputes by the general court, the independent agencies have the right to accept and award.司法审查制度judicial review system作为联邦原则正式确定，始于1803年联邦最高法院的“马伯里诉麦迪逊案”。首席法官J.马歇尔代表法院认为,“违宪的法律不是法律”,“宪法取缔一切与之相抵触的法律”，明确宣布国会1789年颁布的司法条例第13条违宪，从而确立了法院拥有审查国会通过的法令的职权，逐步形成司法审查制度。As the federal principle formally identified, in 1803 the Supreme Court Marbury vs. Madison. Chief judge J. Marshall on behalf of the court found that unconstitutional law is not a law, constitution to ban all contradict the law, explicitly declared 1789 Congress enacted the Judiciary Act in Article 13 of the constitution, which established the court have the functions and powers of the Congress passed the review of the act, and gradually formed the system of judicial review美国的司法审查权由普通法院，主要由联邦最高法院行使，其方式是审理具体案件所适用的法律是否违宪，审查对象除国会制定的法律外，还包括总统的行政措施American judicial review by the ordinary courts, mainly by the Federal Supreme Court exercise, the way is trial specific cases in the application of the law is unconstitutional, re