九款命令行实用工具助你监测Linux磁盘分区及使用情况.docx

九款命令行实用工具助你监测Linux磁盘分区及使用情况监测一个或多个存储设备的空间使用情况是系统管理员最重要的任务之一，这有助于确保存储设备上仍有足够的闲置空间，以便高效地运行Linux系统。一、打印输出Linux磁盘分区表的命令行实用工具1. fdisk(固定磁盘)命令fdisk是一款功能强大、广受欢迎的命令行工具，可用于创建和处理磁盘分区表。它支持GPT、MBR、Sun、SGI和BSD等格式的分区表。你可以通过它易于使用、基于文本、菜单驱动的界面来运行fdisk命令，从而显示、创建、调整、删除、修改、拷贝和移动存储磁盘上的分区。下面这个fdisk命令将打印输出所有已挂载块设备的分区表：$sudofdisk-lfdisk List Linux Disk Partition TableDisk/dev/sda:931.5GiB,1000204886016bytes,1953525168sectorsUnits:sectorsof1*512=512bytesSectorsize(logical/physical):512bytes/4096bytesI/Osize(minimum/optimal):4096bytes/4096bytesDisklabeltype:gptDiskidentifier:82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430DeviceStartEndSectorsSizeType/dev/sda12048205004720480001000MWindowsrecoveryenvironment/dev/sda220500482582527532480260MEFISystem/dev/sda32582528463052720480001000MLenovobootpartition/dev/sda446305284892671262144128MMicrosoftreserved/dev/sda5489267211732951031168402432557.1GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda6187034828819227770875242880025GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda7192277708819535237113074662414.7GWindowsrecoveryenvironment/dev/sda81173295104117329715120481MBIOSboot/dev/sda91173297152118111027178131203.7GLinuxswap/dev/sda1011811102721870348287689238016328.7GLinuxfilesystemPartitiontableentriesarenotindiskorder.想了解fdisk命令的更多用法和例子，请参阅管理分区的10个fdisk命令实例(/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/)。2. sfdisk(用于脚本环境的fdisk)命令sfdisk用起来比较像fdisk，它可打印输出或者处理存储磁盘分区表。然而，sfdisk提供了fdisk所没有的额外特性。你可以像fdisk那样来使用它，它还支持GPT、MBR、Sun和SGI等格式的分区表。两者之间的一个区别就是，sfdisk并不像fdisk那样为SGI和SUN磁盘标签创建标准的系统分区。$sudosfdisk-lsfdisk Check Linux Disk Partition TableDisk/dev/sda:931.5GiB,1000204886016bytes,1953525168sectorsUnits:sectorsof1*512=512bytesSectorsize(logical/physical):512bytes/4096bytesI/Osize(minimum/optimal):4096bytes/4096bytesDisklabeltype:gptDiskidentifier:82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430DeviceStartEndSectorsSizeType/dev/sda12048205004720480001000MWindowsrecoveryenvironment/dev/sda220500482582527532480260MEFISystem/dev/sda32582528463052720480001000MLenovobootpartition/dev/sda446305284892671262144128MMicrosoftreserved/dev/sda5489267211732951031168402432557.1GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda6187034828819227770875242880025GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda7192277708819535237113074662414.7GWindowsrecoveryenvironment/dev/sda81173295104117329715120481MBIOSboot/dev/sda91173297152118111027178131203.7GLinuxswap/dev/sda1011811102721870348287689238016328.7GLinuxfilesystemPartitiontableentriesarenotindiskorder.想了解更多用法，请参阅sfdisk的参考手册页。3. cfdisk(curses fdisk)命令cfdisk是个简单程序，可用于打印输出和管理磁盘分区。它借助易于使用的界面提供了基本的分区功能。你可以使用类似功能比较强大的命令fdisk和sfdisk让用户可以查看、添加、删除和修改硬盘分区。使用向右箭头和向左箭头来移动菜单标签上的高亮部分。$sudocfdiskcfdisk Print Linux Disk Partition TableDisk:/dev/sdaSize:931.5GiB,1000204886016bytes,1953525168sectorsLabel:gpt,identifier:82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430DeviceStartEndSectorsSizeTypeFreespace2048204800B/dev/sda12048205004720480001000MWindowsrecoveryenvironm/dev/sda220500482582527532480260MEFISystem/dev/sda32582528463052720480001000MLenovobootpartition/dev/sda446305284892671262144128MMicrosoftreserved/dev/sda5489267211732951031168402432557.1GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda6187034828819227770875242880025GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda7192277708819535237113074662414.7GWindowsrecoveryenvironm/dev/sda81173295104117329715120481MBIOSboot/dev/sda91173297152118111027178131203.7GLinuxswap/dev/sda1011811102721870348287689238016328.7GLinuxfilesystemFilesystem:ntfsFilesystemlabel:WINRE_DRVNewQuitHelpSortWriteDump4. parted命令parted也是一种知名的命令行工具，可用于显示和处理磁盘分区。它识别多种分区表格式，包括MBR和GPT。parted可用于为新的分区创建空间，重新整理磁盘使用情况，将数据拷贝到新的硬盘，等等。$sudoparted-lparted A Partition Manipulation ToolModel:ATAST1000LM024HN-M(scsi)Disk/dev/sda:1000GBSectorsize(logical/physical):512B/4096BPartitionTable:gptDiskFlags:NumberStartEndSizeFilesystemNameFlags11049kB1050MB1049MBntfsBasicdatapartitionhidden,diag21050MB1322MB273MBfat32EFIsystempartitionboot,hidden,esp31322MB2371MB1049MBfat32Basicdatapartitionhidden42371MB2505MB134MBMicrosoftreservedpartitionmsftres52505MB601GB598GBntfsBasicdatapartitionmsftdata8601GB601GB1049kBbios_grub9601GB605GB4000MBlinux-swap(v1)10605GB958GB353GBext46958GB984GB26.8GBntfsBasicdatapartitionmsftdata7984GB1000GB15.7GBntfsBasicdatapartitionhidden,diag想了解更多用法，请参阅管理Linux磁盘分区的8个Linux parted命令(/parted-command-to-create-resize-rescue-linux-disk-partitions/)。5. lsblk(列表块)命令lsblk打印输出的信息包括：关于所有可用或特定已挂载块设备(不包括内存磁盘)的名称、类型和挂载点。$lsblklsblk List Linux Block DevicesNAMEMAJ:MINRMSIZEROTYPEMOUNTPOINTsda8:00931.5G0disksda18:101000M0partsda28:20260M0partsda38:301000M0partsda48:40128M0partsda58:50557.1G0partsda68:6025G0partsda78:7014.7G0partsda88:801M0partsda98:903.7G0partSWAPsda108:100328.7G0part/sr011:011024M0rom6. blkid(块ID)命令blkid这个实用工具可找到或者显示块设备的属性(NAME=值对)，比如设备或分区名称、标签、文件系统类型及其他。$blkidblkid Print Block Device Attributes/dev/sda1:LABEL=WINRE_DRVUUID=D4A45AAAA45A8EBCTYPE=ntfsPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=dcc4de2d-8fc4-490f-85e0-50c2e18cc33d/dev/sda2:LABEL=SYSTEM_DRVUUID=185C-DA5BTYPE=vfatPARTLABEL=EFIsystempartitionPARTUUID=b13c479a-d63b-4fec-9aee-f926fe7b0b16/dev/sda3:LABEL=LRS_ESPUUID=0E60-2E0ETYPE=vfatPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=d464feab-0791-4866-a36b-90dbe6d6a437/dev/sda5:LABEL=Windows8_OSUUID=18D0632AD0630CF6TYPE=ntfsPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=8a66bd5b-8624-4fdb-9ad8-18d8cd356160/dev/sda6:LABEL=LENOVOUUID=9286FFD986FFBC33TYPE=ntfsPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=92fbbea9-6bcd-4ae5-a322-c96a07a81013/dev/sda7:LABEL=PBR_DRVUUID=ECD06683D066543CTYPE=ntfsPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=0e2878a2-377c-4b35-9454-f1f2c6398405/dev/sda9:UUID=e040de62-c837-453e-88ee-bd9000387083TYPE=swapPARTUUID=f5eef371-a152-4208-a62f-0fb287f9acdd/dev/sda10:UUID=bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1bTYPE=ext4PARTUUID=26b60905-1c39-4fd4-bdce-95c517c781fa7. hwinfo(硬件信息)命令hwinfo通常打印输出关于系统硬件的详细信息。但是你可以运行如下hwinfo命令，使用- 这个选项，列出指定类型的所有硬件项(这里是磁盘等块设备及其分区)。如果只想获得摘要信息，请使用- short选项，如下面这个命令所示：$hwinfo-short-blockhwinfo Print Linux Hardware Informationdisk:/dev/sdaST1000LM024HN-M/dev/ram0Disk/dev/ram1Disk/dev/ram2Disk/dev/ram3Disk/dev/ram4Disk/dev/ram5Disk/dev/ram6Disk/dev/ram7Disk/dev/ram8Disk/dev/ram9Disk/dev/ram10Disk/dev/ram11Disk/dev/ram12Disk/dev/ram13Disk/dev/ram14Disk/dev/ram15Diskpartition:/dev/sda1Partition/dev/sda2Partition/dev/sda3Partition/dev/sda4Partition/dev/sda5Partition/dev/sda6Partition/dev/sda7Partition/dev/sda8Partition/dev/sda9Partition/dev/sda10Partitioncdrom:/dev/sr0PLDSDVD-RWDA8A5SH确保hwinfo工具已安装在你的系统上，那样才能获得上述结果。二、Linux下监测磁盘空间使用情况的命令行实用工具下面介绍了用于监测Linux磁盘空间使用情况的几个命令行实用工具。8. df(磁盘文件系统)命令df在终端上打印输出文件系统磁盘空间使用情况方面的摘要信息。在下面这个命令中，-hT参数选项符可报告文件大小、已用空间、可用空间和已用空间百分比，采用了人类可读的格式。$df-hTdf Show Linux Disk Space UsageFilesystemTypeSizeUsedAvailUse%Mountedonudevdevtmpfs3.9G03.9G0%/devtmpfstmpfs788M9.6M779M2%/run/dev/sda10ext4324G132G176G43%/tmpfstmpfs