英语词性转化.doc

英语构词法英语主要有三种构词法：转化、派生和合成。在高考中，凡超出考试说明词汇表范围的单词，若利用构词法能猜出其意义，均不加中文解释。新教材2000多词中派生词、合成词、转化词占近700个，可见其重要性。下面简要介绍一下这三种构词法。一、转化构词法：英语中的一个单词由一个词类转化为另一个词类而词形不变，成为转化法。这种构词方式主要体现在名词、动词、形容词之间的相互转化。 有大量的动词可以转化为名词，有时意思没有太大的变化：Let me have a try. We stopped there for a swim.He went off at a run to consult a doctor.This is for winter wear. Dont make it too tight.This was a great surprise（strike，shock）to my brother.有时意思有一定的变化：He was about the same build as his brother. Last years catch was four times that of 1986.This was a decisive move.They can be used as a stock feed。Women have a equal say in everything.。 也有相当多的名词可以当动词用。许多表示物件的名词可以用做动词来表示动作。Have you book the ticket？Who chaired the meeting？He pinned great hopes on us.It can seat a thousand people.We have mapped out plans for their utilization.It pictures the life of overseas Chinese students.He hurriedly penciled the time on it.By noon he had bagged three hares.The machine bottles15000 jars of cold a day.The money was all pocketed by corrupt officials.He hammered a nail into the wall.有些表示身体部位的名词也可以用来做动词。Hand in you exercise-books，please.Well not back up. We should dare to face any difficulty and danger.Who headed the delegation.Well headed for Yunnan tomorrow.We should shoulder these responsibilities. She fingered the silk gently. Im never interested in nosing out the details of someone elses private life. They eyed him with suspicion. 一些表示一类人的名词也可用做动词：If so，we shall be badly fooled.）He insisted on staying up to nurse the child.）We were hosted by members of the embassy.Our aim is to save the patient and not to doctor him to death.The equipment was manned by three workers per shift.He has soldiered in France in his youth.The army was officered by brave men.He claims to have fathered over 20 children.He fathered many inventions.一些表示其他实物的名词也可用做动词：Each apartment can house a family of six. I hope we can room together. This helped to bridge over our difficulties. They flowered well but bore little fruit. He floored the room.An aeroplane was used to dust insecticide.We decided to dam the river.He is busy oiling the bicycle.He wolfed down three great bowls of rice. The pill is coated with sugar.Executives，workers and technicians team up.此外，还有一些抽象名词等也可以用做动词：Where do swallows winter？ We summered by Lake Geneva.For six days and nights they battled to save his life.Through my childhood，I had hungered for education.This so angered us that we beat him up.They breakfasted（lunched） at the guesthouse. Over 1000 students stormed into the Senate building. 有不少形容词也可以用做动词：The train slowed down to half its speed. This is the chief way of narrowing the differences between them. Please warm up the dish over the stove. The room gradually quieted down.形容词转化为名词Her native language is German.You can always tell the difference between tourists and natives.Dont wash whites and coloreds together.The whites of her eye were bloodshot.Im only telling you this for your own good.Whats the good of earning all that money if you dont have time to enjoy it.It will do you good to your health.情态动词转化为名词His new novel is a must for all lovers of science fiction.I dont want to go against your will.Its gods will.Where there is a will, there is a way.There is no need for you to get up early tomorrow.We should meet childrens special educational needs.代词转化为名词She thinks shes really somebody in at car.She rose from being a nobody to become a superstar.二、派生在一个单词的前、后面加上词缀构成新词的方式就为派生。加在前面的叫前缀（prefixes），加在后面的叫后缀（suffixes）。前缀一般不改变词类，而主要决定一个词的词义；后缀一般不改变词义，而主要决定一个词的词类。（一）前缀1. 表示否定意义的常见前缀形式 un- 构成反义词，表示否定或相反的动作，经常附在动词、形容词、副词之前。unusual, uncertain, unwanted, unable, unfair, uncover, unnecessary, unhappy, unimportant, unknown, unpleasant, untouched, unlike, unexpectedly, undress, unfold, unlock, undo, I undid the package and took out the books.She undressed and got into bed.Everyone helped to unload the luggage from the car.The divers hoped to unlock the secret of the seabed. dis- 构成反义词，表示“不”, 经常附在动词、形容词、副词之前。 例：discomfort, disappear, dishonest, discover, disagree, dissatisfied, disappointed, dislike, disobey, disadvantage, disagree, discourage, disable, disallow, disapproval, disbelieve, disconnect, disharmony, You could be disqualified from driving for up to 3 years because of driving after drinking.Everything was in a disordered state.You have dishonored the name of the school.Her behavior has brought disgrace on her family.She disclaimed any knowledge of her husbands whereabouts.Most of the rebels(叛乱分子) were caught and disarmed. in-/im- 构成反义词，表示“不”，im用于以m, b, p等开头的词; 其余都用in-如：impossible, impolite, imperfect, improper, immodest, impatient, imbalanceinactive, inadequate, incorrect, incomplete, indirect, independence, informal, ingratitude, inhuman, injustice, inoperative, insincere, intolerable, invisible, ir- 构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以r开头的单词 例：Irregular, irresponsible, irresistible, irrelevant, irreligiousil- 构成反义词，表示“不”，用于以l开头的单词 例：illegal mis- 构成反义词，表示“错误”、坏 例：mistake，misuse，misunderstand,Any child caught misbehaving was made to stand at the front of the class.The newspapers misreported the facts of the case.I afraid I completely misread the situation.She now realizes she misjudged him. non- 构成反义词，表示“不”,常在名词，形容词及作形容词用的分词前 例：non-stop，non-smoker，nonsense, nonviolence, nonalcoholic, nonessential, nonrenewable, non-existed, nonscientific anti-表示反抗、阻止、排斥anti-Japanese, anti-freezing, antisocial, antibiotic, antibody, 2.表示其他意义的前缀re- 表示“再；又；重”，re-多重读，构成双重读词。 例：rewrite, repay, remarry, rewrite, reread, react, retell, rebuild, reusea- 表示“的”，多构成表语形容词。 例alone，alike, aside, asleep, awake, alive, ahead, afraid, aloud, tele- 表示“远程的”,电话的， 电视的。 例：telephone，television, telegram，telecommunication, telesales, teleworking, telescope ,telecontrol,en- 表示“使”，构成动词。 例：enlarge，enable, enrich, ensure, enforce, endanger, encourage, enjoy, inter- 表示“关系”。 例：internet, international, interviewpre-表示在前， 事先，预先Prewar, preview, predictfore-表示位置在前，时间提前，预先Forehead, forecast, foresee, foretell，forearmsub-表示在下面,低于subway, subwater, submarine, subcommittee, subconscious, subnormal, auto-表示自身、自己、自动autoboat，autobus， automatic，autograph, autoimmune, autobiographybi-表示双的bicycle, bilingual，biannualtri-表示三个tricycle, triangle, trilogycon(在b,m,p前用com;在r前用cor;在元音字母前或h前用co)connect,conquer, consider, constant,contain, continue, command, common, compare, company,correct,cooperate,cohabit,cohenrentkilo kilometer, kilogramme, kilowatte, kiloherzeuni意为“单一”uniform，union, united, unify, unique, unisextrans-意为“变化；转移；通过；跨越”translate，transplant, transport, transfer, transform, transmit, transatlantic（二）后缀 后缀通常改变词性，构成意思相近的其它词性的词；少数后缀同时会改变词义。A.形容词性后缀：1.-al 例：nationnational 民族的，国家的；naturenatural 自然的 2.-able 表示“有能力的” 例：eateatable 能吃的 3.-an/ian 表示“国家的，国家人的”。 例：AmericaAmerican 美国（人）的 4.-ern 表示“方向的”。 例：easteastern 东方的，southsouthern南方的 5.-ful 例：beautybeautiful 美丽的，carecareful 小心的 6.-less 表示否定 例：carecareless 粗心的，useuseless 无用的 7.-ic/ical 例：electricityelectric/electrical 电的 8.-ese 表示“人的”。 例：ChinaChinese 中国（人）的 9.-ly 例：friendfriendly 友好的，yearyearly 每年的 10.-y 表示“天气”等。 例：cloudcloudy 多云的，dustdusty 多尘的 11.-ous 例：famous 著名的，continuous 连续不断的 12.-ish 例：childish 孩子气的，selfish 自私的 13.-en 例：golden 金色的，wooden 木制的，woolen 羊毛的 14.-ive 例：active 积极的，collective 集体的 B.动词后缀： 1.-fy 例：beautybeautify 美化 2.-en 例：widewiden 加宽,sharpsharpen 削 ，looseloosen 使松散 C.副词后缀 1.-ly 例：badbadly 坏地，easyeasily 容易地 2.-ward 表示“方向”。 例：backward 向后，eastward 向东D.名词后缀： 1.-ment 例：agreeagreement 协议，movemovement 运动 2.-ness 例：happyhappiness 幸福，busybusiness 事务 3.-tion 例：explainexplanation 解释，dictatedictation 听写 4。-er 表示“人”。 例：workworker 工人，buybuyer 买主 5.-or 表示“人”。 例：actactor 演员，sailsailor 海员 6.-ist 表示“人”。例：pianopianist 钢琴家，sciencescientist 科学家 7.-ess 表示“人或动物”，指阴性。 例：actress 女演员，lioness 母狮子 8.-ful 表示“量”。 例：mouthful 一口，handful 一把 9.-th 例：truetruth 真理，longlength 长度 E.数词后缀 1.-teen 构成“十几”。 例：fivefifteen 十五 2.-ty 构成“几十”。 例：nineninty 九十，fivefifty 五十 3.-th 构成序数词。 例：fivefifth 第五，sixsixth 第六1、合成法 将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词。 （1）合成形容词名词+现在分词 例：English-speaking 讲英语的，south-facing 朝南的名词+过去分词 例：man-made 人造的，water-covered 被水覆盖的名词+形容词 例：snow-white 雪白的，day-long 整天的形容词+名词+-ed 例：warm-hearted 热情的，kind-hearted 好心肠的形容词/副词+现在分词 例：good-looking 好看的 funny-looking 滑稽的副词+过去分词 例：well-known 出名的,deep-set(眼睛）深陷的副词/形容词+名词 例：right-hand 右手的，full-time 专职的数词+名词 例：100-meter 100米的，million-pound 百万英镑的数词+名词+形容词 例：180-foot-high 180英寸高的，10-year-old 10岁的数词+名词+-ed 例：four-footed/legged 四脚的，one-eyed 独眼龙的 （2）合成名词名词+名词 例：weekend 周末，classroom 教室，bookshop 书店形容词/介词+名词 例：gentleman 绅士，loudspeaker 扬声器动词+名词 例：typewriter 打字机，cookbook 烹调书名词+动词 例：daybreak 破晓，toothpick 牙签动词-ing形式+名词 例：reading-room 阅览室，sleeping-car 卧车车厢副词+动词 例：outbreak 爆发，downpour 倾盆大雨名词+动名词 例：handwriting 笔迹，sun-bathing 日光浴名词+in/to0+名词 例：mother-in-law 岳母，brother-in-law 姐夫 （3）合成动词副词+动词 例：overthrow 推翻，understand 理解形容词+动词 例：broadcast 广播，whitewash 粉刷名词+动词 例：typewrite 打字，sleepwalk 梦游（4）合成副词介词+名词 例：underfoot 脚下，beforehand 事先形容词+名词 例：hotfoot 匆忙地，someday 有朝一日形容词+副词 例：anywhere 任何地方，outwards 向外 （5）合成介词：within在之内，without没有，inside在里边，into进入 （6）合成代词：myself我自己，ourselves我们自己，anyone任何人，nobody没有人nothing没东西，somebody有人。 2、派生法 所谓派生，即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。 (1)前缀 前缀通常只改变词义，不改变词性。 3、转化法 英语单词的词性非常活跃，名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词，只要抓住单词的原始意思，结合句子成分，就容易弄清它们的引申义。下面就将一些常见的变化列举如下： （1