安徽省普通高等学校专升本招生考试主要英语语法复习.doc

专升本语法讲解一、 名词、代词、冠词、数词（一） 名词：1、 名词分类：专有名词、普通名词（个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词）个体名词(C)：lawyer, gun, country集体名词(C)：committee, family, staff, police, crew, cattle (*作为复数)物质名词(U)：cotton, tea, air, gold, sand抽象名词(U)：work, happiness, enthusiasm, information类型的转换：物质名词个体名词：glassa glass, ironan iron, coppera copper, tina tin, papera paper 抽象名词个体名词：youtha youth, relationa relation, democracya democracy, beautya beautyl 可数 vs. 不可数Do you care for tea? Long Jing is a well-known tea.Do you like chocolate? He bought us a box of chocolates? Have some coffee. Two coffees, please. l 不可数名词的量A piece of news/ advice/ information/ workA bottle of milk/ ink2、名词的数：单数、复数 特殊的名词复数：l 以“O”结尾，不加es的: 末尾为两个元音字母；外来词：radios, bamboos, zoos; photos, pianos, memos, tobaccosl 以“f/fe”结尾，直接加es的: Roofs, cliffs, proofs, hoofs, chiefs, gulfs, beliefsl 不规则形式：英语中古的复数形式；外来词Man-men, toothteeth, child-children, ox-oxenPhenomenon-phenomena, thesis-theses, crisis-crises, criterion-criterial 单复数同形：Chinese, Japanese, aircraft, sheep, deer, fish, swine, means, series, speciesl 合成名词的复数：只把主体名词改为复数：looker(s)-on, runner(s)-on, son(s)-in-law由man/woman构成的合成名词，全部都变：man-servantmen-servants, woman doctorwomen doctorsl 常以复数形式出现的：两部分构成的；以-ing结尾的；其他Scissors, trousers, glasses, pantsBelongings, surroundings, savings, findingsStatistics, overalls, congratulations, clothes, stairsl 以-s为词尾，但做单数看的词: Phonetics, politics, physics 3. 名词的格： s; “of” 4. 名词在句中的作用：作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语等l 主语: Complacency is the enemy of study.l 表语：We are all servants of the people. l 宾语：He knows five languages.l 定语：Is it a colour TV? l 补语：We elected him our monitor. 二、 代词：人称代词、物主代词、自身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词、不定代词1、人称代词、物主代词、自身代词单数复数一二三一二三人称代词主格Iyouhe, she, itweyouthey宾格meyouhim, her, itusyouthem物主代词形容词型myyourhis, her, itsouryourtheir名词型mineyourshis, hers, itsoursyourstheirs自身代词单数myselfyourselfhimself, herself, itselfourselvesyourselvesthemselves 2、相互代词：one another, each other We can help one another (each other). 3、指示代词：this, that, these, thosel 指前面提到的事物：that, those (避免重复)The best coal is that from Newcastle. These machines are better than those we turned out last year. l *如果名词是单数可数名词，用the one更多Ill take the seat next to the one by the window. My room is lighter than the one next door. l 指下面要说的事物：this, theseI want to know this: Has John been here?l Such: 作定语、主语、表语We have has such a busy day. Such are the results.His illness was not such as to cause anxiety. 4. 疑问代词：who, whom, whose, what, which5关系代词：引起定语从句who, whom, whose, that, which, (such) as6连接代词：引起主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句 （所有的疑问代词、what）7、不定代词：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other another, some, any, no 及由some, any, no, every构成的合成代词。其中，every, no只作定语；none和含有some, any, no, every的合成代词只能作主语、宾语、表语；其他的词能做主语、宾语、表语或定语。l All vs. Everyall 从整体看(接可数或不可数名词)，every 从每一个个体看（修饰可数名词）Every one is here. All are here. All of the goods are important from France. All is lost.l Each vs. Everyeach 每一个，把一个个东西加以考虑，强调每一个独特的个体；every 从个体到整体，强调全体或总体Each student may try twice. Every student in the class passed the examination. *each 具有代词、形容词或副词的作用l 不定代词做主语，动词用单数。如有定语修饰，定语要后置。 body thingAny (some, every) + thing no + body one one neither, one, each, either, the other 作主语时，动词也同样用单数。He has something important to tell me. l 谈两个人或物用either, neither, both; 两个以上用any, none, allBoth：动词用复数形式Both of my children are at school now. Eitheror; neithernor 动词采用就近原则If either John or Mary is here, they will get the message. Neither the boys nor the girls are to blame. None: 作主语时可以是单数或复数三、 冠词：定冠词：the; 不定冠词：a, an1 The: 特指；独一无二的事物；类属；一类人(形容词前)；形容词/副词最高级、序数词、only, main, sole, same修饰名词时The world is like a big stage.The air is fresh after the rain.Bed is the lazy mans prison. The wise seeks advice from the wiser. The only way on earth to multiply happiness is to divide it. 2 a/an: 一个，一类人（可数名词前），一阵/份/场（物质名词前）She needs assistance. A child needs love. They were caught in a heavy rain. 3 *不用冠词：抽象名词前，某一范围之内或某一情况下的有限类指，在一些并列结构中，泛指人类或男女，不可数或复数形式的疾病名词前Progress has little to do with speed, but much to do with direction. Traffic is heavy here. Husband and wife went to the movies. Man should help and love each other. He was in bed with flu for ten days. 四、 数词：基数词、序数词1 Ten, hundred, thousand, million表示具体的数量时无复数2 Dozen, score, head, gross 表示确切数字时不用复数3 分数的表示法：分子(基数词)/分母（序数词）二、形容词、副词、介词（一）形容词：作定语、表语、壮语、宾补The people have boundless creative power. The acting was superb. He spent seven days in the wind and snow, cold and hungry. Who left the door open? l 不能作定语，只能作表语的形容词Afraid, alone, alike, aware, alive, ashamed, content, unablel morethanThe weather is better today than yesterday. l no morethan: 表示 “和 一样不 ” （= not asas） I can no more sing than he can dance. l 形容词比较级前表示程度的状语：数量词，a little/bit/good deal, far, even, much/any, noMy sister is two years younger than me. This text is a little/bit more difficult than the other one. He is fat, but his brother is still fatter. Their country is a good deal richer than ours. She has made far greater progress this term than she did last term. That one is no good. This one is even worse. l asas, not so/asas: (as + adj. +n. + as)He is as energetic as a young man. His handwriting is not so/as good as yours. In my eyes, black is as nice a colour as green. Tom is as helpful a friend as Mary. l the more the moreThe more they talked, the more encouraged they felt. l More and moreYour English is getting better and better. l all the more(因而更加) As a result, the rich became all the richer. l more or lessThe question is more or less settled. l more/less than: 不到 ，不止She cant be more than 50. The lightest weighs less than 20 kilos. l (not) any more, no more, not any longer, no longer, had better l 形容词最高级前加冠词the， 但作表语的形容词如果不是和别人相比，常不加冠词，或前面有物主代词，也不加。That was the cheapest hotel we could find.Vegetables are best when they are fresh. Tuesday is our busiest day. l 形容词短语be +adj. + about: anxious, certain, concerned, excited, happy, nervous, particularbe + adj. + at: amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, bad, clever, good, quick, ready, slowbe + adj. + for: adequate, anxious, appropriate, eager, famous, fit, good, late, necessary, proper, responsible, right, thirsty, vitalbe + adj.+ from: absent, distant, diverse, free, remote, safe, secure, separatebe + adj. + in: absorbed, concerned, firm, interested, lacking, lost, low, poor, rich, skillful, weak, strong be + adj. + of: ashamed, aware, capable, careful, certain, characteristic, composed, confident, conscious, considerate, fond, greedy, ignorant, impatient, independent, jealous, proud, worthy be +adj. + to: accustomed, additional, alike, approximate, attractive, beneficial, common, cool, devoted, equal, essential, fair, faithful, harmful, helpful, just, loyal, necessary, next, open, opposite, polite, prior, proportional, sensitive, similar, strange, thankful, vitalbe + adj. + with: angry, annoyed, associated, bored, busy, comparable, concerned, content, crowded, delighted, faced, familiar, frank, friendly, identical, patient, pleased, popular, satisfied, strict, wild, wrong (二) 副词： 作状语时间：now, then, always, often, already, early地点：here, there, above, down, up方式：anxiously, badly, bravely, proudly, softly程度：much, little, a bit, very, so, too, enough疑问/连接/关系：Where, How, Why, When (关系副词不包括how)l 副词排序：方式+地点+时间She sang beautifully in the hall last night. l 排序原则：具体笼统，小大，短长（单词）I saw the program at ten oclock yesterday. She spoke slowly, sensibly and naturally. （三）介词：不能独立充当一个成分，需和其他词（名词、代词、动名词、连接代词引起的从句或不定时短语）构成介词短语作定语、状语、表语 简单介词： about, across, after, against among, below, beside, besides, between, except, for, from合成介词：inside, into, onto, out of, throughout, without成语介词：according to, along with, apart from, on behalf of, next to, prior to, with regard to, on account of双重介词：except for, from among, from behind, from under, from across, inside of, outside of, until after分词介词：excluding, considering, concerning, following, involving, regarding, including三、动词概述谓语动词：行为动词、连系动词、情态动词、助动词非谓语动词：动词不定式、动名词、分词（现在分词、过去分词）（一） 谓语动词：在句中作谓语类别特点举例行为动词及物动词跟宾语（可用于被动语态）I shall appreciate your generosity. He is respected by his students.不及物动词不跟宾语（不可用于被动语态）He never works hard. 系动词跟表语: 1. 形容词2. 名词3. 分词4. 介词短语1. I am happy to be here.2. It seemed a good idea.3. At last the truth became known.4. He has fallen into a bad habit. 情态动词跟动词原形 （有自己的意思）I can type.What he says must be true.助动词跟动词原形或分词（无特殊意思）构成: 1. 否定及疑问句2. 各种时态3. 语态4. 语气1. He didnt come yesterday.Do you have a dictionary? 2. She has paid her income tax.3. His car was stolen a week ago. 4. He did finish the work. 5. If I were you, I would accept it. （二） 非谓语动词：在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语l 不定式：起名词、形容词、副词的作用。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等l 动名词：主要起名词的作用。在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。l 分词：主要起形容词、副词的作用。在句中作表语、定语、状语等。We have come to learn from you. She is very fond of reading. They are busy packing. 四、 行为动词（一）动词的时态：共16个时态一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在WriteWritesAm/are/is writingHas/have writtenHas/have been writing 过去wroteWas/were writingHad writtenHad been writing 将来Shall/will writeShall/will be writingShall/will have writtenShall/will have been writing过去将来Should/would writeShould/would be writingShould/would have writtenShould/would have been writing l 表示状态和感觉的动词：be, love, like, hate, want, hope, need, prefer, wish, know, understand, remember, believe, recognize, guess, suppose, mean, belong, think, feel, envy, doubt, remain, consist, contain, seem, look, see, fit, suit, owe, own, hear, find, suggest, propose, allow, show, prove, mind, have, sound, taste, matter, require, possess, desirel 表示状态和感觉的动词一般不能用于进行时态。l 在表示将来时，在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不能用将来时态，而用现在时态代替。Ill let you have the book when Im through. Ill be round to see you if I have time tomorrow. （二）动词的语态: 两个语态1、主动语态：主语为动作的执行者 He takes care of the child. 2、被动语态：主语为动作的承受者 The child is taken of by him. l 结构：be + 过去分词一般时态进行时态完成时态现在Am/is/are givenAm/is/are being givenHas/have been given过去Was/were givenWas/were being givenHad been given将来Shall/will be given/(shall/will have been given) 过去将来Should/would be given/(should/would have been given)l 使用情况B. 不知道、无必要说明动作的执行者Such books are written for children. C. 动作的承受者是谈话的中心The store is run by the trade union. D. 不愿说出动作的执行者You are requested to give a performance. E. 使句子得到更好的安排He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. l 特殊的被动结构A. 带情态动词的被动结构：情态动词 + be +过去分词This can be done by hand. This point must not be neglected. B. 带不定式的被动结构：to + be + 过去分词The whole plan has to be revised. The project is to be completed in June. C. 短语动词的被动结构：This question has been much talked about recently. The English evening has been put off till Saturday. The children are well taken care of in the nurseries. E. 动名词、现在分词的被动结构：He hated being flattered.Being protected by a wall, he felt quite safe.（三）动词的语气：四种语气陈述、疑问、祈使、虚拟、陈述语气：Air consists of a number of different elements. The yellow leaves are falling in the autumn wind. 、疑问语气 Where are you from? 3、祈使语气：Please read through the instruction in advance. Keep off the grass. 4、虚拟语气：于事实相违背。表示说话者所说的不是事实，而是一种假设、推测、建议或祝愿l 条件句中的虚拟语气违背事实的假设从句主句举例现在动词过去式werewould/could/might + 动词原形If you saw him now, you wouldnt recognize him. If the manager were here, he might make a decision. 过去Had + 过去分词would/could/might +have + 过去分词If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train. If she hadnt taken your advice, she would have made a bad mistake. 将来should/were to + 动词原形Would/could/might +动词原形If he should fail, we would encourage him to try again. If she were to marry Jack, she would be happy. *如果条件从句中包含有were, had, should and could，有时可把if省略，把were, had, should 或could 放在句首。Had we made (= If we had made) adequate preparations, we might have succeeded. Should there be a flood, what should we do? Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty. Could you meet Mary, you should not be able to recognize her. *If it were not for/ If it has not been for要不是If it were not for you, I would not go there. l 含蓄条件句：用介词短语表示假设的条件：with, without, but for, under such circumstances/conditions, etc. Without air, there would be no wind or clouds. But for your help we couldnt have succeeded. Under such circumstances I would probably have done the same. With better equipment, we could have done it better. l wish 后的宾语从句 过去式 （表示与现时相反） I wish + 过去完成时 （表示与过去事实相反）would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形 （表示希望不大可能实现） I wish I were as strong as you. We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation. I wish he would try again. l As if/ as though 引起的状语从句Ive loved you as if you were my son. (现在)They talked as if they had been friends for years.（过去） l would just as soon, would rather, would sooner + 宾语从句，用虚拟语气。从句的动词用过去式表示。Id rather he painted it green. （现在）Id rather you didnt mention the price. (现在)Id rather you had been present. (过去)l if only/ suppose: If only I had listened to your advice. (过去)Suppose I were to lend him five pounds. （现在）l Its time + that 从句， 用虚拟语气，从句的动词常用过去式表示。 Its time that you went there.Its high time you bought a new car. l 有命令、建议、请求的词一些复合句中： 虚拟结构为 (should) + 动词原形A. suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist等词后的宾语从句 She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. The workers demanded that their wages be raised by 10 percent. B. It is suggested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is requested, it is desired, it is necessary, it is important, it is decided that等结构后的主语从句 It is suggested that the meeting be held at some other time. It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. C. suggestion, advice, demand, order, necessity, decision, proposal, requirement, request, recommendations, plan, idea等后面的表语从句或同位语从句 My desire is that the members of the family (should) gather once in a year. He gave the order that the results of the experiment (should) be checked again. 五、助动词：，l Be: 进行时态、被动语态、复合谓语（am, are, is, was, were, been, being）We are working. She has been reading a novel. We were talking about our school days. What is the flower called?The road is being repaired.They have been given a warning. Where are we to meet?Youre to be here tomorrow. l Have: 完成时态、完成进行时态We have finished our work already.We had never met before. She has been teaching there for twelve years. l Do: 疑问句、否定句、加强语气、代替前面的动词以免重复Did you see yesterdays film?She does not work here. I do think you are right. I love flowers. Do do I. l Shall, will, should, would: 构成将来时态Will you be in tomorrow? Shall we stop over in Tokyo?I told him I would not go with him. He said I should see a doctor. (这种用法现在已较少)六、 情态动词(一)情态动词l Can: 能够、会、可以Can you type? l Could: 过去时、语气委婉He could run very fast when he was in school. Could you wait for a few moments? l May: 可能Nancy may know his telephone number. l Might: 过去式、代替语气不肯定He might be in his office now.l Must: 必须，一定要You must see the doctor. l Ought (to): 应该We ought to go back now. We ought to be careful, oughtnt we? （二）半情态动词l Have to: 必须，不得不You have to be careful.l Used to: 过去常常We used to grow beautiful roses. It used to be a prosperous town. l Be able to: 是对can的补充，可用于更多时态She wont be able to come on January 1. l Need: 在否定句中作情态动词You need not dust all the furniture. I dont think you need take it too seriously. l Dare: 在否定句中作情态动词I darent ask him.No one dared speak of it. l Had better: 最好Id better stop smoking. Id better not disturb him. *can: 表示一时的可能性He can be very naughty. *can 后面跟完成式You cant have forgotten me. *could + 完成式：本来可以，差点就要I could have lent you the money. *may as well：不妨You may as well come too. *might: 用在虚拟语气中If I knew them better, I might invite them to dinner. *might + 完成式：本来可以，或许They might not have considered me as their friends. *might as well: 不妨Im ready, so I might as well go now. *must + 完成式或进行式：估计已经，估计正在He must have arrived already. Philip thought Rose must be looking forward to his return. *should/ought to + 完成式：本应该做七、动词的非谓语形式 (一) 不定式： l 形式/时态 主动形式被动形式一般式to doTo be done完成式To have doneTo have been done进行式To be doing/完成进行式To have been doing/否定形式： 在to前面加not特殊形式：疑问代词（who, what, which）或疑问副词（when, where, how, why）+ 不定式。如：what to do, how to get there1. 一般式：表示动作与谓语动词的动作是同时发生或是在其后发生的She was seen to enter the hall. I have some news to tell you. 2. 进行式：表示动作与谓语的动作是同时的，而且正在进行着。They seem to be getting along quite well. He wants to be dressing. 3. 完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。I am sorry to have kept you waiting. She seems to have read the book before. 4. 被动语态：不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. Let me show you the room to be used as our language lab. l 用法：在句中起名词、形容词、副词的作用，可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、宾语补足语、主语补足语。1. 作主语To know what to do is wisdom. To know how to do it is skill. To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. *不定式作主语时，往往放在谓语后面，而用引导词it作形式主语，放在句首。 It