四六级精彩翻译举例

1生活在二级阶地上的人们People on the Second Terrace半坡遗址概览An Overview of Banpo Site一、二级阶地智慧与理性的选择 Second terracea wise choice1、半坡遗址周边环境模型 Environmental model二级阶地是一个地理学名词，指的是河流两岸的第二级平台。考古学家发现生活在黄河流域的新石器时代的人们常常把居址选择在这样的地方。The Second Terrace, a geographic term, refers to the second of a series of raised flat areas usually bordering a river. Archaeologist discovered that Neolithic people living in the Yellow River valley normally chose to live in such areas. 我们还无法准确地知道半坡人及他们同时代的人们为什么会一开始就选择这样的地方栖居，合乎逻辑的解释只能是包括经验和教训在内的生活场景：定居使人们对水源的依赖不可或缺，而过分亲水则易受水患侵扰，于是这不远不近、高低适中的二级阶台便成为最佳选择。We are not sure why the Banpo people and their peers decided to inhabit in such areas, but we believe that it could be justified by their life experienceswater, a vital element for survival, but it could cause disaster as well. Therefore, a second terrace, not too close and not too far proved the best choice. 2、浐河东岸二级阶地示意图An illustration of the second terrace on the east bank of Chanhe River23、半坡遗址平面布局图Map of Banpo Site半坡人的词汇中是否已有“规则”这个词，我们不得而知。但考古学家将半坡人的建筑基础重发掘出来时，我们发现 6000 余年前的人们村庄布局有条有理。It is still a mystery to us whether the word “order” was in the common vocabulary at that time, but the excavation of the site takes us to a well organized village layout.一条环状大围沟圈定了村庄的范围，是半坡人的居住区。大围沟之外，北边是墓葬区，东边是制陶区。2002 年起，考古学家又在村庄内的中心地带发现了祭祀区，从而扩展了今天的人们对半坡遗址的认识。Inside a big trench, which defined the village, was residential area for Banpo people. To the north of the trench is the burial area, and south the pottery-making area. An ancestor-worship site in the central area of the village was found in 2002, giving us a much better understanding of the Banpo peoples life. 4、大围沟 The big trench这是保存下来的大围沟的一角，深约 6 米，大沟上宽和底宽分别在68 米和 13 米之间，如此规模的工程，对没有金属工具的史前时代，足以使人称奇。These remains are part of the trench, which is 6 to 8 meters wide at the top and 1 to 3 meters at the bottom. A project of such scale, built by the Neolithic people, with no metal tools is a real wonder.二、半坡人的生活遗址5、方形半地穴式房子遗迹3The ruins of a square semi-subterranean house依靠自己的双手建造房子，而不是再继续委屈地栖身山洞，是人类文明的一大进步。从这种半地穴式房子遗迹，我们能够体会到文明演进的痕迹：囿于经验和技术，半坡先民在最早建造这种房子时仍然无法忘怀祖先的洞穴生活，他们向地下挖一个 0.40.8 米深的方形大坑，以坑壁作墙壁，然后在墙壁上架起木椽，一座遮风避雨的早期房子就建成了。It was big stride toward civilization when people moved out of caves and started to build houses. The remains of these houses are a mirror of the culture evolution: restricted by their experience and technology, their houses still bear traces of the cave life. The houses were constructed of thatch over wood beams while the floors were sunk two to three feet into the ground.右图是考古学家和建筑史学家依据建筑学原理复原起来的半地穴式方形房子。A Reconstruction of square semi-subterranean house.6、方形半地穴式房子复原示意图（外形和剖面）Square semi-subterranean houses7、长方形的半地穴式房子 Rectangular semi-subterranean houses这是一座经火焚之后的房子遗迹。The remains of a burned-down house从平面看，这种房子只是门道那边及相对应那边略长一些，这一细小的变化也没有被忽略，是因为考古学家发现屋内的左侧明显高于地面。这个大约 10 厘米左右的土台很容易使人联想到后世中国北方普遍存在的“炕”这会不会是“炕”的最早雏形呢？4Ichnography indicates that the gateway and the opposite side are a little longer and this tiny detail is not neglected. Archeologists find that the left side in the house is noticeably elevated above the ground. The elevated platform about 10 square cm in area makes us wonder whether it is the earliest form of Kang. 8、圆形的半地穴式房子遗迹 The ruins of circular semi-subterranean houses和方形的半地穴式房子不同，这个圆形的半地穴式房子是较晚时代的作品。复原起来像一个倒覆的碗，地面上六根立柱支撑起一个平面屋顶，我们有理由相信这极大地扩大了屋子的有效使用空间，但屋顶的排水问题是如何解决的，却使我们颇感费解。Unlike the square ones, the circular houses were the production of much later time. The houses with their flat roofs, supported by six beams look like reversed bowls, which, we believe, maximized the space inside. However, we are not yet clear how they managed to solve the drainage problem.9、圆形半地穴房子复原示意图 An illustration of the reconstruction of a circular semi-subterranean house10、方形房子遗迹（F24）The ruins of a square house直接在地面上建造房子而不再依赖坑壁作墙壁，是建筑技术进步的结果。从遗迹来看，这座方形房子是由三排共 12 根柱了支撑起来的，柱子的分布非常有规律。考古学家分析这种房子复原起来正是中国北方典型的人字形两面坡房子的样子。It is a revolutionary step in architecture when people finally give up their caves totally to 5building houses. From the ruins we can see this house was supported by 12 posts, arranged in three neat rows, and considered a typical style for people in Northern China. 11、方形房子复原示意图 An illustration of the reconstruction of a square house12、圆形房子 Circular house在这种建在地面上的圆形房子内的两侧和门的正面往往有隔墙（如复原示意图） ，这种做法的结果使进入室内的人不再一览无余， 这是不是暗示了某种居住方面的心态变化，的确耐人寻味。Partitioning walls built inside the doorway creates a sense of privacy and indicates subtle psychological changes in the culture. 13、圆形房子复原示意图（F22）An illustration of the reconstruction of a circular house14、房基叠压遗迹残留的三个圆形房子墙基的柱洞，清楚地告诉我们这里曾经多次被作为建筑的基础，屋内层叠的灶炕也叙述着沧桑的岁月。The three post holes seen in the ground indicate this place was used as living site several times in history and the Kangs (heatable brick beds) are telling us some history.15、小沟遗迹 The ruins of the small ditches在遗址居住区的中部，发现两条深约 1.7 米左右的小沟，关于其作用，考古学家分析可能有两种可能：或是防止家畜外逃的设施；或是区分不同氏族或同一氏族内不同家族的界限。Two ditches about 1.7 in depth are found in the middle of the 6residential area. Archaeologists believe that these might have been used either to keep domestic animals from escaping or to define clans or different families of a clan.16、圈栏遗迹 The ruins of a pen在遗址中发现有两座较特别的建筑遗迹：四周有明显的柱洞遗迹，但室内却没有发现灶坑或居住面等遗迹，考古学家据此推测这种建筑可能是用来饲养家畜一类的设施。Two special buildings are found within Banpo site, surrounded by the remains of post holes but with no Kang ( heatable brick beds). Thus archaeologists believe that they might have been used as stables or the like.17、圈栏原示意图 An diagram of reconstruction of a pen 18、连通灶 Connected fireplaces这是遗址中仅见的大型连通灶。它由一个长条形灶和一个圆形灶在底部连通而成。由于上部已遭破坏，无法确定其具体用途，但底部和坑壁厚达 17 厘米的红烧土遗迹和通长 3 米多的超大规格使人相信这里曾是一个十分重要的场所。This is the only large fireplace found within the site. The fireplace consists of a rectangular range and a circular one connecting at base. The function of the preserved base has not been identified as but we can be sure that this must be a very important place from terra cotta construction, 17 cm in depth, and its scale, 3 meters in length. 19、地窖遗迹 Storage pit遗址中大大小小地窖遗迹共发现了 200 余个，定居使食物的储7存变得十分重要，而生产水平的提高为这种储存提供了可能。在一个地窖中就发现了堆积粮食腐朽后形成厚达 18 厘米的壳灰（如示意图） 。Around 200 storage pits are found within the site. Settling down made it essential for storage and the improved productivity made it possible 20、地窖示意图（H115）An illustration of a storage pit21、陶窑遗迹 Ruins of a Kiln陶器对新石器时代人们的重要性是无与伦比的，所以在村庄的规划中都有专门的制陶区。半坡遗址的制陶区位于村庄东边。发现的陶窑有 6 座。可分为横穴窑和竖穴窑两种。保存完整的只有这一座横穴窑。The importance of pottery-making found its way in the village layout. The pottery-making area is in the east of the village. Six kilns have been found and they fall into two categories: the horizontal ones and vertical ones, of which only one is well preserved. 22、陶窑示意图 An illustration of a Kiln23、柱洞遗迹 Remains of Post holes通过对柱洞的解剖发掘，考古学家发现为数不少的柱洞都经过特殊的处理：柱子周边有一圈经过夯打的细土作成，坚如硬石，有的底部还垫有陶片或石块，成为建筑上最早的“柱础” 。Many post holes were specially built and some holes show the signs of ramming with pebbles and shards found at the bottom, which is recognized as the earliest Chinese model of the plinth.824、柱洞剖面示意图 An Illustration of Post Holes25、遗址前厅 Front Hall of the Banpo Site保存较好的遗址约 2000 平方米，2006 年改造完成的钢结构保护大厅使遗址风雨无虑。The well preserved site covers an area of 2000 square meters, and is now well-shielded by the steel protective construction erected in 2006. 26、遗址后厅 Back Hall of the Banpo Site这是遗址的一部分，斑驳起伏的遗址保留着 6000 多年前一段人类的记忆。This section of the site preserves the history of people 6000 years ago.27、复原房子过程示意图 A diagram of the reconstruction of house三、工具上留下的人类进步的印迹 Revolutionary footprints in civilization- A collection of tools for production.28、砍砸器 Chopper29、磨制石斧 Polished Stone Axe孔子说过一句很有名的话，叫做“工欲善其事，必先利其器” ，道出了工具的极端重要性。因为，在人类 300 万年的漫长进化历史中，大部分时间只是利用自然物为工具，或只是简单地进行粗加工，只是到了约一万余年前，工具才出现了革命性的变化：以磨制石器的出现为标志，考古学家把原始社会分为旧石器时代和新石器时代。Confucius once said, “Sharp tools make good work.” As indicated 9in the saying that the importance of tools can never be too exaggerated. During the 3 millions years of evolution of human being, the revolutionary step in tools took place only about 10 thousand years ago, and before that time the production tool were only some roughly polished ones, even some natural stuff. Appearance of polished tools marks the division of Paleolithic and Neolithic age. 31、 （束腰石斧）绑缚示意图 An illustration of how a stone axe is fixed to a handle32、石锄 A stone hoe33、 （石锄）绑缚示意图 An illustration of how a stone hoe is fixed to a handle原始农业出现于距今一万两千年，半坡遗址的时代农业已经非常成熟，这一点，从遗址中出土的精制生产工具提供了有力的佐证。Primitive agriculture appeared about 12,000 years ago, the Banpo culture demonstrate a mature agricultural society using well-made tools.34、石锛 A stone adze 35、石凿 A stone chisel随着工业技术的日益精进，工具的种类也越来越丰富，这暗示着半坡人已经能够游刃有余地驾驭自己的生活。The advances in technology led to the invention of tools of greater variety, making their life much easier.36、石球 A stone Ball37、 （石球）使用示意图 An illustration of how to use the ball1038、骨簇 A bone arrowhead39、骨矛 Bone spearheads40、兽骨 Animal bones当生产性经济能取代攫取性经济，狩猎已经不再是人们生活的决定性因素。但狩猎活动依然在丰富人们食物品类方面起着重要的作用。遗址中出土的兽骨说明了这一点。When the normad economy finally gave way to agricultural economy, hunting, though still critically important, actually lost its dominant role in the life of Banpo people, and the animal bone excavated here are the most convincing evidence.41、骨鱼叉 A bone fishhook42、骨鱼钩 A bone harpoon43、石网坠 A stone net sinker44、螺壳 Snail shells45、石网坠 A stone net sinker顺水而居的半坡人，当然不会对汩汩流过的浐河之利视而不见，除了汲取生活用水，数量可观的捕鱼工具和螺壳的出土，说明半坡人经常地将鱼和螺蛳作为餐桌上的佳肴。Living by the Chanhe river, Banpo people would not ignore the inviting resources provided by the river. The river provided the drinking water, and as known by a great many fishing tools and snail shells excavated, fish and snails were common food sources.四、饶有情致的生活器具 Amazing daily utensils46、陶瓮 Pottery urns11陶器是新石器时代人们的重大发明之一，据考古资料显示，中国最早的陶器出现于距今 10000 年前，到半坡人所处的时代，制陶技术已非常娴熟。一个最浅显的指标就是今天人们日常生活中所使用的一些器皿，那时都已经具备了。当然，作为半坡人最主要的生活用具，无论对当时人还是现代人其意义都远不止此，它留给我们的信息是如此地丰富，这一点我们在后面还会看到。Pottery is one of the great inventions for Neolithic people. Evidences show that pottery made its first appearance about 10,000 ago and pottery making was a fairly mature skill. Many modern daily utensils could find their counterpart at that time. The daily utensils of Banpo people lead us into an amazing world. We will have further discussion in the coming sections. 这个陶瓮是半坡人的储存器。This pottery urn is used for storage.47、夹沙陶罐 A coarse sandy jar with brittle paste这种陶罐主要用作灶器，其特点是在制作时在陶泥中加入粗砂，以达到导热快又不致烧裂的目的。在陶罐上加一底部有孔的陶甑便可用来蒸熟食物。These jars were normally used as kitchen ware. Some coarse sands were added in the making of these wares to stop them from breaking when heated. These wares could be used to cook on an steamer with hole at the bottom is placed under them. 48、陶甑 An earthen steamer49、葫芦瓶 A gourd-shaped bootle50、细颈壶 A bottle with a long neck and a small mouth1251、带流罐 A spouted pot这是一组水器。这种器物大多用细泥制成，显得细腻和精巧，是因为它们不具备加热功能，且经常与手接触。Most of these water vessels made of finer clays were not made to heat water. They are delicately and elegant.52、细泥陶钵 A bowl made of a fine clay53、陶碗 An earthen bowl54、陶盆 An earthen basin这是一组饮食用的器皿。其中，在细泥陶钵的口沿外部装饰一条黑带是半坡人常见的做法，在为数不少的器物上又制有形状不一的符号，增加了这种器物的神秘感。后面我们还会看到更多的这类标本。These are some food serving bowls made of fine clays; one of the typical decorations is a black rim around the mouth. Various signs have been found on these bowls, which give them a sense a mystery. We are going to see more samples of this kind.在这件陶盆上考古学家发现有钻孔修补现象，我们是否可以这样认为：尽管半坡人已经掌握了非常成熟的制陶技术，但他们似乎并不轻易丢弃自己的作品。个中原因，令人产生各种遐想，是这件器物有特殊意义呢？还是半坡人已经有了较强的节约意识？Archaeologists have discovered some mending traces on these earthen wares. Thus could we assume that Banpo people treasured their works and would not give any of them up even after mastering the pottery-making technology? A satisfactory answer is to be desired. 13Were these wares special to Banpo people or they had already developed the awareness of thriftiness.55、尖底瓶 A tip-bottomed bottle56、束腰尖底瓶在半坡遗址出土的陶器中，最匪夷所思的就是这种小口、鼓腹、尖底的器物了。考古学家将之命名为“尖底瓶” ，也是一种透着无奈和智慧之举：陶器制成尖底的用意以及如何置放既然暂时无法说明了，那么称之为尖底瓶总没有错吧？最早的一种说法，认为尖底瓶符合重心的原理：入水后自动倾斜，水满后瓶身又自动直立，但后来的研究通过实验否定了这种说法。所以，尖底瓶之谜依然未解。Of all the earthen wares excavated here, the most amazing one is the tip-bottomed bottle with a long narrow neck and big belly. The witty name is obvious in the design. It remains a mystery why it bears a tip-bottom, but we could find nothing wrong with the name-tip-bottomed bottle. One of the earliest explanations believes that it shows an extraordinary understanding of the law of the center of gravityonce put into water, it will tilt automatically. When filled, it will resume its upright position, which is proved wrong by later experiment. It still remains a mystery to this day.57、骨刀、骨铲 Bone knives and shovels58、陶刀 Earthen cutters59、碾磨器 A millstone60、碾磨器使用示意图 An illustration of how to use a millstone骨刀和骨铲是用来加工肉食的工具，而陶刀和碾磨器则主要用14来收割和加工粮食。在今天的人们看来，这样的工具未免效率太低，但太快的速度对人类是福，似乎不是到现在也还没有停止争论吗？Bone knives and shovels were used to process meat while earthen knives and millstones were used to harvest and grind grains. They appear not to be efficient in the eyes of modern people, but discussions of developing culture and their effects continues. 61、骨针 Bone Needles62、骨梭 Bone shuttles63、陶纺轮 Earthen spinning wheels 64、印有布纹的陶器 Earthen wares with a pattern of fabric on the bottom65、印有席纹的陶器 Earthen wares with a pattern of reed mat on the bottom半坡时代的原始人是否已经有了衣服，没有直接的实物证据，但从这些精美的骨针、骨梭，纺线用的纺轮，以及半坡人不经意间留在陶器底部的布纹和席纹，足以使我们对这个问题做出肯定的回答。No direct evidence has been found to prove that Banpo people invented clothes, but strong evidence that they wore clothes consists of these bone needles, bone shuttles, spinning wheels, and fabric and mat found at the site.66、陶环 Pottery bracelet67、装饰品 Ornaments68、陶哨 Pottery whistles15发现美和创造美是人类的天性。不论是利用天然的蚌壳来装饰自己，还是戴上形制各异的陶环，都说明半坡人的生活是丰富多彩的。Men have the innate desire to discover and create beauty. All of the body ornament, be they of shells or pottery rings, have displayed a colorful life of Banpo people.69、人头陶塑 Clay sculpture of human head70、鸟头陶塑 Clay sculpture of a birds head71、兽型陶塑 Clay sculpture of an animal72、兽型器盖 Animal-shaped lid或许半坡人对雕塑不总是有兴趣，或许更多的作品还没有被发现，总之，为数不多的陶塑作品，使我们无法判定半坡人在雕塑方面的成就如何，我们能够确定的是半坡人对绘画情有独钟，他们的艺术天才在这方面得到了完美的释放。It seems that Banpo people were not interested in clay sculpture since a few were founded, which makes it hard for us to have a clear idea about their achievement in this field, and it might be true that there are more to be discovered. However, we can be sure that they were fascinated with drawing and their talents found good expressions in their works.五、把神圣绘制在陶器上半坡人的艺术观 Artistic view73、水波纹彩陶罐 Jar with the pattern of waves74、三角纹彩陶罐 Jar with the pattern of triangle75、三角纹彩陶钵 Bowl with the pattern of triangle半坡彩陶的纹饰由动植物形象和几何形两种组成。娴熟的16技法和装饰性极强的几何纹样，使我们确信这一工作是由一部分专业画工完成的。The painted decorations are of animal images and geometric patterns created with ease and skill. All of these are evidence that the work must have be done by some professionals. 76、鹿纹盆 The basin decorated with the deer patterns 77、鹿纹展开示意图 An illustration of deer patterns78、鹿纹陶片（报告 P168 第 15、16、 17）对鹿的锚绘用笔不多，而境界全出：无论是作狂奔状，还是作停止睨视状，都把鹿的机敏劲健的性格刻划得惟妙惟肖。79、网纹盆 An earthen basin painted with the fishing net pattern捕鱼肯定是半坡人一项重要的食物来源，这一点我们从前面看到的盆叉、鱼钩、石网坠已经能体会到。这件饰满网纹的陶盆显得十分夸张，期望捕鱼丰收的愿望得到充分表现。The fishhooks, harpoon and the net sinker tell us that fishing must have been an import source of food for Banpo people. The exaggerated patterns of the fish on this basin show their wishes for catching plenty of fish. 80、单体鱼纹盆 Basin painted with the single-fish pattern81、单体鱼纹展开示意图 An illustration of basin painted with the single-fish pattern这是一条完全写实的鱼：线条流畅，比例准确，圆睁的眼17睛和大张的嘴巴，动感十足，真可谓神来之笔。82、单体鱼纹盆 Basin painted with the single-fish pattern83、变体鱼纹盆 Basin painted with the abstract fish pattern更让人惊讶的是，考古学家经过研究发现，在半坡遗址中出土的琳琅满目的几何形纹饰竟是由鱼纹的变化而来。More amazing is the great variety of geometric patterns evolved from the fish patterns.84、变体鱼纹盆 Basin painted with the abstract fish pattern85、变体鱼纹盆 Basin painted with the abstract fish pattern86、变体鱼纹盆 Basin painted with the abstract fish pattern在这些规整的几何之中，考古学家发现了它们和鱼纹的血缘关系，并绘制出了一系列清晰的鱼纹演变图。Archaeologists have found a link between these abstract geometric designs and the specific drawings of the fish, and an estimation of the evolution is illustrated in the following.87、鱼纹演变推测图（一）Evolution of the fish design (I)88、鱼纹演变推测图（二）Evolution of the fish design (II)89、鱼纹演变推测图（三）Evolution of the fish design(III)这些推测图是如此地激动人心，令人遐思无限：半坡人在什么阶段完成了这一特长？今天，我们可以视之为绘画艺术由18具体到抽象规律的一个例证，可在当时，它还意味着什么？The estimation of these evolutionary stages makes us wonder: When did they finish the conceptualization of artistic images? And what are the deeper meanings of these patterns, which, in the eyes of modern people, follow the artistic progress of realistic painting to abstract patterns? 90、人面网纹盆 A basin bearing the design of a human face and fishing net91、人面网纹展开示意图 An illustration of the design of a human face and fishing net半坡人留给我们不多的未解之谜，然而最让人捉摸不定的是这种绘制在陶盆上的“人面纹” 。自出土以来的半个多世纪中，研究这种人面纹的结论已有 20 余种，但没有哪一种成为不移之论。The pattern of the human face on the pottery basin is considered the most mysterious thing left by the Banpo people. About 20 explanations have been offered since they were found 50 years ago but none appear to be satisfactory.92、人面鱼纹盆 A basin bearing the design of a human face and fish93、人面鱼纹展开示意图 An illustration of the design of the human face and fish“人面鱼纹”的含义是什么？What is the meaning of the design of the human face and fish?19这是一个最激动人心的问题。This is a fascinating question.“人面鱼纹”面世的半个世纪以来，它那神奇的构图，神秘的内涵一直是专家们锲而不舍地研究内容。In the fifty years since discovery the experts have not stopped their exploring for the meanings of these mysterious patterns.有的专家主张“图腾说” ，认为“人面鱼纹”是半坡先民崇拜的图腾；Some experts believe the designs of the human face and fish were totems of the Banpo people.有的专家主张“祖先形象说” ，认为“人面鱼纹”已经人格化为一个独立的神灵鱼神；Some experts believe the design of the human face and fish were the personification of an independent fish god.有的专家主张“权力象征说” ，认为“人面鱼纹”中的鱼饰，后来演化为象征权力的角和帽；Some