高考英语阅读理解：命题分析及突破方法(教师版).doc

高考英语阅读理解：命题分析及突破方法（教师版）山西：冯瑞一：阅读思维导图：二：突出语用、体裁多样纵观近三年高考阅读理解，为了考查考生对不同体裁的文章的理解和掌握，阅读理解材料通常由各种不同体裁的文章构成。概括起来，阅读材料涉及记叙文、议论文、说明文和应用文等体裁。这些不同体裁的阅读材料重在考杳考生叙事、论说、表达等实际运用语言的能力，只有在日常学习过程中坚持多样化阅读的学生才能适应阅读理解试题在体裁上的多样化。三、题型灵活、主旨突出 在近三年的高考阅读理解中，事实细节题占一定比例的同时，猜测词义、推理判断的主旨大意、理解文章的基本结构、理解作者的意图、观点和态度。等需要考生深层次理解文章的试题也占有越来越大的比重。这反映了高考突出对语言运用能力考查的命题思想。四选材新颖、语言地道高考阅读理解材料全部来源于真实生活。几乎所有的阅读材料都直接选自国外的媒体，都保持了语言纯正地道、原汁原味的特点、特别是实行新课标的省份，其阅读的难度和语言的韵味更体现了这一特点。平时的学习中要养成每天阅读的习惯，并做两篇阅读理解，进行限时阅读，以训练阅读速度。学会分析长难句，抓住句了主干，理清句子成分，分出枝叶。考点一 事实细节题1. 对号入座题 1. According to the passage, when (why, how where, who, what, which, etc)_?2. In the passage, the author states that_.3.The passage indicates that_.2. 是非判断题 A. 三正一误 1. Which of the following statements is false /not true according to the passage?2. All the statements are true except _. 3. The following are mentioned except _. 4. Which of the following statements is not correct? B. 三误一正 1. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?2. All the following statements are not true except _.3. Which of the following sentences is right according to the passage?4. Which of the following statements is correct?3语义转换题 1According to the author, “it” was caused by _. 2The reason is that _. 3According to the passage, _.4逻辑排序题1. Choose the right order of the events given in the passage2. Which order of the following is right?3. Whats the right order of the events related to ?4. Which of the following shows the right order of?解 题 技 巧 与 策 略第一步：略读题干(Skimming)首先，快速浏览每道试题的题干(即问题)。第二步：通读全文(Scanning)浏览了题干与选项之后，带着“问题”通读全文。第三步：研读攻关(Close-reading)注意: 对信息进行综合分析，分清主次、真伪，避免 受信息的干扰，陷入高考题所设下的“陷阱”，学会“排除”干扰项。 阅读材料 1(New York) A French tourist highly praised for rescuing a two-year-old girl in Manhattan said he didnt think twice before diving into the freezing East River. Tuesdays Daily News said 29-year-old Julien Duret from France is the man who left the spot quickly after the rescue last Sunday. He lifted the little girl out of water after she fell off the bank at the South Street Seaport museum. He handed the girl to her father, David Anderson, who had dived in after him. 问题: Who dived after Duret into the river to save the little girl? (wh-细节题)A. David Anderson B. A passer-by C. His girlfriend D. A taxi driver解析: 题干是问谁在Duret之后跳进河里救人，可以以dive为线索找到原文的He handed the girl to her father, David Anderson，who had dived in after him, 故可知答案是David Anderson。阅读材料 2【2010年广东高考阅读C篇】Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things. A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning. Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly. The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food.Feveris one of the most common symptoms.三正一误问题:Which of the following statements is NOT true? (是非题)A. Food when poisoned can make people sick.B. Food poisoning means death.C. Food poisoning comes in varieties. D. Food poisoning can be serious.解析: 根据文中Food poisoning is usually not serious, but some types are deadly.可知选项B是错误的。答案:B阅读材料 3The human body is a living machine, and like all machines, it needs fuel to supply it with energy. That is the food we eat. But how much do we need to stay healthy? The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1. The number of calories people need per day is different, as the chart shows 问题:_ calories are required to raise the temperature of 5kg of water from 35to 90. A. 55 B. 175 C. 325 D. 275 (计 算 题)解析: 根据文章细节内容，计算公式为: (90-35)51=275 答案为D.CALORIES NEEDED PER DAYBaby 750Office worker 2,700 Childaged8 2,100 Woman feeding baby 2,700 Man over 70 2,100Boy aged 16 3,000 Woman 3,600Farmer 2,6oo (图表题)问题:Which statement is TRUE according to the chart above?A. A child aged 8 requires more than 3 times the amount of calories that a baby does.B. A boy aged 16 requires nearly twice the amount of calories that a boy aged 8 does.C. An office worker requires the same amount of calories per day as a woman feeding a baby does.D. A farmer requires nearly 1.5 times the amount of calories that an office worker does.解析: 根据文章图表，以此验证A、B、C、D四个答案的内容是否正确。很容易找出C符合图表内容。答案:C(排序题)Back in the fifteenth century, in a tiny village near Nuremberg, lived a family with eighteen childrenIn spite of the hopeless condition, two of the children, Albrecht Durer and Albert, had a dream. They both wanted to pursue their talent for artAfter many long discussions, the two boys finally worked out an agreement. They would toss a coinThe loser would go down into the nearby mines and, with his earnings, support his brother who attended the academyThen, when that bro- ther who won the toss completed his studies, in four years, he would support the other brother at the academy Tossing a coin, Albrecht Durer won and went off to Nuremberg Albert went down into the dangerous mines and, for the next four years, supported his brother, whose work at the academy was almost an immediate sensation(轰动). By the time he graduated, he had earned considerable fees for his outstanding works. When the young artist returned to his village, the Durer family held a festive dinner to celebrate lbrechts triumphant（胜利的）homecomingAlbrecht drank a toast to his beloved brother for the years of sacrifice that had enabled him to complete his dream“And now, Albert, blessed brother of mine, now it is your turnNow you can go to Nuremberg to look for your dream, and I will take care of you” To show thanks to Albert for all that he had sacrificed, Albrecht Durer painstakingly drew his brothers injured hands with palms together and thin fingers stretched skywardHe called his powerful drawing simply “Hands”, but the entire world almost immediately opened their hearts to his great masterpiece and renamed it “The Praying Hands”问题设置： Which of the following is the correct order of the story？ a.Albrecht went to Nuremberg b.Albert supported his brother c.The Durer family held a festive dinner d.Albrecht drew his brothers injured hands e.The brothers tossed a coin A. b, a, c, d, e B. a, e, c, d, bC. e, a, c, b, dD. e, a, b, c, d解题思路： 先找出最早的一个时间和事件，把它作为事件发生的具体点然后使用排除法将范围一一缩小，从而快速地选出正确答案。答案: D考点透视：考点1、科普常识类例1、(2013浙江，B)Below is a selection from a popular science book.If blood is red，why are veins(静脉) blue?Actually，veins are not blue at all.They are more of a clear，yellowish colour.Although blood looks red when its outside the body，when its sitting in a vein near the surface of the skin，its more of a dark reddish purple colour.At the right depth，these bloodfilled veins reflect less red light than the surrounding skin，making them look blue by comparison.Which works harder，your heart or your brain?That kind of depends on whether youre busy thinking or busy exercising.Your heart works up to three times harder during exercise，and shifts enough blood over a lifetime to fill a supertanker.But，in the long run，your brain probably tips it，because even when youre sitting still your brain is using twice as much energy as your heart，and it takes four to five times as much blood to feed it.Why do teeth fall out，and why dont they grow back in grownups?Baby (or “milk”) teeth do not last long；they fall out to make room for bigger，stronger adult teeth later on.Adult teeth fall out when they become damaged，decayed and infected by bacteria.Once this second set of teeth has grown in，youre done.When theyre gone，theyre gone.This is because nature figures youre set for life，and what controls regrowth of your teeth switches off.Do old people shrink as they age?Yes and no.Many people do get shorter as they age.But，when they do，it isnt because theyre shrinking all over.They simply lose height as their spine(脊柱) becomes shorter and more curved due to disuse and the effects of gravity(重力)Many (but not all) men and women do lose height as they get older.Men lose an average of 34 cm in height as they age，while women may lose 5 cm or more.If you live to be 200 years old，would you keep shrinking till you were，like 60 cm tall，like a little boy again？No，because old people dont really shrink！It is not that they are growing backwardstheir legs，arms and backbones getting shorter.When they do get shorter，its because the spine has shortened a little.Or，more often，become more bent and curved.Why does spinning make you dizzy(眩晕的)?Because your brain gets confused between what youre seeing and what youre feeling.The brain senses that youre spinning using special gravityandmotionsensing organs in your inner ear，which work together with your eyes to keep your vision and balance stable.But，when you suddenly stop spinning the system goes out of control，and your brain thinks youre moving while youre not!Where do feelings and emotions come from?Mostly from an ancient part of the brain called the limbic system.All mammals have this brain areafrom mice to dogs，cats，and humans.So all mammals feel basic emotions like fear，pain and pleasure.But since human feelings also involve other，newer bits of the brain，we feel more complex emotions than any other animal on the planet.If exercise wears you out，how can it be good for you?Because our bodies adapt to everything we do to them.And as far as your body is concerned，its “use it，or lose it”！Its not that exercise makes you healthy；its more that a lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.1What is the colour of blood in a vein near the surface of the skin?ABlue. BLight yellow.CRed. DDark reddish purple.解析：细节理解题。根据第一个标题下的“its more of a dark reddish purple colour.”可知答案。答案 D。2Why do some old people look a little shrunken as they age?ABecause their spine is in active use.BBecause they are more