合作学习在英语听说课堂中的运用.doc

合作学习在英语听说课堂中的运用安徽省合肥市第三十八中学 袁慧丽摘要：英语课堂教学需要引进能面向全体学生，有利于学生语言实践活动全面展开的教学方式合作学习的教学方式，它是一种以学生为中心，以小组合作为形式，以任务型活动为载体，以探究为途径，为了共同的学习目标共同学习，互相促进，共同提高的一种学习方式和教学策略。本文从新课程背景下英语听说课堂入手，讨论合作学习的运用。关键词：合作学习 听前、听中、听后活动 活动设计一、英语新标准教材介绍英语（新标准）（New Standard English）这套教材按照教学模块（Module）组织教材，每一模块按教学目标与单元主题，结合任务型教学设计，提供规范真实、同时又接近学生生活和表达交流需求的语言材料，以均衡培养学生的语言技能进而发展语用能力。每个模块的基本结构：1.模块任务（Module task）每个模块在标题下都设立了模块任务。模块任务使教学过程和教学目标体现任务型教学理念。2. 第一单元（Unit 1）以培养学生的听说能力为主，兼顾读写，并包括词汇、语法、语音学习活动。3. 第二单元（Unit 2）以培养学生的读写能力为主，兼顾听说，并包括词汇、语法学习活动。4.第三单元 （Unit 3）是运用本模块所学语言结构与词汇以及听、说、读、写技能等综合运用能力培养单元，所以是“语言运用 （Language in use）单元”。本文主要讨论每个教学模块的第一单元，即听说课堂中如何运用“合作学习“开展教学。二、听前活动（Pre-listening activities）。笔者认为听前活动的教学目的主要有两个。第一，是让学生学习听力中出现的新语言点，这样他们才会在听力过程中关注这些语言点。第二，是让学生去获取与听力内容相关的知识，同时激发他们的兴趣，激活他们的思维。新课程标准下教师的任务不再是灌输知识，而是启发学生，引导他们思考，让他们通过“合作学习 ”去观察、发现、探究和学习。下面重点描述四种运用了“合作学习 ”的听前活动：Types of Pre-listening ActivitiesActivity What students do1.Brainstorming Call out words or phrases to put on the board2.Discussion Discuss similar or related issues based on prompt questions or pictures 3.Games Simple word or information-gap games4.Predict Predict content, characters, setting以下是具体的教学设计片段：1.BrainstormingModule3 On the radio Unit 1 Remember to look out for the red light. （八年级下册）（1）Match the radio program with the words in the box. 教师将news, sports和weather呈现出来，采用头脑风暴的形式让学生说出与之相关的词汇。T: What words come to your mind when you think of these three words:news, sports and weather? Please work in groups of four and note down as many words as possible. The group who has the most words will be the winner.也可以这样设计： 因为这三个词语表达的是广播节目的种类，所以可以再添加一个或更多个其它的节目，例如增加一个music，总共四个词语，然后让四个大组派学生代表上来抽签。如果第一组的学生抽到music, 那么这一组的所有同学负责讨论与music相关的词汇，以此类推。T: I will divide you into four groups. Each group will talk about one word. Group 1, you come here and choose one word使用Brainstorming目的是为了集中给学生一个想象和思考的时间和空间，集思广益，激活其头脑中各种相关的图式，比如，想法、概念、形象和印象等。它通常围绕一个特定的话题进行，教师作为指导者，鼓励学生积极思考，创造性地思维，并以谈论与讨论的形式挖掘各种有用的信息和形成思路，然后在激活的想法中选择有意义的内容。 2.DiscussionModule 2 Experiences Unit 1 Have you ever entered a competition？ （八年级上册）（1）Listen and number the words and expressions as you hear them.这个部分的听力活动生词较多，学生完成时有一定的困难。所以教师可以根据图片提供一些问题，让学生通过讨论问题来学习生词。T: Please look at the picture and discuss the following questions in pairs. What rules do you know when you take the plane?. If you are a steward, what can you do for the passengers? 3.GamesModule9 Animals in danger Unit 1 We need to protect animals.(八年级上册)(1)Complete the quiz with the words in the box.学生可以两人一组做guessing game. 一个学生看书，读出七个句子。另一个不看书，猜测是什么动物。T: Lets play a guessing game. Please work in pairs. One student read the sentences in the book, and the other one will guess which animal it is.也可以这样设计：让学生模仿书上的句子描述出其它的动物，然后小组成员轮流读出句子，让其它组员猜是什么动物。编写的最多和最形象的小组获胜。T: Work in groups to write down some sentences about the animals. Then take turns reading your sentences and ask others to guess. The group which makes the greatest numbers of the vivid sentences will be the winner. 初二的学生依旧乐于参与游戏活动，游戏活动使课堂气氛活泼，学生学习兴趣趋于浓厚，这样也就提高了教学质量。同时开展比赛有利于训练学生的竞争意识和挑战意识。 4.PredictionModule 2 Friendship Unit1 Can you tell me where youre from?（八年级下册） Part2和Part3中听力材料的内容联系紧密，Part2中提到“主持人将会采访Sally”，而Part3的听力内容就是采访的过程。因此Part2结束后可以让学生讨论：如果你是主持人，你会问Sally哪些问题？这样设计可以让学生预测Part3的听力内容，同时起到自然过渡的效果。T: Imagine you are Chen Huan. What questions may you ask Sally? Please discuss with your deskmates.三、 听中活动（While-listening activities）。笔者认为听中活动是针对听力内容的即时检验和巩固。下面是一个运用了“合作学习 ”的听中活动 ：Module 11 The weather Unit 1 It may be cold tomorrow. （八上）(5)Complete the table with weather forecast for Spring Festival.可以这样设计：T: Please work in pairs and check the answers by asking and answering.A: What will the weather be like in England?B: It may not even be cold, just wet. And it might be windy.这样做可以提高学生的活动参与面，以说来检验听。三、 听后活动（Post-listening activities）。 笔者认为听后活动的目的是拓展延伸，因此设计的活动要有挑战性、开放性和探索性，并以此为背景展开合作学习。这样才能顺利完成培养团队精神和养成合作态度的任务。下面重点描述两种运用了“合作学习 ”的听后活动：Types of Post-listening ActivitiesActivity What students do 1.Vocabulary work Use selected vocabulary items in further writing or speaking tasks 2.Role play Continue the story or situation by assuming the roles of people in the text.以下是具体的教学设计片段：1. Vocabulary workModule9 Animals in danger Unit 1 We need to protect animals.(八上)(7)Work in pairs. Ask and answer the questions.1）Are you surprised to find out that whales are in danger?2) Why do some animals have no place to live in?3) Do you think it is right to kill animals for their meat?4) Do most people want to help animals in danger?5) Would you like to find out more about animals in danger? 笔者认为灵活地使用教材非常重要，同时设计的活动应该有层次，这样才能让“合作学习”进一步顺利开展。所以在做这个活动之前，可以让学生先观看一段视频，视频内容是关于濒危动物和如何保护动物的。学生看完视频后，教师先提出这样两个问题：Do you think it is right to kill animals for their meat? Do you want to help animals in danger?在得到学生的肯定回答之后，教师便可以让学生分组讨论该如何保护动物。 T: Please work with your partners to make a list of the things that you can do to protect the animals. 2. Role playModule 8 Around town （八上）Unit 1 How do I get to the Forbidden City? (7)Work in pairs. Look at the map in Activity 4 again. Youre in Wangfujing Dajie. Ask for and give directions to other places. 在做活动时，可以给学生设计一个场景： T: Please work in pairs. One of you will play the role of a visitor in Beijing. When you get lost, you ask a Beijinger for some help. So your partner will act a Beijinger. Sample:A: Excuse me, how do I get to the Forbidden City? B: Turn right into Dongchangan Jie A: Thank you for your help. B: Youre welcome. Module2 Friendship Unit 1 Can you tell me where youre from? (八下) (7)Work in groups of three.Student A: Do an interview with Student B and note down some personal information. Student A: Give the information about Student B to Student C. Student C: Ask and check the information with Student B. 可以这样设置一个场景： You are a host/hostess from Radio Beijing. And you are making a call to interview a popular star. Try to ask as many questions as you can, including one or two questions about friendship. You can begin like this: A: Hello. Is that Miss Fan speaking? B: This is Miss Fan. Whos that? A: This is Tom. Im a host from Radio Beijing. Can I ask you some questions? B: Sure. A: I know that your songs are very popular with the t