专业硕士英语课文翻译 顾明远主编.doc

. Unit 1 Text1 Whats the Big Idea?Nokia sponsors a wide range of educational, cultural and other activities. One of the most unusual activities was the sponsoring of “Future Histories”, a collection of stories by prominent writers of science fiction .Why should a telecommunications company become involved with literature? It could be called “research”.诺基亚公司举办了一系列有关教育文化的的意义活动。其中最不寻常的一项活动是举办“未来的历史”，由科幻小说作家们收集的小说故事系列。为什么一个通讯公司变得与文学有牵涉，它就是所谓的“科学研究”。Science and literature have traditionally been hostile to each other. Writers have regarded scientists as dull creatures who take pleasure in destroying great words of the imagination with boring facts. Scientists have thought of writers as frivolous people with no respect for the rules of evidence. At the heart of their mutual suspicion is the question of who owns the truth. Does something become real when it is imagined or when it is physically created?科学和文学传统上就相互敌对。文学作家认为：科学家们是一群愚蠢的生物，他们总是破坏人类伟大的想象取乐。科学家则认为：文人作家们是轻浮的，没有尊循事实依据，两者相猜疑的中心交点在于：到底是谁拥有真理事实，是先有想像后来成成真呢？还是实际设计出变成真的？ Science fiction is the one area where these tow opposing groups have met and exchanged ideas . As its name suggests, science fiction is literature which predicts the technology of the future and the effect this will have on human society .Over the years many of their speculations have been remarkably accurate. Space travel, communications satellites, nuclear power, robotics, cloning and mobile telephony have all appeared in books before they appeared in reality. 科幻小说是两大对立集团相互邂逅并交流思想的公共领域。顾名思义，科学小学是预测未来科技和如何影响人类社会的文学作品。近年来，许多想象推测早己变成了现实，如太空旅行，通讯卫星，原子核能，机器人，克隆技术和移动电话，它们都是先出现在作品中然后才变成现实的。 Yet sometimes the writers have got it wrong. Nobody predicted the emergence of personal computers, for instance. And contact with alien beings from other planets still seems a long way off, despite being a common subject of science fiction.有时，科幻作家们也会搞错。从来没有人能预言个人电脑的出现，反之，尽管外星人早己成为科幻作品的描述对象，但到现在，与外星人的联系还有很长一段距离要走。 Over the years, the time between the prediction of new technology in science fiction and its actual discovery has become shorter. It took 100years before the moon landings predicted by the French writer Jules Verne actually took place. The idea of robots first emerged in the 1920s. The first robots were built in the 1970s.And in the 1940s,Arthur.C.Clarke predicted that communication satellites would circle the globe by the year 2000. These arrived 30 years before they were due.近年来，在科幻小说中新技术的预言和它变为现实，两者之间的时间在缩短。法国科幻小说家儒勒凡尔纳预言的人类登月，整整用了100年才变成现实。机器人的设想，再现在19世纪20年代，70年代就真正建成了。十九世纪小说家科拉克预言，到2000年才能实现卫星通讯，结果提前30年，这一设想就实现了。 Richard Dawkins, a British scientist, recently stated that scientific discovery revealed the beauty and complexity of nature in a way that the human imagination could never do.英国科学家，理查德道克温斯最近声名：科学发现能够展示大自然的美和复杂性，相反人类的想像则做不到。 Yet this is not the end of the road for science fiction. Many of the developments it has predicted are used for communication and we are now in what is called the “information age”. And the people who have to do the work complain of “information overload”.然而这并不是科幻小说的粉途末路，它所预言的很多发展正用信息交流，我们正在所谓的“信息时代”，西方国家超过三分之一的人口受聘于信息科技产业。世界上的领导人倡导“知识型社会”的建立。人们尽管抱怨“信息负担过重”但还必须从事这一行业。 In the middle of all this, there is a real need for people with vision. The future of business communication depends on the ability to imagine new realities and then produce products and services for them. In “Future Histories”, one story deals with an investor who constantly travels in search of new opportunities in high technology. He backs a company which produces intelligent robots, capable of learning new tasks from their environment. One day, he notices that the robots have stopped working. Eventually, he realizes that they are asking themselves a question which has never occurred to him. Why are we doing this? Writers in the information age have moved from predicting scientific discoveries of the future. Now they speculate about the effect of the revolution of communication on human society. In a world dominated by business and technology, there is still an important role to be played by people who can answer the question whats the big idea?在所有问题中，人们具有想像力是必须的。未来的商业交流主要依赖于把幻想变为现实的能力。能力具备了，才能生产出更多的产品和享有更多的服务，在“未来的历史”中，讲述了一个投资人的故事，他经常奔波于探寻高科技带来的新机遇。他主办了一家公司，主要生产智能机器人，这种机器人能够根据它所处环境而学习处理各种任务。有一天，他发现，机器人停止工作了，最后，他才认识到：机器人们请教一个他以前从未发生过的问题。信息时代的作家们已不再预言未来的科学发现，我们该怎样应对这一问题呢？于是人们就着手开始估测交际变革对人类的影响，在商业和技术占统治地位的社会中，人们仍需要扮演的一个重要角色，那就是回答：“什么是最大的主意呢？”Unit 2 Text1 A Definition of Management Management is a complex process. Through management. managers coordinate the work of people with other resources. More formally, management is defined as the process of effectively and efficiently using an organizations resources to achieve objectives through the functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Successful management requires an understanding of how a firm operates. Managers must comprehend the individual components if a firms activities in order to complete their tasks properly. For example, a manager must understand how the companys products-goods or services are produced, financed, and distributed.管理工作是项复杂的过程，通过管理，管理者可以使人的工作与其他资源协调一致。说的正式点，管理工作就定义成一项有效性和高效性地利用公司资源，通过制定计划，组织管理，领导监督和控制运作等功能，更好地实现公司目标。成功的管理工作要求管理者必须对公司运作有深刻的理解，为了更好地完成任务，管理者必须综合平衡个人的胜任能力和公司的产销活动。打个比方说，管理者必须了解这个公司的产品（货物或服务）是怎样生产，注入资金，怎样分配和销售的。 Effectiveness and efficiency are particularly crucial aspects of management. Effectiveness means that the right things are done to provide a product of value. Efficiency indicates that resources are used wisely and are not wasted. A successful company is one that is both effective and efficient.高效性和有效性是管理工作尤为重要的两个方面，高效性意味着正确利用某物使之产值最大化， 有效性是指明智地利用某物，不能浪费，成功的公司同时具备有效的和高效的这两个属性。 An effective manager makes certain that employees work on tasks for which they are well trained and competent. An efficient manager constantly monitors how resources are used in order to minimize waste. The resources available to a manager are human, financial, physical, and informational. Managerial success is determined principally by the degree to which mangers coordinate these resources and then use them wisely to offer customers products they want. Achieving this type of success in todays complex and global business environment is challenging. In part ,mangers must show employees how to welcome and adapt to constant change while helping them make extraordinary contribution.高效的管理者要确保雇员努力工作，接受良好培训，能够胜任工作任务，高效管理者经常监督：怎样利用资源，使浪费最小化。对管理者来说，有效资源是指人力资源；财政资源，物质财产资源和信息资源，管理是否成功，主要取决于管理者如何协调这些资源，明智运用资源，为顾客们提供他们所想要的产品。在现今日益复杂化和全球化的商业环境中，要做到成功管理是非常有挑战性的，有时，管理者有必要向雇员讲明，如何接受和适应经常变换的环境，使他们做出突出贡献。 Human resources. The one critical resource in all organizations is human resources. Human resources are the people through whom and with whom managers work to achieve objectives The challenge to managers is to motivate each person to work as effectively and efficiently as possible. Mangers must also make sure that human resources have the resources they need to be productive.人力资源，它是所有公司中最为关键的一个资源，人力资源是指人们通过自身努力和管理者的管理工作达到相关目标。对管理者最大的挑战是激励每个人尽可能有效和高效地工作，管理者也必须确保每个人都具备他们进行生产所必备的其他资源。（也就是劳动者和劳动资料紧密结合） Financial resources. Financial resources are the monetary resources required to support a firms current and future activities .These resources are used to acquire and maintain the companys human, physical, and informational resources.资金资源：资金资源是支撑一个公司的当前和未来生产活动的财力资源，它常常被用来满足和维持公司的人力、物产和信息资源。 For profit companies acquire financial resources through investments made by stockholders, funds borrowed from banks and other financial institutions, and retained earnings. For governmental agencies, financial resources are provided by a local, state, and /or federal governments taxing authority. Donations serve as the source of financial resources for charitable organizations. churches, and other nonprofit firms.为了利润，公司要求财力资源来支持，这些财力资金由股东投资、银行贷款、其他金融机构或自己的所挣所得构成。对于政府主办的机构公司来说，资金来源主要由地方、州或者是联邦政府的税收机关提供。捐献是慈善机构、教堂和其它非营利机构的主要资金来源。 Physical resources. A third type of resources which mangers use to accomplish objectives is known as physical resources. These include raw materials, land, buildings, furniture and office equipment, computers, machinery(including robots), and physical inventories. Clearly, physical resources are important to a firms success. However, because a firm with adequate financial resources can buy the best physical equipment, educated human resources may be more important than physical resources.物产资源：管理者用于完成各种目标的第3个资源是物产资源，它包含原材料、土地、建筑物、家具和办公设施、计算机、机器（包括机器人）和各种货物库存。很明显，物产资源对一个公司的成功动作非常重要。当然，如果一个公司有足够的财力，可以购买最上乘的物品装备，雇用受过良好培训的人力资源，那要比物产资源更重要。 Informational resources. Informational resources are data that have been analyzed and converted into forms that help managers make effective decisions. To be useful, informational resources must be correct, timely, concise, and comprehensive. Examples of these resources include budgets, sales forecasts, economic forecasts, analyses of in-house training programs, and a host of other documents that help managers make decisions.信息资源：信息资源是经过分析和转换的数据，它能帮助管理者进行有效决策。为了更实用，信息资源必须正确、及时、简要、广泛全面。信息资源的实例包括财政预算、市场预测，经济前景预测、公司内部培训计划分析，和其他的帮助管理者决策的文献材料。 In todays complex global markets, the skillful use of informational resources is necessary for a companys success. Organizational resources are often closely related. For example, the effective and efficient use of financial markets. Sophisticated computer systems may be needed to convert data into useful information. Human resources can achieve maximum productivity only when they have access to appropriate types of physical resources. The challenge to managers is to reorganize the overlap among resources while valuing the importance of each.在现今复杂化全球化的市场上，信息资源的有效利用对一个公司的成功是必须的，各种资源常常是密切相关的。例如，财力资源的有效和高效利用受人力资源对国际财经市场的理解的影响。复杂的计算机系统可以用作把数据转换成为有用的信息，只有当人力资源与物质资源的正确类型相匹配时，才能实现产出最大化，对管理者的挑战就是评估各种资源的重要性时重新组合，去提重叠部分。Unit 3 Text1 Enjoy the Great Outdoors Few countries have such a varied and tempting outdoors as the USA. There is every kind of climate except tropical; Arctic in Alaska, Mediterranean in southern California, temperate in the northwest and northeast, subtropical in Florida, desert in Arizona and New Mexico. Death Valley, California, has the most consistently high summer temperature in the world It sometimes persists at 132F.很少有国家像美国那样具有各种各样诱人的户外活动。除热带气候外，各种气候都具备。阿拉斯加的极地气候，加利福尼州北部的地中海式气候，东北部和西北部的温带气候，佛罗里达州的亚热带气候，亚里桑那州和新墨西哥州的沙漠气候。加利福尼亚的死亡之谷，在夏季始终保持着全世界的最高温度，有时高达132华氏度。 As for the landscape, it is enormously varied and spectacular. In the west there are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, with their snow-capped peaks, and in the east the wild, forest-covered Appalachians, whose highest summit is nearly 7000 feet. There is an abundance of waterfall, gentle rivers, lakes that are small and intimate or vast like the Great Lakes, Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world and the waves which break on its shores are like the waves of the sea. In winter and in spring, campers, are tempted by the clear skies and dazzling multi-colored rocks of Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico. Even the bleak splendor of Death Valley attracts many winter visitors.至于山水，那可是多种多样，引人入胜，颇为壮观。西部有落基山脉和内华达山脉，那里白雪皑皑；在东部，有森林覆盖的阿拉巴契山脉，它的最高峰近7000英尺。这儿有丰富的瀑布群和涓涓小河，既有祥和宁静的小湖泊，也有像GREAT LAKES那样的大湖，这里有世界上最大的淡水湖-苏必利尔湖。那里的波浪像大海波涛一样汹涌澎湃。冬春季节，亚里桑那、科罗拉多、和新墨西哥州和洁静滑雪和眼花缭乱的多彩岩石吸引了大批宿营人。 Everything worth seeing in the USA is accessible to campers, picnickers and vacationers. Freeways, highways, unpaved secondary roads lead you to places from where you can push off into the wilderness. Once in the wilderness, your chief worry will be, not how to avoid other hikers, but how not to get lost!在美国最值得一瞧的是宿营人、野炊人和度假人的便利。高速路、高等公路、未铺油的二等公路四通八达，从你动身之处一直到野外。在空旷的野外，你最担心的不是避开旅游高峰，而是怕迷了路！ The unique contributions of the United States to those who love the great outdoors are the National Parks and State Parks. They are beautifully organized and give particular thought to campers. There are also campsites by the sea, which are hidden from the beach by a line of sand dunes, or a thick belt of trees .Wherever you go ,you can nearly always find picnic places complete with wooden tables and benches, garbage cans and restrooms.美国为野外活动爱好者们所作的特殊贡献就是建立了众多的国家公园，及州立公园，这些公园布局漂亮，体现了对野营爱好者的特殊关爱。海边有许多野营营地，这些营地，或隐匿在海滩一连串的沙丘后，或在海滩茂密的林带后面。无论你走到哪里，几乎能找到地方野餐，这些地方设备齐全，全都配有木制桌子、长凳、垃圾桶和洗手间。 Many Americans, young and old, prefer camping in vehicles, called campers. There are many different kinds, from the extremely luxurious to the convertible pick-up truck. There are monster campers with every imaginable luxury, from deep freezes and microwave ovens, to plush carpets and color television sets. They can accommodate four people comfortably, and they do not necessarily belong to rich people.有很多美国人，不管老少，更愿自己开车野营。车型多种多样，有特别豪华奢侈的，也有可折叠的轻型皮卡，许多野营者豪华程度难以想像，深色的冰箱，微波炉，长绒地毯到彩电，可以很舒服给四个人提供宿膳。但这并不仅仅是富人的专利。 Some retired couples put a large part of their savings into these “homes on wheels” and spend half the year roaming the country. It satisfies a craving for the great open spaces that some of them still have in their advanced years, and it is at the same time a cheap way to live. If the price of gas goes up any further, they will simply roam less far.许多老夫妇把他们大部分积蓄花费在“车轮子上的家”，一年中的大半时间在国内游历，在他们的有生之年仍然心醉于渴望到开阔的地方，并且这也是一种省钱的生活方式，如果汽油价格上扬，他们就将减少游历。 Even the smallest camper cannot negotiate the steeper and more tortuous roads which lead far into the wilderness. So the adventurous often strap bicycles or motorbikes to the front of their campers. Then they are free to follow the smallest tracks up the mountains, across the deserts or into the forests.即使是行装最简的野营者也不能够穿过陡峭险峻、蜿蜒曲折的通往野外的山间小路，这时野营者常常把他们的自行车或摩托车捆在野营地前面，然后一身轻松地穿过山间小路，穿过沙漠或森林。 Others travel the country in four-wheel-drive vehicles. They may carry with them canoes or rafts, in which they travel down rivers controlled by the National Park Service. These rivers flow through wildernesses. The adventures can camp on the riverbanks, but they are forbidden to go inland. They cannot hunt, but they are allowed to fish. Some of these rivers twist and rush down narrow canyons, or deep rocky valleys thick with forests. Rangers patrol the waters from time to time. But you travel the rivers at your own risk.还有其他借助于四驱车旅行全国的游历者，四驱车上装着独木舟或竹筏子，下水划船游历。这些小溪由国家公园服务处管理。通往野外，这些探险者可在小河边宿营，但禁止进入内陆腹地。不准打猎，可以钓鱼，许多小河蜿蜒曲折，水流湍急，从深谷中或从森林茂密的深壑中流出。有时，偶尔与护林员相遇，沿河顠游，自担风险。 Horseback riding is a favorite but more expensive sport, and there are dude ranches in Texas and other border states where you can stay-at a price-and live the life of a cowboy or cowgirl. Other outdoor adventures can be snowshoeing through the flat forests of Michigan, snow-mobiling anywhere, skiing in the Rockies and in Alasks, surfing, water-skiing and hunting. And there are many other things besides, that you can do in the American “great outdoors.”骑马旅行是时兴但花费较贵的运动，在得克萨斯州有旅游大牧场。你可以停在与它边界毗连的地方（相当贵的）做一回牛仔们的生活。其他的户外探险运动，到密歇根密林，穿雪鞋旅行，在各州的雪上开车旅行，在洛基山脉和阿拉斯加的划雪，冲浪、划水、和狩猎。你可以做美国人“伟大的户外活动者”可作的许多的其他事情。 Unit 4 Text1 Animal LifeThe worlds first litter of cloned pigs is raising hope that pigs might soon serve as organ donors for humans. In March, the Scottish company PPL Therapeutics, a spin-off of the research institute that cloned Dolly the lamb, announced the birth of five piglets cloned from an adult pig cell. Scientists had previously cloned cows and goats, but pigs have been the focus of transplant research because they are more physiologically similar to humans.世界上第一窝克隆猪燃起了人们的希望，不久克隆猪就可以作为人类器官的捐献者。三月份，苏格兰PPL医疗研究所，曾经克隆过多利羊的研究所的一个子公司。他们宣布：取自成年猪细胞的5只克隆猪诞生。科学家先前曾克隆过牛和山羊，但是克隆猪成为移植的焦点，是因为猪在生理上与人类差不多。 The hope is that by combining cloning with genetic engineering. scientists will be able to create a population of pigs whose organs do not trigger a rejection when transplanted into humans. Although the five piglets were not genetically engineered, PPL has grown pig cells in the lab and successfully knocked out one gene responsible for initiating rejection. The next step is to remove some of the other major genes involved, and then clone these genetically modified cells.燃起的希望是在于使克隆技术与基因工程两者相结合。科学家们能够制造出一定数量的克隆猪，当移植给人类时，它们的器官不再引发排斥反应。尽管那五只小猪崽并未进行过基因设计，但PPL已经在实验室培植了猪细胞并且成功淘汰了引发排斥反应的一个基因，下一步就是去掉其它有关的主要基因，然后再用基因转换细胞克隆猪。EXCERPT B Marine iguanas living in the Galapagos Islands can do something that was once thought to be impossible for adult vertebrates. They can change their body length, growing or shrinking by as much as 20 percent.生活在加拉帕戈斯群岛的海边大晰蜴能够做出一度被认为是成年脊椎动物不可能作出的事情。他们能够改变身体长度，能够伸长或收缩大约20%多。 Scientists who observed their changes over the course of 18 years say that larger lizards shrank more than smaller ones, and females shrank more than comparably sized mates. Periods of greatest shrinkage coincided with EL Nino events, when food supplies were diminished. Lizards that shrank more during these periods survived longer than their larger peers.观察研究这种变化达18年之久的科学家说：大点的蜥蜴收缩幅度比小点儿的要大，同尺寸大小的雌性要比雄性收缩幅度大。身体收缩最大值与厄尔尼诺现象的出现相一致。厄尔尼诺发生时，食物供应下降，身体收缩更大一点的要比它们的同类生存得更长。 Since marine iguanas can live more than 28 years, and EL Nino recur at roughly 3-to-7-year intervals, “adult iguanas can switch between growth and shrinkage several times over the course of their lives, ”says Martin Wikelski of the University of Illinois, who conducted the research with Corinna Thorn of the University of Wurzbury in Germany. “For animals on the margin between life and death, shrinkage increases the chances for survival,” Wikelski explains.Iguanas exercise less during EL Nino periods, and have elevated corticosterone levels that are indicative of stress. “If we can understand the mechanism for bone shrinkage and regrowth in lizards, the knowledge might someday be applied to reverse the debilitating conditions in humans, ”Wikelski says.“由于海边蜥蜴能够生存长达28年，厄尔尼诺则每隔37年一次，那么成年蜥蜴在它们生命历程中要收缩和伸长好几次。”伊利诺州立大学的马丁威尔斯基教授说，他同时与德国伍兹伯利大学的科琳娜索恩展开研究，“对于动物来说，处在生与死的边缘