篇章模式ppt课件.ppt

语篇模式 语篇的定义及特征 语篇 又称篇章 也就是英文的text与discourse 一般而言 语篇是指一段有意义 传达一个完整信息 逻辑连贯 语言衔接 具有一定交际目的和功能的语言单位或交际事件 既可以是一个单词 wait stop 一组句子 一段诗歌 也可以是一篇文章甚至一部小说 语篇分析及其意义 据胡壮麟 1994 语篇分析就是立足于整个篇章 重视分析篇章的建构和解读 通过还原作者组织语言表达思想内容的原始过程来实现理解的目的 具体来说 语篇分析包括语境分析 宏观结构分析 语篇的衔接与连贯和信息结构分析 宏观结构分析及其意义 VanDijk 1980 宏观结构与知识的组织有关 任何语篇处理如果不考虑信息的宏观结构及其过程都是不合理的 作为一个读者 在理解一个语篇时 并不是单纯地只依靠理解语句来实现其阅读的目的 尤其是在阅读一些行文跳跃 文字晦涩的作品时 更要立足于整个篇章 以其宏观结构为导线来解读 更何况 语篇的宏观结构也具有明确的语言表现 linguisticmanifestation 常见的语篇模式 概括 具体模式 general specific 也称一般 特殊模式 general particular 或预览 细节模式 preview detailed 问题 解决模式 problem solution 含提问 回答模式 question answerpattern 主张 反主张模式 claim counterclaim 叙述模式 narrative 概括 具体模式图示 具体陈述1 具体陈述2 具体陈述3 具体陈述4 概括陈述 更具体陈述 更具体陈述 更具体陈述 更具体陈述 概括陈述 概括陈述A 概括陈述B 概括陈述 Para1complaintofthework heavywork poorpay terribleworkingconditions具体陈述1 Para2hugedemandsmadebythejobonmystrength longhours heavyboxes greatamountofwork具体陈述2 poorpay thelowestpay extraworkwithstilllittlemoney具体陈述3 Para3theterribleworkingconditions littlerest laboringinlowtemperatures cleaningalone概括陈述 repetitionofthetopsentenceinPara1insimilarlanguage 概括陈述 Buthowyoucansayitcanbequitetricky topicsentence 具体陈述1I msorryIgotangrywithyoubut Youshouldn thaveexpectedanapologyformyinjuringyou 具体陈述2 another I msorryyouareupset Youshouldn thavebeenupsetbywhattheotherhasdone 具体陈述3 then I muselessasaparent Itavoidsrecognizingaspecificparticularlyhurtfulact 概括陈述 evaluationofthetricky false coveringapologies Whichwouldbethetitleofthepassage A Makesurethatyoudon tmakefalseapologies B Howyoushouldteachyourchildrentosaysorry C Youshouldprovideyourchildrenwithnecessaryaidinmakingrealapologies D Manyparentsseemtoapologizewithoutbeingreallysorry 问题 解决模式 1 一篇组织完好 well formed 的篇章由以下四个部分构成situationproblemresponseevaluation result 2 常见于在记叙文 议论文科学论文 试验报告 新闻报道甚至文学作品中 example Iwasonsentryduty Isawtheenemyapproaching Iopenedfire Ibeatofftheattack situation Iwasonsentryduty problem Isawtheenemyapproaching response Iopenedfire evaluation Ibeatofftheattack 大模式嵌入小模式 Iwasonsentryduty Isawtheenemyapproaching Itriedtoopenfire Thegun sboltjammed Stayingcalm Iappliedadropofoil Thatdidthetrick Iopenedfire Ibeatofftheattack 嵌入情景 Itriedtoopenfire 嵌入问题 Thegun sboltjammed 嵌入反应 Iappliedadropofoil 嵌入评价 Thatdidthetrick anotherexample Mostpeopleliketotakeacamerawiththemwhentheytravelabroad ButallairportshaveX raysecurityscreeningandXrayscandamagefilm Onesolutiontothisproblemistopurchaseaspeciallydesignedlead linepouch ThesearecheapandcanprotectfilmfromallbutstrongestXrays Part1 Para1 situationfortheproblemintheformofajoke Part2 Para2 3 theproblemofanimals beingkilledwhilecrossingtheroad Part3 Para4 5 6 solutiontotheproblem Part4 Para7 evaluationofthesolutioninasomewhathumorousway 提问 回答模式 1 有时 先预设一个情景 situation 2 总是在篇章开头设置一个显性的 用提问方式表达的问题 有时篇章的标题就是全文要回答探讨的问题 problem 3 篇章的发展主要是寻求对这一问题的令人满意的答案 response 4 不少篇章的作者都对会上述的可能反应作出评价 evaluation 广泛见于多种语篇类型中 如演说 政论 说教 广告 报道等等 WhatwouldyouthinkifyouwentbacktoschoolonMondayandtherewerenodesksorchairsinyourclassroom That swhatsomefourth and fifth gradersataschoolinMinnesotadiscoveredearlierthisyearwhentheytookpartinaresearchprojecttoseeifchangingtheirclassroomwouldmakethemmoreactive Researchers wereconcernedaboutreportsthatasmanyashalfofAmericankidscouldbeoverweightby1000 Sotheysetupadifferentkindofclassroom question 44 Whatwouldbethetitleforthetext NoDesksorChairsintheClassroomNewClassroomsintheFutureSchoolTakesaStandagainstOverweightWashingDishesbyHandintheClassroom 1 Haveyoueverwonderedwhybirdssing Maybeyouthoughtthattheywerejusthappy Afterall youprobablysingorwhistlewhenyouarehappy question 2 Somescientistsbelievethatbirdsdosingsomeofthetimejustbecausetheyarehappy However theysingmostofthetimeforaverydifferentreason Theirsingingisactuallyawarningtootherbirdstostayoutoftheirterritory answertothequestionastopic 3 Doyouknowwhata territory is Aterritoryisanareathatananimal usuallythemale claimsasitsown Onlyheandhisfamilyarewelcomethere Nootherfamiliesofthesamespeciesarewelcome Youryardandhouseareyourterritorywhereonlyyourfamilyandfriendsarewelcome Ifastrangershouldenteryourterritoryandthreatenyou youmightshout Probablythiswouldbeenoughtofrightenhimaway definitionof territory 4 Ifso youhaveactuallyscaredthestrangerawaywithouthavingtofighthim Abirddoesthesamething Butheexpectsanoutsideralmostanytime especiallyatnesting 筑巢 season Soheisscreamingallthetime whetherhecanseeanoutsiderornot Thisscreamingiswhatwecallabird ssong anditisusuallyenoughtokeepanoutsideraway singallthetime 5 Birdssingloudestinthespringwhentheyaretryingtoattractamateandwarnothersnottoentertheterritoryoftheirs singloudestinthespring 6 Youcanseethatbirdshavealanguagealltheirown Mostofithastodowithattractingmatesandsettingupterritories mainusefortheirsinging 主张 反主张模式 首先提出一个普遍认可或某些人认可的主张或观点然后进行澄清 说明自己的主张或观点 或者说提出反主张或真实情况是辩论类篇章的典型模式标志词 say claim state false infact inreality etc 微型的主张 反主张模式俯拾皆是 IfyouaskpeopletonametheonepersonwhohadthegreatesteffectontheEnglishlanguage youwillgetanswerslike Shakespeare SamuelJohnson and Webster butnoneofthesemenhadanyeffectatallcomparedtoamanwhodidn tevenspeakEnglish WilliamtheConqueror Para2 3 illustrationofhisinfluencePara4 comment conclusionoftheresult question 70 Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext A ThehistoryofGreatBritain B ThesimilaritybetweenEnglishandFrench C TheruleofEnglandbyWilliamtheConqueror D TheFrenchinfluencesontheEnglishlanguage Increasingly Americansarebecomingtheirowndoctors bygoingonlinetodiagnosetheirsymptoms orderhomehealthtestsormedicaldevices orevenself treattheirillnesseswithdrugsfromInternetpharmacies 药店 Someavoiddoctorsbecauseofthehighcostofmedicalcare especiallyiftheylackhealthinsurance Ortheymaystaybecausetheyfinditembarrassingtodiscusstheirweight alcoholconsumptionorcouchpotatohabits Patientsmayalsofearwhattheymightlearnabouttheirhealth ortheydistrustphysiciansbecauseofnegativeexperiencesinthepast Butplayingdoctorcanalsobeadeadlygame Everyday morethansixmillionAmericansturntotheInternetformedicalanswers mostofthemaren tnearlyskepticalenoughofwhattheyfind A2002surveybythePewInternet AmericanLifeProjectfoundthat72percentofthosesurveyedbelieveallormostofwhattheyreadonhealthwebsites Theyshouldn t Lookup headache andthechancesoffindingreliableandcompleteinformation freefromamotivationforcommercialgain areonlyoneinten reportsanApril2005BrownMedicalSchoolstudy Ofthe169websitestheresearchersrated only16scoredas highquality Recentstudiesfoundfaultyfactsaboutallsortsofotherdisorders causingoneresearchteamtowarnthatalargeamountofincomplete inaccurateandevendangerousinformationexistsontheInternet Theproblemismostpeopledon tknowthesafewaytosurftheWeb TheyuseasearchenginelikeGoogle get18trillionchoicesandstartclicking Butthat srisky becausealmostanybodycanputupasitethatlooksauthoritative 权威的 soit dhardtoknowifwhatyou rereadingisreasonableornot saysDr SarahBassfromtheNationalCancerInstitute 68 Accordingtothetext anincreasingnumberofAmerican A aresufferingfrommentaldisordersB turntoInternetpharmaciesforhelpC liketoplaydeadlygameswithdoctorsD areskepticalaboutsurfingmedicalwebsites71 Whichofthefollowingistheauthor smainargument A It scheaptoself treatyourownillness B It sembarrassingtodiscussyourbadhabits C It sreasonabletoputupamedicalwebsite D It sdangeroustobeyourowndoctor 叙事模式 组成部分 摘要 abstraction 定位 orientation 叠合事件 complicatingevents 评价 evaluation 解决 resolution 结尾 coda Labov 1992 摘要 abstraction 对要说的事的简要概括定位 orientation 对时间 地点 人物所作的交代 以过去进行式和时间 地点 方式状语为语言标记 叠合事件 complicatingevents 对构成故事的主要事件的发展安排 以一般过去式和时间顺序为语言标记 评价 evaluation 分外部评价与内部评价解决 resolution 对人物 情节或事件结局的交待 结尾 coda 故事世界与当时的现实世界之间构建的一种联系 摘要定位3 叠合事件 4 评价 5 解决 6 结尾 Anexperiencelastweekendshowedmethisistrue who I theseoldpeople oneaged where supermarket when lastSunday Heaskedforfoodontrust Irefusedhisrequest Amanofferedtopayforthefood