2014年硕士研究生英语全真模拟试卷(二).doc

2014年硕士研究生英语全真模拟试卷（二）英语知识运用1. Section Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.When a country is under-populated, newcomers are not competitors, but assistants. If more come they may produce not only new quotas, but a (1) as well. In such a state of things land is (2) and cheap. The possession of it (3) no power or privilege. No one will work for another for wages (4) he can take up new land and be his own master. Hence it will pay no one to own more land than he can (5) by his own labor, or with such aid as his own family (6) . Hence, again, land (7) little or no rent; there will be no landlords living on rent and no laborers living on (8) , but only a middle class of yeoman farmers(自耕农). All are (9) on an equality, and democracy becomes the political form, because this is the only state of society in which equality, on which democracy is (10) , is realized as a fact. The same effects are powerfully (11) by other facts. In a new and under-populated country the industries which are most profitable are the extractive industries. The (12) of these, with the exception of some kinds of mining, is that they call (13) only a low organization of labor and small amount of capital. Hence they allow the workman to become (14) his own master, and they educate him to freedom, independence, and self (15) . At the same time, the social groups being only (16) marked off from each other, it is easy to (17) from one class of occupations, and consequently from one social grade, to another. Finally, under the same circumstances, education, skill, and superior training have but inferior value compared with what they have in (18) populated countries. The (19) lie in an under-populated country, with the (20) , unskilled, manual occupations, and not with the highest developments of science, literature, and art.2. A surplus B plus C remains D remainder3. A scarce B sacred C abundant D extractive4. A infers B defers C confers D refers5. A but B when C while D so6. A cultivate B culminate C calculate D conceive7. A requests B deploys C implies D supplies8. A fosters B promotes C bears D contributes9. A wages B salaries C rewards D awards10. A intentionally B potentially C substantially D consistently11. A fertilized B based C drawn D guaranteed12. A influenced B checked C reshaped D reinforced13. A feature B characteristic C essence D fundamental14. A off B on C to D for15. A speedily B merrily C unfortunately D amusingly16. A autonomy B regulation C independence D reliance17. A obviously B vaguely C positively D apparently18. A transfer B transform C transmit D transport19. A sporadically B densely C loosely D neatly20. A advantages B disadvantages C gains D deficits21. A flexible B coarse C presentable D masculine阅读理解1. Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 1Remember the days when companies such as Microsoft and Mc-Kinsey took immense satisfaction from subjecting job candidates to mind-crunching strategy sessions? If you thought that was rough, imagine an interview in which no amount of research or questioning of insiders will help. Imagine instead that all you can do is have a healthy breakfast, pick out your nicest suit, and hope for the best. In the new interview, theyre not just testing what you know. Theyre also testing who you are.Its called the situational interview, and its quickly becoming a must in the job-seeking world. In the post-Enron culture of caution, corporations are focusing on an obvious insight: that a gold-plated resume and winning personality are about as accurate in determining job performance as Wall Street analysts are in picking stocks. Now, with shareholder scrutiny, hiring slowdowns, and expense-reducing, no manager can afford to hire the wrong person. Hundreds of companies are switching to the new methods. Whereas the conventional interview has been found to be only 7% accurate in predicting job performance, situational interviews deliver a rating of 54%the most of any interviewing tool.The situational techniques superiority stems from its ability to trip up even the wittiest of interviewees. Of course, every applicant must display a healthy dose of occupational know-how, but behavior and ethical backbone play a big role. For example, a prospective analyst at a Wall Street bank might have to face, say, a customer with an account argument. Its not happening on paper, but in real timewith managers and experts watching nearby. The interviewer plays the role of a fierce customer on the phone, angry about money lost when a trade wasnt executed on time. Its set up as an obvious mistake on the bankers part.Interviewers watch the candidates reactions: how they process the complex account information, their ability to talk the client down, what their body language displays about their own shortcomings, and which words they choose. In this instance, not being honest about the mistake or showing anger or frustrationno matter how glowing your resumemeans youre out.Behavioral interviews are also being rounded out by other tools that, until recently, had been reserved for elite hires. Personality-testing outfit Caliper, for example, which probes candidates for emotional-intelligence skills and job ability, has seen its business jump 20% this year.Clearly, the new interview isnt without its drawbacks. Companies run the risk of arousing hostility in candidates, who may feel as if some line has been crossed into personal territory. Moreover, sortie companies worry about the fairness of personality tests. They have to make sure there are no inherent gender or racial biases in the test.2. In conventional interviews, Microsoft tested applicants by_.A pressing them to solve strategic issuesB causing them to crack mental problemsC subjecting them to doing a lot of researchD making them worry stiff problems out3. According to the author, narrative is to story what_.A picture is to movie still B goodness is to badness C form is to content D color is to visual art 4. According to the text, the reason for cosmetic surgery is_.A being physically healthyB looking normalC investing for lifeD making the appearance perfect5. The report aims to_.A offer a detailed description of genetic testing processB stress the need for caution in the use of newborn screeningC interpret the significance of genetic testing to the publicD state the chief points of the policy guidelines on genetic screening6. 417. 468. 479. 4210. Text 2Narrative crept back into art through a side door marked fashion photography. In April 1967, French Vogue published a spread by Bob Richardson, the American photographer, that soon became a legend Informally christened the Greek trip by Richardsons admirers, the spread featured Donna Mitchell, a striking brunet model, hanging out on the Aegean island of Rhodes with a male companion.Of course, narrative never disappearedit just went to the movies, and stayed, and stayed. But what had caused stories to be exiled from high art? The idea of essence, and the equation of essence with goodness. Can you imagine? Visual art is essentially composed of form, color, materials. Anything to do with content is extraneous and therefore to be associated with badness; therefore to be eliminated. Moreover, content, says this line of thought, is controlling. This means that a rose is the Virgin Mary (depending on what the meaning of is is). And art, like society, must be liberated from such hierarchically imposed values. What this argument overlooked, of course, is that narrative is a form in itself, not just a vehicle for content. Indeed, the ideology of formalism originated, in Soviet Russia, with the analysis of old folk tales. Narrative form, the analysis went, typically proceeds from an initial state of equilibrium through a series of destabilizing episodes, concluding with a heightened state of equilibrium at the end. Think Indiana Jones. You can plug whatever content you want in there as long as it creates the form. Each episode simply has to do with the work of creating disequilibrium.A narrative does not, in other words, tell a story. A story is told to give listeners the pleasure of the narrative form. If you were to isolate the form of disequilibrium from the specifics of plot, you might arrive at something resembling the collected work of Cindy Sherman. Initially modeled after movie stills, Shermans pictures are not, of course, abstract. Over the years, in fact, their content has become increasingly elaborate. I see this as a form of generosity as well as a sign of advanced technical skills. Not since Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527-1593), perhaps, has an artist contrived to turn the human figure into a more bountiful cornucopia for the eye.Yet even the most visually splendid of Shermans images are minimalist, in that they reduce the narrative down to the precise moment when the center of gravity shifts. Perhaps some unheard word is spoken. A floorboard squeaks. From upstairs comes a thump. And a tentative state of equilibrium gives way to anxiety or dread. That moment, too, represents essence. What more do you need to know?11. Great care should be given to the employment of information in_.A newborn screeningB predictive testsC pilot studiesD informed consent12. According to Paragraph 3, what Dr. Davies said implies that_.A cosmetic surgery, though costly, is worth havingB cosmetic surgery is very expensiveC cosmetic surgery is necessary even for the average personD cosmetic surgery is beyond the reach of most people13. People who support the idea of essence most probably agree that_.A narrative is only a vehicle for contentB art develops with its own valuesC Virgin Mary can be metaphorized as a roseD content should be eliminated for its narrative form14. In the situational interview, job-seekers have to_.A be dressed up in the height of fashionB be examined in professional experiencesC demonstrate their personalities and knowledgeD present elegantly written and polished resumes15. The new interview is widely adopted because of its_.A efficiency in selecting the fittest brainsB insight into the interviewees characterC accuracy in testing working experienceD exactness in assessing performing skills16. The authors attitude towards the idea of essence is_.A puzzledB criticalC ironicD objective17. There is a hot debate in America about_.A whether those who are under 18 need cosmetic surgeryB whether people should have maintenance work in their thirtiesC at what age people should have cosmetic surgeryD whether cosmetic surgery should cater for the average person18. The phrase in concert with (Line 2, Para. 2)maybe best replaced by_.A in contrast withB on account ofC with relation toD in company with19. Text 3Demand for the most common cosmetic surgery procedures, like breast enlargements and nose jobs, has increased by more than 400 per cent over the last decade. According to Dr. Dai Davies, of the Plastic Surgery Partnership in Hammersmith, the majority of cosmetic surgery patients are not chasing physical perfection. Rather, they are driven to fantastic lengths to improve their appearance by a desire to look normal. What we all crave is to look normal, and normal is what is prescribed by the advertising media and other external pressures. They give us a perception of what is physically acceptable and we feel we must look like that. In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centres on what age people should be before going under the knife. New York surgeon Dr. Gerard Imber recommends maintenance work for people in their thirties. The idea of waiting until one needs a heroic transformation is silly, he says. By then, youve wasted 20 great years of your life and allowed things to get out of hand. Dr. Imber draws the line at operating on people who are under 18, however. It seems that someone we dont consider old enough to order a drink shouldnt be considering plastic surgery. In the UK cosmetic surgery has long been seen as the exclusive domain of the very rich and famous. But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people. Dr. Davies, who claims to cater for the average person , agrees. He says: I treat a few of the rich and famous and an awful lot of secretaries. Of course, 3,000 for an operation is a lot of money. But it is also all investment for life which costs about half the price of a good family holiday. Dr. Davies suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery. Yet, as one woman who recently paid 2,500 for liposuction to remove cellulite from her thighs admitted, the slope to becoming a cosmetic surgery veteran is a deceptively gentle one. I had my legs done because theyd been bugging me for years. But going into the clinic was so low key and effective it whetted my appetite. Now I dont think theres any operation that I would rule out having if I could afford it. 20. 4321. 4822. 4923. 4424. Text 4An official report, addressing concerns about the many implications of genetic testing, outlined policy guidelines and legislative recommendations intended to avoid involuntary and/or ineffective testing, and to protect confidentiality. The report identified urgent concerns, such as quality control measures (including federal oversight for testing laboratories) and better genetics training for medical practitioners. It recommended voluntary screening, urged couples in high-risk populations to consider carrier screening, and advised caution in using and interpreting pre-symptomatic or predictive tests, because certain information could easily be misused or misinterpreted.About three in every 100 children are born with a severe disorder presumed to be genetic or partially genetic in origin. Genes, often in concert with environmental factors, are being linked to the causes of many common adult diseases such as heart disease, hypertension (high blood pressure), various cancers, Alzheimers disease, etc. Tests to determine predisposition to a variety of conditions are under study, and some are beginning to be applied.The report recommended that all screening, including screening of newborns, be voluntary. Citing the results of two different voluntary newborn screening programs, the report said these programs can achieve compliance rates equal to or better than those of obligatory programs. State health departments could eventually require the offering of tests for diagnosing treatable conditions in newborns, however, careful pilot studies for conditions diagnosable at birth need to be done first.Although the report asserted that it would prefer that all screening be voluntary, it did note that if a state requires newborn screening for a particular condition, the state should do so only if there is strong evidence that a newborn would benefit from effective treatment at the earliest possible age. Newborn screening is the most common type of genetic screening today. More than four million newborns are tested annually so that effective treatment can be started in a few hundred infants.Prenatal (preceding birth) testing can pose the most difficult issues. The ability to diagnose genetic disorders in the fetus(胎儿)far exceeds any ability to treat or cure them. Parents must be fully informed about risks and benefits of testing procedures, the nature and variability of the disorders they would disclose, and the options available if test results are positive.Obtaining informed consenta process that would include educating participants, not just processing documentswould enhance voluntary participation. When offered testing, parents should receive comprehensive counseling, which should be nondirective. Relevant medical advice, however, is recommended for treatable or preventable conditions.Genetics also can predict whether certain diseases might develop later in life. For single-gene diseases, population screening should only be considered for treatable or preventable conditions of relatively high frequency. Children should be tested only