大学英语写作详细讲.doc

大学英语写作讲义 四级写作总论一、 课程安排：1、 总论：1）考试流程2）复习计划3）学习方法4）大纲解读2、 应用文：1）个人简历2）书信3）口头作文4）告示5）经典范文3、 论说文：1）评卷实例2）万能句型3） 最新真题4、 翻译：1） 最新大纲2） 最新真题二、 考试流程：08：45 验证入场（身份证、准考证、学生证缺一不可）09：00 发答题卡（答题卡1正面为作文题，背面写作文），9：00之后无法入场。09：1009：35 写作（09：35发试题册）写作时间分配：审题（3分钟）09：3509：40 翻译09：4009：55 快速阅读理解（在答题卡1背面作答）09：5510：00 收答题卡1，建议快速浏览听力选项10：0010：35 听力理解（以下在答题卡2作答）10：3511：05 仔细阅读理解（选词填空或简答篇章阅读理解）11：0511：20 完形填空（11:05 监考教师提醒15分钟后交卷）三、 复习计划：1、 攻克词汇：1） 词汇书：俞敏洪四级词汇词根+联想记忆法2） 真题：最新10套四级真题2、 精研真题：最新10套四级真题，尤其是2006年6月24日以后真题1） 词汇：没有一个词汇不认识2） 选项：没有一个选项不了解四、 学习方法：（一） 提高实力：背诵：10大必背范文1）Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Views on Examinations. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1、 大学都用考试来衡量学生的成绩2、 考生可能带来的副作用3、 我对考试的看法In most colleges and universities the examination is used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fails in mastering a particular subject. Although it does the job quite efficiently, its side effects are also enormous. To begin with, examinations lower the standards of teaching. Since teachers are often judged by examination results, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques. No subjects can be taught successfully merely through being approached with intent to take examinations. In addition, the most undesirable effect is that examinations encourage bad study habits. As the examination score is the only criterion for his academic performance, a student is driven to memorize mechanically rather than to think creatively.In fact, few of us admit that examinations can contribute anything really important to the students academic development. If that is the case, why cannot we make a change and devise something more efficient and reliable than examinations?2）Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Favorite Novel. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1、 我最喜爱的小说是2、 该小说的内容3、 我为什么喜爱My favorite novel is Around the World in Eighty Days which is written by Jules Verne. The author was born in France and devoted himself to literature and wrote several scientific romances, which gained him the nameFather of Modern Science Fiction.This is a book of science fiction which tells us an exciting story about an English gentleman, Mr. Phileas Fogg, who makes a bet with his clubmates and manages to travel around the world in eighty days. It gives us a vivid description of the many difficulties and incidents which happen on his journey.From this story, we can see the authors deep love for the sea, travel and adventure, which played a vital role in his life. We are also astonished and convinced by his fertile imagination and scientific and geographical knowledge.3）Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The most unforgettable Person I ever Know. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline below:1、 我生活中最难忘的人是2、 为什么他（或她）令我难以忘怀3、 结论In my life I have met a great many people who are really worth recalling. But perhaps the most unforgettable person I ever know is my English teacher. What frequently brings back memories of my school teacher is his special qualities. First and foremost, he gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offeran awakening of a passion for learning. He not only led us to an appreciation of the beauty and perfection of English language and literature, but also aroused our great interest in exploring something deeper in this field. Furthermore, I was attracted by his lively wit. I remember that we students always anticipated his class with great eagerness because his lecture were humorously delivered, never failing to provoke chuckles or loud laughs.Although it is nearly two years since I attended his last class, he is the talk of our old classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.4）Directions: You want to invite some friends to a party. Write an invitation letter to them individually:1） 邀请他们参加晚会，2） 说明举办晚会的原因，3） 为他们安排了什么活动Dear Snoopy,I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr. Guo Jings wedding ceremony with Ms. Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m. on April 1, 2008. As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy. The occasion will start at seven oclock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company. Yours sincerely,Li Ming5）SpeechMr. President, ladies and gentlemen,Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to Beijing! To begin with, I would like to make a brief introduction to myself. I am the president of Motorola(China) Electronics Ltd.The following is my introduction to the conference. First, it is my great honor to be here with all of you and declare open the Conference fo International Trade Cooperation. Second, on behalf of our company , I would like to express my heartfelt welcome to all the guests and delegates. Last, I believe our cooperative efforts are sure to be productive. .I was all of you enjoy yourselves during this conference and hope the above information will help you. If you have any question for me, please feel free to ask at any time. Thank you for your attention.6）LetterDear Sir or Madam,I am a senior from the Department of Business Administration of Beijing University. I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for admission into your esteemed institution/your recently advertised position for a staff member.I am sure that I am qualified for it. Fist, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and work experience. Second, not only do my qualifications and experience make me a perfect candidate for it, my cheerful personality is well suited to studying in your prestigious university/working as a staff member. Last, my hobbies include sports and music.Words fail me when I try to express my heartfelt gratitude to the help you render me. Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated. Yours sincerely,Li Ming 7）RESUMELi MingP. O. Box 237, Beijing University5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871Tel: 62768888 Email: LCareer Objective: A position with management potential in the banking business specializing in international corporate financingEducational Background: Sept 2003 to Beijing UniversityJuly 2007 Major in International Business Management Main courses include English, Computer, Business Management, Accounting, International Commercial LawWork Experience: July 2006 to Bank of ChinaJune 2007 Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of Marketing Draft business correspondence Schedule deputy managers appointmentsQualifications: University graduation certificate and bachelor degree to be conferred upon graduation (2007) College English Test Band 4 June 2005Honors & Awards: Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing University 2005& 2006Special Skills: Familiarity with Microsoft Word, ExcelAbility to work independently Good Organizational skillsExperience: President of Student Union 2005presentPersonal Data: Date of Birth: 9/17/1985 Gender: Female Marital Status: Unmarried8）AnnouncementDirections:The Students Union of your department is planning a Chinese Speaking Contest. Write an announcement which covers the following information:1) the purpose of the contest,2) time and place of the contest,3) what is required of the candidates,4) details of the judges and awards.Do not sign your own name at the end of the announcement. Use Department of Chinese Language and Literature.Chinese-Speaking Contest June 10, 2007To improve students ability to speak Chinese and enrich after-class activities, the Students Union of Chinese Language and Literature is organizing a school-wide Chinese-speaking contest to be held on Saturday next week (17june) at the Students Recreational Center. Those who are interested in talking part in it may sign up with the monitors of their classes before Tuesday next week. Five professors will be invited to be judges. The first six winners will be given awards. Everybody is welcome to be present at the contest.The Students UnionDepartment of Chinese Language and Literature9）InternetOwing to the speedy economic development, the number of the people who use Internet has considerably increased. It is universally acknowledged that Internet playa a crucial role in modern society.Due attention has to be paid to the issue of Internet. With the reform and opening-up in recent decades, people in mounting numbers have come to realize the significance of Internet. Unfortunately, if we let this situation continue as it is, we do not know where humans will be in the forthcoming future.Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures. To begin with, we should cultivate the authorities to make strict laws to control Internet. In addition, we should cultivate the awareness of people that Internet. In addition, we should cultivate the awareness of people that Internet is essential to us. Only in this way can we solve the problem.10）Jobs for Graduates (1) Job hunting has always been a headache for college graduates. Though many graduates are employed right after graduation, some are not. Most serious of all, some still have no idea where to go working even a long time after graduation. The reasons for this phenomenon are various. On the one hand, a few years ago colleges and universities enrolled so many students in popular majors, such as economy, finance and so on that the number of graduates was greater than the need in the market. On the other hand, most graduates would rather stay in large cities without suitable job to do than go to the country. I think the problem can be solved if both colleges and students take measures. First, they should research the market and develop special skills to suit its need. Second, students attitude towards employment should be changed. They should go to some small cities and country. There they can also give full play to their professional knowledge. In a word, if we pay much attention, the problem can be solved.参 考 译 文1）在绝大多数大学里，考试都是作为衡量学生是否掌握某一课程的主要手段。虽然考试这一工作做的比较有效，但其副作用也相当大。 首先，考试造成教学水平下降。由于教师的好坏往往根据学生考试的结果来判断，所以教师被迫训练学生的应试技巧。而几乎没有什么课程是仅仅通过教授应试技巧可以教好的。其次，考试最坏的副作用是使学生养成不良的学习习惯。由于考试分数是衡量学生学习好坏的唯一标准，学生只能被迫机械的死记硬背，而不是创造性的去思考。 实际上，很少有人承认考试对学生的学习会有重要作用。如果确实如此，我们为什么不做一些改革，设计出比考试更有效、更可靠的评估方法来呢？2）我最喜爱的小说是儒勒凡尔纳写的八十天环游地球。该作者出生于法国，并且致力于文学事业，并写了很多科幻小说，使他赢得“现代科幻小说之父”的美名。 这是一本科幻小说，讲述了一位英国绅士的一个激动人心的故事。菲利弗格先生跟他的俱乐部伙伴打了个赌，并设法在八十天之内环游了地球。书中生动描述了他的旅途中发生的许多困难和故事。从这本书中，我们可以看出作者对于海洋、旅行和冒险的热爱。这些在作者一生中影响深远。作者丰富的想象力和科学地理知识也使我们惊讶并折服。3）在我生活中我遇到过很多值得回忆的人，但在我认识的人中让我最难忘的人可能要算我的英语老师了。 让我常常回想起他的是他那些特殊的品质。首先，他教给我们学生一位老师所能给予的最珍贵的东西，即唤起我们学习的激情。他不仅培养我们欣赏英语语言文学的美丽与完美，而且激起我们在这方面深入研究的兴趣。其次，他的才智深深吸引了我。我现在还记得我们学生总渴望上他的课，因为他讲课生动幽默，总能引起我们微笑或哄堂大笑。 虽然我们没听他的课已近两年了，但我们聚在一起时总要谈起他。我知道他的形象已深深留在我心中了。4）亲爱的史努比： 2008年4月1日，我将在我家里举办一个晚会来庆祝郭靖先生和Fujiwora小姐的婚礼。由于你是我们的好友，我们非常希望你能够参与庆典并分享快乐。 活动将在晚上7点开始，首先是婚礼的录像，接着是晚会。大约10点的时候，我们将举办一个小型的音乐会，一支乐队将演奏一些巴赫和施特劳斯的曲目。 如果你4月1日没有预约的话，我们期待着你的光临。 您真诚的， 李明5）主席先生、女士们、先生们： 女士们、先生们，早上好！欢迎来到北京！首先，我想做一个简单的自我介绍。我是摩托罗拉（中国）电子公司的总裁。 下面是我对这个大会的介绍。首先，我很荣幸和大家来到一起，并且宣布国际贸易合作大会的开幕。其次，谨代表我们公司，我想表达对于所有贵宾和代表的衷心欢迎。最后，我相信我们的齐心协力一定是富有成果的。 我希望大家在这次大会中愉快，并希望上述信息能对您有所帮助。如果您对我有任何问题，请随时自由提问。感谢您的关注。6）尊敬的先生或女士：我是工商管理系大四的学生。我写这封信是为了申请进入您的著名大学（申请您最近招聘的职员职位）。 我确信自己符合条件（胜任职位）。首先，随信附上我的简历，进一步详述了我以前的学历和工作经历。其次，不但我的资历和经历使我成为合适的人选，我令人愉快的个性也非常适合在您的著名学府学习（做一名职员）。最后，我的爱好包括体育和音乐。 当我想表达对于您给我帮助的衷心感谢的时候，言语无法表达。非常感谢您对我询问的迅速并且好意的关注。 您真诚的， 李明7）个人简历李明北京大学237号邮箱北京市海淀区颐和园路5号 100871电话：62768888 电子邮箱： 求职目标：银行业国际融资方向具有管理前景的职位教育背景：2003年9月至2007年7月 北京大学国际商务管理专业 主要课程：英语、计算机、商务管理、会计、国际商法工作经历：2006年7月至2007年6月 中国银行实习，市场部副总经理秘书 起草商务函件安排副总日程资 历：大学毕业证及学士学位（将在毕业时授予） 大学英语四级证书 2005年6月所获奖励：两次获得北京大学奖学金（2005、2006）特 长：熟练使用Microsoft words, excel 擅长独立工作 卓越的组织技能大学经历：2005年至今 校学生会主席个人资料：1984年9月17日 性别：女 婚姻状况：未婚8）中文演讲比赛 2007年6月10日为提高同学们中文演讲的能力并丰富课外活动，中文系学生会将于下周六（6月17日）在学生大礼堂组织全校中文演讲比赛。有兴趣参加的同学请于下周二之前在本班班长处报名。我们将邀请五位教授担任评委，并将给前六名获奖者颁奖。欢迎大家积极参加。 中文系学生会9）由于社会的迅速发展，使用互联网的人数已经急剧上升。普遍公认互联网在现代社会中发挥重要作用。我们应该对互联网的问题给予充分重视。随着近年来的改革开放政策，越来越多的人开始认识到互联网的重要性。如果我们让这种情况听之任之的话，我们不知道在不远的将来人类的未来会在哪。因此，我们急需采取严厉措施，首先，我们应该呼吁我们的政府制定严格的法律来控制互联网。另外，我们应该提高人们的意识：互联网对我们很重要。只有这样我们才能解决这个问题。10）找工作对于大学生来说是一个头疼的问题，虽然很多人在毕业之后立即找到了工作但是有些却没有找到工作。更严重的是，即使毕业了很长一段时间，有些人还是不知道去哪儿工作。有很多原因来解释这种现象，一方面，几年前大学采取了很多热门专业的学生，比如经济、金融等，这类毕业生的人数大大超过了市场的需求：另一方面，大多数毕业生如果没有找到合适的工作宁愿呆在大城市里，也不愿去农村工作。我觉的只要校方和学生都采取一定的措施，这个问题是能够解决的。首先，大城市应对市场进行调查并发展学生的特殊技能来满足市场的需求。其次，学生就业的观念应该有所转变。他们应该去小城市或农村就业，在那儿，他们也能够充分发挥所学的专业知识。一句话，如果我们引起足够的重视，这个问题是能够得到解决的。1、 默写：发现写作弱点2、 中译英：提高写作实力3、 写作：模仿（二） 掌握技巧：万能框架五、 大纲解读：两大黄金原则（一） 印象原则：书写工整、卷面整洁、字迹清晰（二） 语言第一位、结构第二位、内容第三位：1、 语言：1） 基本正确2） 丰富多变（词汇+句型）2、 结构：逻辑性1） 段落结构：总分总（1） 主题句：翻译提纲，1句（2） 论证：2句（3） 小结：1句2） 评分标准：（1） 关联词（2） 同义替换（词汇+句型）（3） 代词替换3、 内容：不跑题六、 大纲原文：（一）写作要求根据全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会2006年11月出版的大学英语四级考试大纲（2006修订版）：写作（Writing）和翻译（Translation）部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为20，其中写作15，翻译5，考试时间35分钟。写作选取考生熟悉的题材。考生需根据规定的题目和提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于120词的短文。写作要求是思想表达正确、意义连贯、无严重语言错误。考试时间30分钟。大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到教育部高等教育司最新大学英语课程教学要求（教学大纲）中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务；能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等；能写常见的应用文；能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出120个词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。”（二）考核技能写作部分考核的技能是：A 思想表达 1. 表达中心思想写作 2. 表达重要和特定信息 3. 表达观点、态度等B 篇章组织 4. 围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点 5. 连贯地组句成段、组段成篇C 语言运用 6. 运用恰当的词汇 7. 运用正确的语法 8. 运用合适的句子结构 9. 使用正确的标点符号 10. 运用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等）D 写作格式 11. 运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式（三）评分原则1、 CET用以检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2、 CET作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores），而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3、 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。4、 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。（四）评分标准15分满分是旧计分法。710计分规则具体怎样核算？1、 本题满分为15分2、 阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一至二份。3、 阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分）。但不得加或减半分。4、 评分标准2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不清楚，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。（注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分）5、 字数不足应酌情扣分： 字数11011910010990998089707960695059 49 扣分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 （注：1. 题目中给出的主题句、起始句、结束句等，均不得记入所写字数。 2. 规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。 3. 如果扣为0分，要慎重处理。） 6、 为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分，列表于下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60（相当于百分制的60分）。作文分151413121110987654321得分率100948780746760544740342720147第二节 应用文一、 个人简历：RESUMELi MingP. O. Box 237, Beijing University5, Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871Tel: 62768888 Email: LCareer Objective: A position with management potential in the banking business specializing in international corporate financingEducational Background: Sept 2003 to Beijing UniversityJuly 2007 Major in International Business Management Main courses include English, Computer, Business Management, Accounting, International Commercial LawWork Experience: July 2006 to Bank of ChinaJune 2007 Internship, Secretary to Deputy Manager of Marketing Draft business correspondence Schedule deputy managers appointmentsQualifications: University graduation certificate and bachelor degree to be conferred upon graduation (2007) College English Test Band 4 June 2005Honors & Awards: Twice awarded scholarship by Beijing University 2005& 2006Special Skills: Familiarity with Microsoft Word, ExcelAbility to work independently Good Organizational skillsExperience: President of Student Union 2005presentPersonal Data: Date of Birth: 9/17/1985 Gender: Female Marital Status: Unmarried二、 书信作文：书信格式：（一）称呼1、写给机构：Dear Sir or Madam, 2、写给个人：Dear + 人名, （二）正文：3段，10句，120-150词，3-5个关联词，3-5个从句 1、第一段：2句1）自我介绍（私人书信除外）：I am a freshman/sophomore/junior/senior/undergraduate/graduate from the Department of Chinese Language and Literature of Beijing University. 2）写作目的：I am writing the letter in purpose of .I am writing to inform you that I wish to .（1） 建议信：give/offer/render useful/practical/conducive suggestions/proposals/recommen