血流动力学监测与心脏超声

指南解读：血流动力学监测与心脏超声（CUS）,SLAX: 肋下长轴切面SIVC: 肋下下腔静脉切面PLAX：胸骨旁长轴切面PSAX: 胸骨旁短轴切面A4CH: 心尖四腔心切面,CUS最常用的五个切面,Antonelli M, et al. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(4):575-90.Cecconi M, et al. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(12):1795-815.,25位专家组成的团队,12位专家组成的团队,Five Specific Questions,(1) What are the epidemiologic and pathophysiologic features of shock in the intensive care unit? (2) Should we monitor preload and fluid responsiveness in shock? (3) How and when should we monitor stroke volume or cardiac output in shock? (4) What markers of the regional and microcirculation can be monitored, and how can cellular function be assessed in shock? (5) What is the evidence for using hemodynamic monitoring to direct therapy in shock?,2014 Consensus,Recommended against常规使用: (1) the pulmonary artery catheter in shock 休克患者使用肺动脉导管(2) static preload measurements used alone to predict fluid responsiveness 仅仅使用静态的前负荷测量方法来预测液体反应性,Main differences,Blood pressure statements,ICM 2007,ICM 2014,Fluid responsiveness statements,ICM 2007,ICM 2014,ICM 2007,Hemodynamic monitoring,ICM 2014,Cecconi M, et al. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(12):1795-815.,Main new statements,(1) Statements on individualizing blood pressure targets; (2) Statements on the assessment and prediction of fluid responsiveness; (3) Statements on the use of echocardiography and hemodynamic monitoring.,2014 Consensus,Identification of the type of shock We recommend further hemodynamic assessment (such as assessing cardiac function) to determine the type of shock if the clinical examination does not lead to a clear diagnosis. Best practiceWe suggest that, when hemodynamic assessment is needed, echocardiography is the preferred modality to initially evaluate the type of shock as opposed to more invasive technologies. Recommendation. Level 2; QoE (B),Rationale:Context analysis (trauma, infection, chest pain, etc.) and clinical evaluation which focuses on skin perfusion and jugular vein distension usually orient diagnosis to the type of shock, but complex situations may exist (e.g. cardiac tamponade in a patient with trauma or septic shock in a patient with chronic heart failure) in which a diagnosis is more difficult.,Vincent JL, et al. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(18):1726-34.,Manifestation on Echo,梗阻性,心包填塞,FOCUS的测量很迅速，即使是初学者，一般时间也小于3min；FOCUS应当被列入重症培训的项目中去。,Beraud AS, et al. Crit Care Med. 2013;41(8):e179-81.,IC-FoCUS 国际聚焦心脏超声循证建议,Via G, et al. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2014;27(7):683 e1- e33.,名称确认：聚焦心脏超声（FoCUS）重点用于生命支持的评估、复苏的评估等。,FoCUS statement,Shock and Hemodynamic Instability43. In the setting of shock, FoCUS accurately assesses global LV systolic function, when compared with comprehensive standard echocardiography.1A: Strong Recommendation, with Very Good Agreement; Level A Evidence44. In the setting of shock, FoCUS narrows the differential diagnosis.1A: Strong Recommendation, with Very Good Agreement; Level A Evidence,2014 Consensus,Monitoring cardiac function and cardiac outputEchocardiography can be used for the sequential evaluation of cardiac function in shock. Statement of fact We recommend that less invasive devices are used, instead of more invasive devices, only when they have been validated in the context of patients with shock. Best practice,Rationale:Echocardiography can help the ICU physician in three ways: (1) better characterization of the hemodynamic disorders; (2) selection of the best therapeutic options (intravenous fluids, inotropes and ultrafiltration); (3) assessment of the response of the hemodynamic disorders to therapy.VTI, LVEF, LVEDA, RVEDA, E/A ratio,Lheritier G, et al. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39(10):1734-42.,急性肺心病 ACP: RVEDA/LVEDA 0.6, 左室短轴可见室间隔矛盾运动卵圆孔未闭 PFO：左右心房之间可见右向左分流 结果：22.5%的机械通气患者患ACP，15.5%的患者患PFO，4.5%的患者同时患ACP和PFO。,FoCUS statement,Shock and Hemodynamic Instability,FoCUS statement,Estimating CVP, Diagnosing Hypovolemia, and Predicting Fluid Responsiveness,shock subject,control subject,Yanagawa Y, et al. J Trauma. 2005;58(4):825-9.,IVC的直径与创伤患者的低血容量相关,FoCUS statement,在怀疑血容量不足的自主呼吸患者中，在PLR前后使用FoCUS测量心输出量可以准确地识别出患者是否存在血容量不足以及能否获益于补液,Maizel J, et al. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33(7):1133-8.,Preau S, et al. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(3):819-25.,Change (%) =100%* (post-VE value baseline 2 value)/baseline 2 value. Respond: change 15%,PLR, passive leg raising; VE, volume expansion,PP, radial pulse pressure; SV, stro