A BRIEF PRIMER ON FINCA翻译.doc

外文文献：A BRIEF PRIMER ON FINCA1. What is FINCA? The acronym FINCA stands for the Foundation for International Community Assistance. Chartered in 1984, FINCA is a tax-exempt, U.S. non-profit microfinance institution (MFI) whose purpose is to provide financial services to the worlds poorest families so they can create their own jobs, earn extra income, and improve their living standards.2. Where Does FINCA Work? Including its 450,000 ex-clients who have “graduated” from credit to their own working capital (savings), since 1984 FINCA services have benefited over 750,000 clients through 20,000 village banks in 24 countries on four continents. In Latin America there are FINCA programs in Haiti, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Ecuador, and Peru. In Africa: Uganda, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, South Africa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Eastern Europe: Samara and Tomsk (two provinces of Russia), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Kosovo. In Central Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan. 3. What is Village Banking？ Pioneered by FINCA, village banking is arguably the worlds most widely-imitated microfinance methodology.9 Among US-based non-profit agencies alone there are at least 31 microfinance institutions (MFIs) that have collectively created over 400 village banking programs in at least 90 countries. And in many of these countries there are host-country MFIssometimes dozensthat are village banking practitioners as well.4. How Do Village Banks Work? A village bank is an informal self-help support group of 15-30 members, predominantly female heads-of-household. If the program is “on mission”, in a normal village bank about 50% of all new members entering the program will be severely poorrepresenting families with a daily per-capita expenditure (DPCE) of less than US$1; the rest are moderately poor (DPCE=$12/day) or non-poor (DPCE $2). These women meet once a week to avail themselves of working capital loans, a safe place to save, skill training, mentoring, and motivation. Loans can be as small as $50$100 and are linked to savings such that the more a client saves the more she can borrow. The normal loan period is four months and is repaid in 16 weekly installments. As with many other microcredit methodologies, village banking eliminates collateral (the poor mans obstacle to receiving commercial bank loans) as a loan prerequisite. Instead, it relies on on a system of cross-guarantees, where each member of a village bank ensures the loan of every other member. This system gives rise to an atmosphere of social pressure within the village bank, where the cost of social embarrassment motivates bank members to repay their loans in full. The admixture of cross-guarantees and social pressure makes it possible for even the poorest people to receive loans. This method has proven very effective for FINCA, yielding a repayment rate of over 97% in its worldwide network. Market interest rates apply to village bank loans, usually matching what local commercial banks charge their customers but usually only a tiny fraction of the usurious rates charged by local moneylenders. The capital for these loans is provided by FINCA with on-time weekly installment repayments collectively guaranteed by all membersi.e., a shortfall by one member must be covered by other group members. Village banks are highly democratic, self-managed, grassroots organizations. They elect their own leaders, select their own members, create their own bylaws, do their own bookkeeping, manage all funds, disburse and deposit all funds, resolve loan delinquency problems, and levy their own fines on members who come late, miss meetings, or fall behind in their payments. 5. How Are FINCA Village Banking Programs Managed? In every country where it sets up a program FINCA creates a (usually non-profit) host-country financial institution. These institutions are normally called FINCA-Ecuador, FINCA-Uganda, etc. Typically, FINCA brings in an experienced expatriate executive directori.e., one who has already created a village banking program in another countryto design the new institution, legally register it, recruit host-country staff, and manage it for 2-3 years until it reaches its break-even point. Back-office staff will include a financial director, credit manager, human resources manager, internal auditor, an MIS/IT manager, accountants, and appropriate clerical staff, drivers, guards, etc. More mature FINCAs will add a training officer and/or a social performance manager, the latter responsible for monitoring client poverty status and social impact of the program on its clients. Front office or field staff will consist of credit officerseach of whom will supervise some 10-15 village banks and 250-300 clients. In many FINCA programs a specialized group of credit officers is trained to do nothing else but promote the organization of new village banks. For every 8 credit officers there is a field supervisor.6. Who Trains and Monitors the Village Banks Themselves? Worldwide FINCAs 21 affiliates have about 7,000 staff, of which the majority are field staff (credit officers and supervisors), and may include some of the better-educated children of FINCA clients. Each credit officer (CO) attends the weekly meeting of each of her 10-15 village banks to coach its leadership committee and monitor the banks activities. In addition to motivation and adult education, the CO supervises client attendance, monitors bookkeeping accuracy, checks the accuracy of the current weeks loan and savings collections, and checks when the deposit receipt of the previous meeting. In turn, each village bank is managed by its elected officersa president (who leads the banks democratic decision-making process), secretary (who takes attendance and keeps minutes) and a treasurer (responsible for accurately handling all cash transactions). Finally, each village banker has her own passbook, and her recorded balances of loan payments and savings deposits must always be the same as those recorded in the treasurers record for each client.John HatchJuly 21, 2004译文：FINCA简介1、什么是FINCA？FINCA是代表国际社区援助基金会的缩写。于1984年创建，FINCA是美国非营利性的免税小额信贷机构（MFI）。它主要为提供世界上最贫穷的家庭金融服务，使他们能够创建他们自己的工作，赚取额外的收入，提高他们的生活水平。2、FINCA的工作地点？在从建立到现在，包括其45万个前客户已经完成从信贷过渡到自己的工作资本（储蓄）的程度，自1984年以来已经有四大洲24个国家超过75万客户通过2万个村镇银行的FINCA服务成为了受益方。在拉丁美洲有海地，墨西哥，危地马拉，洪都拉斯，萨尔瓦多，尼加拉瓜，厄瓜多尔和秘鲁；在非洲有乌干达，马拉维，坦桑尼亚，赞比亚，南非，刚果民主共和国；在东欧有萨马拉和托木斯克（俄罗斯的两个省份），亚美尼亚，阿塞拜疆，格鲁吉亚和科索沃；在中亚有吉尔吉斯斯坦，乌兹别克斯坦，塔吉克斯坦和阿富汗都有着很多FINCA客户。3、什么是村镇银行？由FINCA首创，村镇银行可以说是世界上最广泛的小额信贷的机构形式。其中总部设在美国的单独存在的非营利小额信贷机构就有至少31个家，支部在全世界至少90多个国家中有近400多个村镇银行，以及许多在这些国家中有东道国的小额信贷机构数十个，以及众多的乡村银行从业员。4、村镇银行如何运行？一个村镇银行是由15-30名非正式成员组成的自助支持小组，主要以家庭中的女性为主。如果按规定的组成结构，在1家普通的村镇银行中有约占50的所有新成员为严重的贫困家庭 - 即代表每日人均支出少于1美元（DPCE$2）。这些妇女每星期利用自己的流动资金进行贷款，资金的安全保存，技能培训和指导。贷款额可以小至50100元，并因可以为客户节省费用而获得更多的借款。另外，村镇银行正常的贷款期限是4个月共16周分期偿还。与其他小额贷款方法相比，乡村银行小额信贷消除了抵押品作为贷款的先决条件（这是穷人获得商业银行贷款的主要障碍）。相反，它依赖于交叉担保，即其中每一个村镇银行的成员，担保每一个其他成员的贷款的制度。该系统会在村镇银行中产生的社会人际的压力，其中的社会成本，将促使银行成员全额偿还贷款。另外产生的交叉担保和社会压力会使得即使是最贫穷的人有可能获得贷款。这种方法已被FINCA证明非常有效的促进偿还贷款的方法，在其全球网络中产生的还款率超过97。虽然由市场利率申请到村镇银行的贷款，需要匹配地方商业银行所选择的客户性质来规定利率，但通常只有一小部分利息费用被当地的债权人收取。FINCA所提供的贷款要求每周分期付款一名成员以保证其他还款成员，即必须要有小组成员提供贷款的资本，防止短缺。村镇银行是高度民主的，自我管理的基层建设组织。他们独立选举自己的领导人，选择自己的成员，创建自己的章程，建立