地质专业英语.doc

1我们研究地区位于距离重庆市大约60公里的一个叫做小张村的地方 Our study area is located in xiaozhang village , which is about 60 kilometers southwest from the chongqing city .2 关于海相中生代地层和火山作用的地址调查早在1959年就曾在该地进行过Geological survey on Mesozoic marine strata and volcanism was conducted as in 1959.3 在这个地区，除了在小张村北面很小的一片地区侏罗系被白垩系玄武岩大量侵入以外，侏罗纪地层露头几乎是连续的。In this region, Jurassic strata is nearly continuous except that in local place of xiaozhang village the strata was intruded by massive cretaceous basalts .4 2005年夏季，在王教授的率领下，我们在这里进行了为期30天的野外地质工作。In the summer of 2005, led by prof , wang ,we carried out 30 days”field work .5昨天下午我们在教室里成功召开了关于如何组织下一次野外考察的会议。We successfully held the meeting on how to organize the next field survey yesterday afternoon .1 在所有的沉积层序的野外资料收集到之后，就要解释这些资料。All field data of sedimentary successions have to be interpreted after collected .2 由于这种研究的目的是判断沉积过程和当时的环境，所以就要运用所有的野外资料来确定层序中的沉积相。Since this study aims decide deposition process and environment , all field data have to be applied to determine the sedimentary facies of the succession .3 尽管近期研究中仍然存在一些不大的分歧，但是涉及古生代冈瓦纳大陆的形态和构造的观点却大致相同。Although there are still some small differences in recent research, the viewpoints as to the from and structure of the Gondwana continent in the paleozoic remain roughly same.4 板块构造理论被大多数地质学家普遍接受，因为它提供了一个可以解释地球内部运动以及解释许多似乎不相关的地质现象之间的相互关系的综合模式，The theory of plate tectonics is generally accepted by most geologists , because it offers an integrated model which can interpret the movements of earths interior and explain interactions of many seemingly irrelative geologic phenomena.5 2006年11月27日上午6点到11点，要求地质系全体新生到古生物实验室参观。All new students of department of geology , please visit the paleontology at 8am to 11am, November 27 ,2006.1 晚二叠世末期标志着海退高峰期一直是大多数地质学家接受的传统观点Most geologists the traditional idea that the end of the late permian marks the peak of regression .2 许多地质学家因此很自然地同意了他得观点，即重要的环境变化分别是在晚二叠世末期和三叠纪早期。Therefore , many geologists naturally agreed to his viewpoint that the important environmental changes occurred in late permian and early Triassic, respectively.3 尽管张教授的论文中多次提及王教授在其他学科方面的研究，但是没有一处提及他的大地构造学说论点。Professor zhang didnt mention prof. Wangs geotectonic model at all ., although he repeatedly mentioned his work in other disciplines in his paper.4 让我最感兴趣的是一群中国古生物学家在煤山的同一著名剖面所做的工作。What interested me most was the work conducted by a group of chines paleontologists in the same famous section in Meishan.5生物与环境的相互关系为我们认识地质历史中的生物圈演化提供了可能性。The interrelation between biology and environment provides possibility for understanding the evolution of the biosphere in the geological history.6 没有足够菊石资料的中生代地层的全球年代地层对比是难以被信赖的。Global chronostratigraphic correlation of Mesozoic strata is unreliable without sufficient data of ammonites.1至于东南亚的古地磁数据，由于年代控制很差，古生代的资料为有限，其结果也十分可疑；中生代的数据总体上虽然更加可以信赖，但是依然处于认识阶段。The paleomagnetic data of the Southeast Asia quite doubtable due to the poor geochronological constraint by the limited paleozoic data .Although the Mesozoic data may be relatively more reliable, it is still being investigated.2 这篇论文试图在当前获知的地质物理条件下评估这些地块的起源以及它们在古生代和中生代运移历史的证据。This paper attempted to evaluate the origin of these blocks and evidences of their movements in the paleozoic and Mesozoic based on the currently available geological and geophysical conditions .3 基于最近该区古地磁的研究进展，可以建立从三叠纪至白垩纪的古地磁地层学层序。Based on the recent progress of paleomagnetism in this area, the paleomagnetostratigraphic sequence from the Triassic to Cretaceous can be established .4 晚三叠纪末期，华南沿秦岭合线和华北拼接，特提斯北支沿它的西部闭合，从而使脊椎动物可以在新生的东南亚和劳亚大陆之间进行陆上交往。In the end of the Late Triassic, the South china Block collided with the North china Block along the Qinling suture zone , and the north branch of the Tethys collided along the western Qinling suture , therefore, the vertebrates were allowed to ashore exchange between the newborn Southeast Asia and Laurasia.5 数年前由于资料匮乏，对于地球和其他新球之间关系的研究了无成效There was no significant achievement on the relationship between the Earth and planets due to the lack of data several years ago .1 ，200多年以前，地质学家得出结论，古代的玄武岩也是火山成因的。Geologists drew a conclusion two hundred years ago that ancient basalt was of volcanic origin.2 证明花岗岩是由炙热的，熔融的物质通过结晶作用形成的岩石可不容易。Its not easy to prove that granite is formed by hot and molten materials through crystallization .3因为我们已经得到的资料告诉我们直到地核界面的数千公里的地球都是固态的，所以我们必须拒绝那种陈旧的观点，它认为地球内部全部都是熔融的。Available data suggest the Earth be solid from the surface to the core-mantle boundary,and it is against the old viewpoint that the interior of the Earth is almost molten .4 由此，无论古地磁和大地构造学说能够说什么，我的观点是在晚三叠世至早侏罗世期间拉萨地块之间的特提斯海从未像有些作者期盼的那样辽阔。Therefore, no matter what suggested in paleomagnetism and geotectonics, I believe that Tethyan ocean between the Lhasa block and the Qingtang block from the Late Triassic to the Early Jurassic was never as vast as some authors suggested .1 大多数科学家认为，均变论是研究地球历史唯一可靠而合理的途径。Most scientists hold that uniformitarianism is the only dependable and rational approach to a study of the history of the Earth.2 他注意到不同的组含有不同的化石，由此他 能通过这些化石的差别把一个组合另一个组区分开。He noticed that fossil content varied from formation to formation , and he could distinguish different formation by differences between these fossils .3 基岩通常隐伏在地表以下，也有许多的基岩是暴漏在外的，没有被土壤和松散砾石覆盖。Bedrocks are usually buried below the surface , while many are also exposed and uncovered by soil and loose gravel.4 北美非海相地层层序的世界性领导人物Paul Olsen 相信，他能依据孢粉确定三叠系、侏罗系Paul Olsen ; worldwide leader of nonmarine stratigraphic sequence of North America , believed that the Triassic and Jurassic could be delimited by sporopollen .5 这一点应该是很明显的，即海洋生物的大灭绝与海平面变化休戚与共 It is evident that the mass extinction of marine life is closely bound up to sea-level changes.6 居维叶是宗教人士，但他的灾变论和科学历史理论并不是建立在超自然理论基础上。Cuvier was a religious man , but his proposal of Catastrophism and his perspective of natural science were not based on supernaturalism.1 小规模可以观察到暴风雨时发生的侵蚀作用。Erosion can be observed during a storm in a small scale.2 尼亚加拉瀑布是一个为人熟知的列子，它一直被用于研究来了解河流的侵蚀速率。It is well know that the Niagara Falls have been used to study river erosion rate .3 除了海盗号着陆点紧邻周边地区外，火星地图的绘制根本没有进行地面检查。Mars is being mapped with no ground check ta all except for the area immediately surrounding the landing site of viking .4 即使岩石本身没有变化，但随着时间的推移，我们观察它们的方式起了变化，因此我们绘制它们的方式也起了变化。Even though the rock themselves have not changed , the way we look at them , and therefore the way we map them , his changed over the years .1 通常的观点把地球看做是静态的，也就是不变的，而在地质学家眼中，地球始终处在变化的过程中。The Earth is usually considered to be static and unchanged while geologists regard it as being constantly changing ,2 作用于地壳内部的力能够导致大范围地区变形。在某些情况下，有些场合区域性运动只是简单的上下位移，并不造成岩性组多大的变形。The force , acting upon the crust interior , can result in large-scale deformation . In some cases , regional movement involves only up and down displacement without much deformation. 3在大约250万年的古生代末期，联合大陆从地球的一端延伸到另一端。In late paleozoic (250 Myr ago) , the pangaea extended from one end to the other of the Earth.4 如何才能够识别不复存在的古板块的界线呢？How can we recognize the disappeared boundaries between ancient plates.英译汉1 Star in universe may be classified according to size , color , composition , temperature , mutual relationships , or stages of evolutionary development .Obviously , a description of all these classifications is beyond the scope of the present discussion .宇宙中的恒星或许是根据其形状、颜色、构成、温度、互相作用或阶段性的演变发展。显然，关于这所有分类的描述已超过了现在讨论到范畴2 By measuring the optical spectra of distant galaxies , Edwin Hubble noted that the velocity a galaxy moves away from the Earth increases proportionally to its distance from the Earth.通过关于银河系距离的光学光谱，哈勃注意到星体远离地球的速率与地球距离成比例3 Scientists believe that gravity , electromagnetic force , strong nuclear force and weak nuclear force are the Four Basic Forces of the universe.科学家认为重力、电磁力、强作用力、弱作用力是宇宙中的4个基础的力4 Further study of the currently found galaxy will provide astronomers with new insights into the early history of our own solar system.进一步的研究，最近发现的星体将为天文学家提供一些关于太阳系早期历史的新视角5 The Jovian planets are all large and have low mean densities , indicating they are compounds such as ammonia and methane .类木行星都很巨大并且平均密度低，表明它们是由一些很轻的气体组成比如氢气和氦气，还有冰冻化合物比如氡和甲烷1 Changes of a radical or striking sort are usually indicative of major lapses of deposition and are of great importance in interpreting the local and regional history .这种根本的或显著的改变方式通常象征沉积间断和具有解释当地的和区域性沉积历史的重要作用2 On the continental shelf sand may accumulate in the high-energy nearshore environment , while simultaneously mud and carbonate deposition take place in offshore low-energy environments . Deposition in each of these laterally adjacent environments yields a sedimentary facies ,a body of sediment with distinctive physical , chemical , and biological attributes .在大陆架上的沙体可能积累沉积于高能近岸的环境中，同沉积泥岩和碳酸盐沉积物发生在远岸低能环境中。沉积物在每一个横向相邻的环境中形成一个沉积相，一个沉积体系拥有着与众不同的物理、化学、生物的属性3 When tracing rock units laterally , Walther reasoned that sedimentary facies deposited in laterally adjacent environments were also present in a vertical sequence, His observations have been formulated into Walthers law , which holds that the same facies following one another in a conformable vertical sequence will also replace one another laterally .当在横向上追踪岩层时，沃尔特详尽地叙述了一个沉积于横向相邻的沉积环境也存在于垂直序列的沉积相。他的观察被归纳为沃尔特相律。相律所持的观点垂向上有几种沉积相相互出现的次序与它们在横向上的相带顺序是一致的4 Geologists agree that uplift or subsidence of the continents , the amount of seawater frozen in glaciers , and rates of seafloor spreading are enough to cause marine transgressions and regressions .地质学家同意大陆的抬升或沉降，大量的海水冻结成冰川和海底扩张的速率是足以导致海侵或海退的5 As a result of the oceanographic research conducted in the 1950s, Harry Hess of the Princeton University proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in 1962 to account for continental movement.作为20世纪60年代开展的海洋学研究结果，普林斯顿大学的Harry Hess1962年提出的洋底扩张理论对大陆漂移学说作出了解释1 This book attempts to introduce professional and amateur paleontologists , and all those fascinated by evolutionary biology , to the aesthetic and scientific essence of the Chengjiang fossils.这本书试图介绍给专业和业余的古生物学者和那些着迷于生物进化的人去了解澄江化石群美学和科学的本质2 Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life that have been preserved in sedimentary rocks or stratified igneous rocks . In addition to their use in determining relative ages of strata , fossils are important in determining depositional environments .化石是史前生物的遗骸或遗迹，被保存在沉积岩或分层火成岩中，另外它们用来判断地层的相对年龄，化石对于沉积环境也是重要的判别依据3 William Smith , an English civil engineer involved in surveying and building canals in southern England, independently recognized the principle f superposition, reasoning that the lowest fossils in a sequence of strata are oldest and those higher in the sequence are younger.威廉史密斯，一名参与过英格兰南部运河的勘测和建设的英国土木工程师。他独立的验证了地层叠覆律，论证了在地层层序中最低部的化石是最老的层序上层的化石更年轻4 According to the principle of fossil succession, fossil assemblages succeed one another through time in a regular and determinable order根据化石层序律，化石组合以一定规律的和可决定的时间顺序出现5 Alvarez racked his brain to figure out an explanation for the superhigh content of iridium between the Cretaceous and Paleocene limestones, and the only one that made sense was an impact by an asteroid about 10 km in diameter阿尔瓦雷斯绞尽脑汁终于想出了一个解释白垩纪和古新世灰岩中铱元素大量富集的原因，而唯一能解释是这是由于它是被一个直径为10千米的小行星所撞击所导致的1 At numerous times in the geologic past, the Earths magnetic field has completely reversed.在过去很长的地质历史时期中，地磁场曾完全倒转2 Magnetic survey of the oceanic crust revealed striped magnetic anomalies in the rocks that were both parallel to and symmetrical with the oceanic ridges.在洋壳磁性调查中显示了岩石中的磁异常曲线沿大洋中脊平行，对称分布3 The age of the worlds ocean basins established from magnetic anomalies demonstrates that the youngest oceanic crust is adjacent to the spreading ridges and that its age increase s away from the ridge axis世界上海洋盆地的年龄是通过磁异常来确定的，越年轻的洋壳越邻近扩张中脊，洋壳的年龄随着距离洋中脊轴线距离的增大而变老4 When iron minerals are being deposited as particles, they fall into place like freely swinging compass needles aligned in the direction of the Earths magnetic field. This is called depositional remanent magnetism.当铁矿物作为颗粒沉积时，它沉积时就像罗盘指针随地球磁场自由摇摆对齐。这种现象叫沉积剩磁5 Paleomagnetism is the remanent magnetism in ancient rocks recording the direction of the Earths magnetic poles at the time of the rocks formation古地磁学是在岩石形式过程中记录的地球磁极方向在古岩石中的剩磁1 The mechanical force of a magma invading rocks leads to structural deformation, which alone can metamorphose rocks.岩浆侵入岩石的机械应力导致结构变形，这就能使岩石变质2 I remembered having seen this geologic phenomenon somewhere else.我记得在另一个地方见到过这种地质现象3 Some magma is erupted onto the surface as lava flows, and some is forcefully ejected into the atmosphere as particles known as pyroclastic materials.一些岩浆被喷发至表面作为熔岩流，还有一些被强有力地喷发至大气中作为我们所知道的火山碎屑物原料的颗粒来源4 Although silica is the primary constituent of nearly all magmas, silica content varies and serves to distinguish 虽然二氧化硅是几乎所有岩浆的主要组成部分，二氧化硅含量会有变化且有助于区分长英质（65%二氧化硅），中性（53-60%二氧化硅），镁铁质（45-53%二氧化硅）岩浆5 Metamorphism usually takes place beneath .变质作用通常发生在地球表面之下，岩石遭受充分的热量，压力，流体活动改变了矿物的成分和（或）结构1 The division of the geologic timescale .地质年代的划分分为纪、世、期，主要是基于化石记录的变化；因此，它原本是一个相对的时间刻度2 Uniformitarianism is thus a powerful principle .均变论是一个允许我们使用现今的过程作为解释过去和预测未来事件强有力的原则3 The Earths curst and upper mantle.地壳和上地幔的岩石圈，它被分解成一系列的板块，发散，收敛，横向滑动到另一个板块上4 Although geologists can describe .尽管地质学家可以描述和解释在板块边界发生的事情，但仍有关于导致板块运动的可能驱动因素的争论1 Visualizing the larger pattern of geologic .设想把大多数地质关系和构造大多数模式的图件，与地质学交叉部分结合在一起能帮助地质研究者的想法并且能从图件上达证明更多的细节和推理2 The geologic mapper strives to understand the composition.地质图旨在图件上使用符号和颜色来描述观察和解释，努力去认知地球表面及深处在地质图件上的文字和地质细节的构造3 The most notable mineral deposits .原生代最值得注意的矿物储量是条带状铁矿。尽管在太古代和原生代有一小部分被发现，但是92%的条带状铁矿是在被存储在晚原生代4 The key to any reconstruction of world .世界古地理的大陆经纬度正确位置的重建的关键就和古大陆的相关性跟古北极的一样1 Both compounds do not dissolve in water两个化合物不溶于水 2 I couldnt agree you more 我非常同意你的观点3 But for your help , we should not have finished work in time要不是你的帮助，我们就不能及时完成这项工作了。 4 I dont think it is beyond his power to fulfill this task 我觉得他有能力完成这个任务 5 His visit to London is a nothing but success 他的伦敦之行根本不成功6 Nothing his contributed more to the fall of nations than humankinds failure to cooperate with nature .没有什么比人类与自然合作的失败更能促进国家的下降完型；1.THE- nature, breaks, moves down, is made up of, top, whose, erupts, every, which, pile, volcano2. FOR-eroded, downstream, bedded, grains, sedimentary, deposition, concrete, clay, pressure, evaporate3. PEKING-Excavated, vanished, mystery. Tension, break out, schemes, temporary, territory, alternative, however, granted, transferred, where, attacked, lost4. THE FIRST-Recorded, navigation, however, parallel, stable, interval, unfortunately, alter, various, extract, that, caused, where, dynamic, ranges5. A-Destructive, constantly, smaller, wind, pressure, consist, huge, categories, capable6. TWO-Contribute, proposed, accounted, perfect, species, contrast, gradual, present, beyond, addition7. GEOLOGIC-Distribution, locate, features. Striking, color, different, pale, information, basis, illustrate8. GEOLOGY STUDIES-Referred, comes, evolved, well, chemical, understand, predict, earthquakes, locate, requireSandstone 砂岩 limestone 灰岩 dolomite 白云岩 calcite 方解石 sedimentary 沉积岩soft sediment软沉积 deposition 沉积作用 Sedimentary compaction 压实 explosion 大爆发 strata 地层 stratigraphy地层学 methane 甲烷Ammonia 氨thin section薄片rock岩石currently found galaxy 目前发现的星系solar system太阳系Lithostratigraphy 岩石地层biostratigraphy 生物地层学 tectonostratigraphy 构造地层学Depositional Gap 沉积间断causes of Hiatus 地壳抬升 outcrop 露头quarry 采石场Drilling Exploration 钻探 fold 褶皱Drill