专题动词的时态.doc

动词的时态、语态动词的时态和语态一直是历年高考的必考点。主要考查考生在特定语境下对时态和语态的理解，其中现在完成时、一般过去时、过去完成时的运用出现得最为频繁。此外，为了增加试题的区分度，命题者还常常把动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致结合在一起考查。在解题时要注意以下几个问题：1这个动作可能发生在什么时间？题干中可参照的时间信息有哪些？2这个动作处于什么状态？是进行中，还是已结束(完成)？限制或修饰这个动作的状语信息有哪些？3这个动作与主语的关系，是主动还是被动？只要全面细致地考虑了这些问题，试题的答案也就水落石出了。一、动词时态的基本结构和用法二、几种易混时态的辨析1一般现在时与现在进行时一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或状态性的行为。 而现在进行时则具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：On the wall hangs a picture painted by Qi Baishi. This is not my coat. Mine is hanging behind the door. 如：2010重庆卷 The palace caught fire three times in the last century，and little of the original building _ now.Aremains Bis remained Cis remaining Dhas been remained2一般过去时和现在完成时一般过去时所表达的事件与现在无关。而现在完成时则强调对现在的影响和结果。如：I stayed in Beijing for five days. Then I went to America. (I am not in Beijing now. )I have stayed in Beijing for five days and havent decided where to go next. (I am still in Beijing now and dont know where to go next.)2010北京卷 Im sorry，but I dont quite follow you. Did you say you wanted to return on September 20?Sorry，I _myself clear. We want to return on October 20.Ahadnt made Bwouldnt makeCdont make Dhavent made3一般过去时和过去进行时一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或过去存在的状态。过去进行时则表示在过去某个时间点或时间段正在做某事。进行时具有进行性、未完成性和暂时性的特点。如：I read a book last month. (书已经在过去某个时间点读完)I was reading a book last month. (书未读完)Has Sam finished his homework today?I have no idea. He _it this morning. Adid Bhas doneCwas doing Dhad done4一般过去时和过去完成时判断是不是过去完成时应先从时间轴上找到表示“过去”的时间点或动作，然后判断在这个时间点或动作之前还有没有另一个动作，并且判断该句是否强调发生在前。The moment I got home, I found I had left my jacket on the playground.5完成时和完成进行时的用法比较现在完成时和过去完成时分别表示某一动作持续到现在或过去某一时间。现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时虽然也表示一个动作持续到现在或过去某一时间，但更强调动作的持续性。完成时强调动作的结果，完成进行时强调动作的延续。如：(1)Why does the river smell terrible? Because the water_. Ahave polluted Bis being pollutedChas been polluted Dhave been polluted (2)He _articles for our newspaper these years, and he _about 40 articles. Ahas written；has written Bhas been writing；writesCis writing；has been writing Dhas been writing；has written三、被动语态 动词的语态反映主语与谓语动词之间的一种关系。动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者时，谓语动词用主动语态；当句子的主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者时，谓语动词用被动语态。在主动语态中，句子通过谓语动词的不同形式体现出不同的时态形式；被动语态由“助动词be 过去分词”构成，不同的时态通过 be 的不同形式体现。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构成方法相同。常用被动语态 构成(以ask为例) 常用被动语态 构成1一般现在时am/is/are asked 6过去进行时 was/were being asked 2一般过去时was/were asked 7现在完成时 have/has been asked3一般将来时shall/will be asked 8过去完成时 had been asked4过去将来时would be asked 9将来完成时 will/would have been asked5现在进行时am/is/are being asked 10含有情态动词的被动语态can/must/may be asked注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介词或副词。如：Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates. “get 过去分词”可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。如：She got married last week. He fell off the car and got killed. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed thatIt is generally considered thatIt is said thatIt is well known thatIt must be pointed out thatIt is supposed thatIt is reported thatIt must be admitted thatIt is hoped that注意事项不用被动语态的情况不及物动词及短语没有被动语态，如：happen, take place, last, break out, come about, come out等。如：The book came out last year. The meeting lasted about 4 hours without reaching any agreement. 系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等都没有被动语态。如：The food tastes good.The cloth feels soft. His plan proved (to be) practical. It has gone bad.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词不需用被动语态。如read, write, act, cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, open, lock, shut, dry, start。这类动词一般不单独使用，常用一个修饰语。如：The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。My pen wont write. 我的笔写不出字来。This coat dries easily. 这种外衣容易干。The door wont lock. 这门锁不上。The engine wont start. 引擎发动不起来。The cloth washes well. 这布很耐洗。1Hi, Lucy, you look tired. Im really tired. I _the living room all day. Apainted Bhad paintedChave been painting Dhave been painted2Nancy is not coming tonight. But she _！(promise)【误】 But she has promised. 【正】 But she promised. 3托尼给我打电话时，我刚完成工作，要开始洗澡。【误】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and started to take a shower. 【正】 When Tony phoned me I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 4I dont really work here; I _until the new secretary arrives. Ajust help out Bhave just helped out Cam just helping out Dwill just help out【误】 此题易受第一句话的影响，而误选A。【正】 表示我现在只是在临时帮忙，是现在正在进行的动作，选C。5很多的鸟类正被人们捕杀。【误】 Many birds are killed now. 【正】 Many birds are being killed now. 【解析】 现在进行时的被动语态结构要完整，不能遗漏其中的助动词，导致时态错误。12010上海卷 The church tower which_ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. Ahas restored Bhas been restoredCis restoring Dis being restored22009北京卷 John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather_ with them to school. Atook Bhad taken Cwere taking Dwould take【答案】 B32009辽宁卷 Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair_ all day. Could you speak to her now? Aphones Bhas phonedChas been phoning Dphoned42009天津卷 My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else. Alive Blived Cwere living Dwill live52009江苏卷 Ann is in hospital. Oh, really? I _know. I _go and visit her. Adidnt; am going to Bdont; wouldCdont; will Ddidnt; will62009上海卷 During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _not to touch any unattended bag.Ahad always been warned Bwere always being warnedCare always warning Dalways warned7He_ football regularly for many years when he was young. Awas playing BplayedChas played Dhad played82010全国卷 Linda，make sure the tables _ before the guests arrive. Abe set Bset Care set Dare setting92010全国卷 Excuse me. I_ I was blocking your way. Adidnt realize Bdont realizeChavent realized Dwasnt realizing10My friend went to Canada three years ago. He_ there for a few months and then went to America. Awas living Bhas livedCwas lived Dlived112010四川卷 When shall we restart our business?Not until we _ our plan. Awill finish Bare finishingCare to finish Dhave finished12Have you read the book called Waiting for Anya?Who _it? Awrites Bhas written Cwrote Dhad written13They_ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise theyd never have been able to afford to go. Ahad got Bgot Chave got Dget14The singer together with her band _invited to the concert. Did you enjoy that party?No, no sooner _than they sang their top hit Oh My Baby. Awas; I had left Bwere; I have goneCwas; had I left Dwere; did I leave152010四川卷 Youve failed to do what you _ to and Im afraid the teacher will blame you. Awill expect Bwill be expectedCexpected Dwere expected162010安徽卷 Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No. I _ the book，so I already knew the story. Awas reading Bhad readCam reading Dhave read172010全国卷 Have you finished reading Jane Eyre?No，I _ my homework all day yesterday. Awas doing Bwould do Chad done Ddo182010辽宁卷 I _ all the cooking for my family，but recently Ive been too busy to do it. Awill do Bdo Cam doing Dhad done192010全国卷 The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _. Ais made Bwould makeCwas to be made Dhad made202010福建卷 Every year a flood of farmers arrive in Shenzhen for the moneymaking jobs they _ before leaving their hometowns. Apromised Bwere promisedChave promised Dhave been promised212010福建卷 Guess what，weve got our visas for a shortterm visit to the UK this summer. How nice！You _ a different culture then. Awill be experiencing Bhave experiencedChave been experiencing Dwill have experienced222010安徽卷 Weve spent too much money recently. Well，it isnt surprising. Our friends and relatives _around all the time. Aare coming Bhad come Cwere coming Dhave been coming232010北京卷 In the spoken English of some areas in the US, the “r” sounds at the end of the words _.Aare dropped BdropCare being dropped Dhave dropped242010北京卷 Im not finished with my dinner yet.But our friends _for us. Awill wait Bwait Chave waited Dare waiting25Unfortunately，when I got to her flat, she_，so we had only a moment for a few word