大学英语语法-虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance.他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)Subjunctive Mood作为专门表达假设意义和其他非事实意义的动词形式，仅是古英语遗留下来的残余。它仅有两个形式，即be型虚拟式和were型虚拟式。Be型虚拟- be型虚拟式是以动词原形表示的，不管主语是什么人称，动词一律用原形，如动词为被动态，则助动词be也用原形。其主要用法如下：1)用于表命令、决定、建议、坚持等词语之后的that分句中这一用法又分三种情况：a)用在decide,decree,demand,insist,move,order,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote等动词之后的that分句中.（宾语从句）在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。 He ordered that all the books be sent at once.He ordered that all the books be sent at once.we propose that somebody neutral take the chair.She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday.b)用在 advisable,appropriate,desirable,essential,fitting,imperative,important,impossible,necessary,obligatory,proper等形容词之后的that分句中。（主语从句）It is essential that all the facts be examined first.It was appropriate that thisi tax be abolished.I thousht it advisable that an armed guard stand in readiness.c)用在decision,decree,demand,instruction,order,requirement,resolution等名词之后的that分句中。The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston.We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.Their decision was that the school remain closed.在这一用法中be型虚拟式能与“should+不定式”交替使用，也能与to-不定式交替使用。He ordered that the books be sent at once .= He ordered that the books should be sent at onc.= He ordered that the books to be sent at once.2）用于由if,though等引导的分句中.be型虚拟式能用于由if,though,whatever,lest,so long as lest, for fear that, in caseso that, in order that 等引导的分句中表推测、让步、防备等含义。If he be found guilty,Jonh shall have the right of appeal.Though everyone desert you, I will not.Quitly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away.上述用法现在只限于书面体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用should/may+不定式。Whatever hisdefense maybe,we cant tolerate this disloyalty.3）用于某些公式化语句中be型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。Long live the Peoples Republic of China!God bless you!God damn you!So be it.(但愿如此吧)Were型虚拟-Were 型虚拟语气只有一种形式，即无论主语是什么人称，动词一律用were，如 I were，you were ，如果动词为进行体或被动态，其助动词也一律用were，如I were going，you were going，I were sent ，you were sent1）用于某些状语从句如if , if only, as if , as though, though引导的条件状语和让步状语从句，表示非真是的条件或让步。If I were you, I should wait till next week.If only I were not so nervous.He behaves as though he were better than us.2）用于某些名词性从句 如wish, would rather, suppose,imagine 之后的that分句中，表示一种臆想的(通常是不可能发生的事) I wish it were spring all the year round. Id rather I were not at the site of the accident. Suppose the earth were flat. 上述were型虚拟式在第一三人称单数主语之后可为was 所取代。 If it was to rain,the game would be put off. If only I was not so nervous.但是，在if I were you 这一分句中，通常不用was 。另外在某些倒装句结构中只用were，不用was。Were I to do it =（if I were to do it），I should rely on you.还有在as it were（作so to speak 解，即“宛如” ”好比”）结构中也只用were，不用was He is my best friend，my second felf ,as it were.假设意义表示法综述1） 用动词的过去时形式表示假设意义a) It is (high ,about )time thatIt is time that we went (或should go) to bed.Its about time that we put an end to this controversy.b) I would rather / would sooner / would as soon / would just as soon (that) you / he / they Id sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.c) if only If only I knew what you wanted. If only he had arrived in time,he would not have been punished.d) as if, as though It seems as if it were spring. 现在好像是春天似的。 She appeared as if she had known nothing about it. 她看上去对此一无所知。as if, as though 结构中如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去时时态。It looks as if it is going to rain.e) I wish(that)I wish I remembered the address.I wish 与I hope 都表示“希望”但I hope 并不表示假设意义其后很少用过去时时态。I hope you are ready.用情态助动词过去时时态表示假设意义最常见于条件句和含蓄条件句a） 用于条件句 （若if 省略要用到装） If she were younger, she would do it. 去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词were移到主语she的前面)If he had tried it, he could have done it.去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)Were I a bird, I could fly freely.如果虚拟条件句中有were, had或should时，把它们放在if的位置上；但是如果条件句中没有were, had或should不能用倒装。如：Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do?要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢？Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中若should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装。如：If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她对与错，我都会支持她)Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.注意：有时虚拟条件句并没来if 从句表示出来，而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。We didnt know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.Without you help, I wouldnt have achieved so much.But for your help, I would not have succeeded.有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个： I could help you. (只有主句） If I had time. (只有从句）b） 用于含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表示出来，只暗含在短语或上下文中，这种句子叫做储蓄条件句。常见的有but,for ,without等引导的短语，以及or, or else, otherwise, but 等分句。But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment.如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验室是不会成功的。We could have done better under more favourable conditions.在更有利的条件下，我们能够做得更好些。What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time) 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。I would like to come. 我愿意来。c) 用于其他语境以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead.不管发生什么情况, 我们都要干下去.混合条件句-主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气If you had taken your medicine yesterday, you would be quite all right now.如果你昨天吃了药的话，现在就已经痊愈了。(从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在事实相反。其他例子That she should forget me so quickly was rather a shock. (竟然)Would that the flood might never come again.（但愿）=If only the the flood might never come again.To think that he would marry such a nastty woman.(竟然)1、Its already six oclock now. Dont you think its about time_?A)we are going homeB)we go homeC)we went homeD)we can go home2、If only the committee_the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.A)approveB)will approveC)can approveD)would approve3、Its necessary_the dictionary immediately.A)that he will returnB)that he returnedC)that he returnD)that he has to return4、She must have had an accident, or he_then.A)would have been hereB)had to be hereC)should be hereD)would be here5、I apologize if I _you, but I assure you it was unintentional.A)offendedB)had offendedC)should have offendedD)might have offended6、Our idea is that the match_.A)would put offB)ought to put offC)be put offD)could put off7、One of the requirements for a fire is that the material_to its burning temperature.A)is beatedB)will be heatedC)be heatedD)would be heated8、That tree looked as if it _for a long time.A)hasnt wateredB)didnt waterC)hadnt been wateredD)wasnt watered9、The business of each day, _selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.A)it beingB)be itC)was it D)it was10、Jean wishes that he_that house last spring.A)boughtB)had boughtC)buysD)were to buy11、I wish I _longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A)could have sleptB)sleptC)might have sleptD)have slept12、Id just as soon you _those important papers with you.A)dose not takeB)not to takeC)had not takedD)did not take 13、Id rather you_make any comment on the issue for the time being.A)dontB)wouldntC)didntD)shouldnt14、It is vital that enough money_ to fund the project.A)be collectedB)must be collectedC)is collectedD)can be collected15、It is recommended that the project_until all the preparations have been made.A)is not startedB)will not be startedC)is not to be startedD)not be started16、The manager of the hotel requests that their guests_afeter 10:30 p.m.A)couldnt play loud musicB)dont play loud musicC)shouldnt play loud musicD)not to play loud music17、_right now, she would get there on Sunday.A)Would she leaveB)If she leavesC)Were she to leaveD)If she had left18、_for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.A)Not beingB)Had it not beenC)Without beingD)Not having been19、We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise we _him.A)would have telephonedB)must have telephonedC)would telephoneD)had telephoned20、A safety analysis_the target as a potential dandger Unfortunately, it was never done.A)would identifyB)will identifyC)would have identifiedD)will have identified21、If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you_now.A) couldnt have smiledB) wouldnt be smilingC) didnt smileD) wont smile22、_for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A) Had it not beenB) Were it notC) Be it not D) Should it not be23、If he knew this, it_be by accident.A) would have to B) didnt to C) wont have to D) woud have had to 24。If the whole operation_beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost.A )was not plannedB)has not been plannedC)had not been plannedD)were not planned25、Jean doesnt want to work right away because she thinks that if she _a job she probably wouldnt be able to see her friends very often.A)has to get B)were to get C)had got D)could have got解析：1、答案选C)。在its about time that.句型中，定语从句的谓语动词应用过去时来表示虚拟语气。所以C项是正确的。2、答案选D)。if only表示一种愿望，谓语用“would+动词原形”表示对将来事实的愿望，所以D是正确的。3、答案选C)。在由it is necessary 等引导的主语从句要使用虚拟语气，虚拟语气的谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或动词原形。4、答案选A)。由or引出的是与事实相反的假设条件，因此空缺处应填入表示虚拟语气的谓语动词。前一个分句中表示的是过去的时间，所以后一分句要用would have done的形式。所以A是正确的。5、答案选B)。本题中but分句中的it was 表明事情发生在过去，因此条件句应用过去完成时，表示与过去事实相反，所以B是正确的。6答案选C)。根据虚拟语气的语法要求,that 从句中的动词用动词原形或“should+动词原形”的形式。所以C为正确选项。7、答案选C)。requirement 后接一表语从句，从句的谓语用“should+动词原形”的形式来构成虚拟语气，四个选项中只有C符合。句意：产生火的必要条件之一是物质被加热到它的燃点。8、答案选C)。as if引导一个表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的句子。主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，所以as if 后虚拟语气的谓语动词要用过去完成时，所以C是正确的。9、答案选B)。be it selling goods or shipping them 是表示让步意义的虚拟倒装句，它是由whether it (might)be selling goods or shipping them这个句子省略whether后再将be 移至主语之前得来的。其它几项均不符合句子结构。句意：无论是售货还是运货，每天的业务都很不错。10、选B。主句的谓语动词是wish时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反或不大可能实现的愿望。从本题的时间状语last spring可知，表示的是过去的愿望。因此从句应用于过去完成时表示，所以选B。11、选A。从句中时间this morning 可知，本题表示对过去发生的事情表示遗憾，宾语从句的谓语须用过去完成时或could have done形式来表示虚拟语气，所以A项为正确答案。12、选D。would just as soon的宾语从句的谓语动词用过去时来表示虚拟语气，符合语法规则的只有D项。13、选C。for the time being意为”目前”，表示现在的时间，因些would rather表示现在不可能实现的愿望，要求从句使用过去时来表示虚拟语气，其否定形式为“didnt+动词原形”。所以C为正确答案14、选A)。本题中vital后的主语从句用“should+动词原形”的虚拟语气形式，省略了should，来构成从句的谓语，符合语法规则，为正确答案。15、选D)。