讲座--高中新课程英语高考试题命制趋势研究.doc

专题讲座高中新课程英语高考试题命制趋势研究胡小力（北京市海淀区教师进修学校、中学高级教师）把握方向，高效备考！考前要：明确高中新课程改革精神明确高中新课程育人目标明确高中新课程评价要求明确新课程高考试卷特点明确高中英语新课程改革精神英语新课程改革的重点就是要改变英语课程过分重视语法知识和词汇知识的讲解和传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的培养的倾向，强调英语课程从学生的学习兴趣、生活经验和认知水平出发，倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径，发展学生的综合语言运用能力，使语言学习的过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践、提高跨文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程。明确新课程育人目标在新课程的各科“课程标准”中，对培养目标价值取向上的新变化，具体是通过“知识与能力”、“过程与方法”、和“情感态度与价值观”三个维度的目标要求来体现的。“知识与能力”强调的是学科的基本知识与基本技能；“方法与过程”强调的是了解和体验问题探究的过程和方法，并初步掌握发现问题、思考问题和解决问题的基本方法，真正学会学习；“情感态度与价值观”则关注的是“形成积极的学习态度、健康向上的人生态度、具有科学精神和正确的世界观、人生观、价值观，成为有责任感和使命感的社会公民等”。课改承载了强国、育人、创新的使命，贯穿了新的理念、新的框架、新的内容体系，提出了新的教学方式、新的教育功能。毫无疑问，新一轮的课改决不仅仅是换一套教科书，而是一场教育观念的更新、人才培养模式的改变，是一场涉及课堂教学方式、学习方式以及学校日常管理等全方位的变革。基础教育阶段英语课程的总目标培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在学生语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整体发展的基础上。高中英语课程的总目标是使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上，进一步明确英语学习的目的，发展自主学习和合作学习的能力；形成有效的英语学习策略；培养学生的综合语言运用能力。重视提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分析和解决问题的能力；逐步培养学生用英语进行思维和表达的能力。信息社会，学会获取信息和处理信息、分析和解决问题是每个公民必须具备的能力，高中阶段应该特别重视对这一能力的培养，使学生终身受益。明确终结性评价要求终结性评价应以考查学生综合语言运用能力为目标。考试的目的和试题设计应与课程标准所规定的相应级别目标相符；与学生的年龄特点和认知能力相适应。在终结性评价中，通过理解与表达的任务来检测学生运用语言知识的能力。试卷中主观性试题应占一定比例，要根据特定级别的目标要求与具体试卷要求而定。终结性评价必须以考查学生综合语言运用能力为目标，考试应包括口试、听力考试和笔试等形式，全面考查学生综合语言运用能力。口语测试应着重检测学生的表达与沟通能力和交际的有效性。听力测试（占考试比例不少于20%），着重检测学生理解和获取信息的能力，不应该把脱离语境的单纯辩音题或语法知识题作为考试内容。笔试应当避免单纯语音知识题或语法知识题；应该增加具有语境的应用型试题的比例；适当减少客观题，增加有助于学生思维表达的主观题。明确八级目标要求高考命题依据语言技能目标听能识别不同语气所表达的不同情感；能听懂有关熟悉话题的讨论和谈论并能记住要点；能抓住一般语段中的观点；能基本听懂广播或电视英语新闻的主题或大意；能听懂委婉的建议或劝告。读能识别不同文体特征；能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句；能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度；能根据学习任务的需求从多种媒体中获取信息并进行加工处理；能在教师的帮助下欣赏浅显的英语文学作品；除教材外，课外读物量累计达到30万词以上。写能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要；能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告；能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度；能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。语言知识目标词汇运用词汇理解和表达不同的功能、意图和态度；在比较复杂的情况下，运用词汇给事物命名、进行指称、描述行为和特征、说明概念等；学会使用3300个左右的单词和400500个习惯用语或固定搭配。语法进一步掌握描述时间、地点和方位的表达方式；进一步理解并掌握比较人、物体及事物的表达方式；使用适当的语言形式进行描述和表达观点、态度和情感等；学习并掌握常见语篇形式的基本篇章结构和逻辑关系。明确课标卷的变化课标卷与大纲相比有三方面的变化：变化一：词汇量增加课标卷要求掌握3000左右词汇，大纲卷为2000左右。词汇量的增加必然会导致试卷中的中文注释减少；试题题干难度加大；文段的复杂度和难度也会随之加大。但是，词汇量的增加在课标卷的全卷反映是比较稳定的。变化二：提高阅读理解能力的考查力度试题形式变化：大纲卷20小题、40分，形式为四选一；课标卷20小题、40分，形式为30分四选一，10分七选五。七选五的考查形式难度比四选一难度加大，看似阅读量减少，但是回读率提高，要求考生有更强的篇章分析能力。变化三：提高写作能力的考查力度课标卷的短文改错试题有所调整：课标卷在原大纲卷的基础上对该题进行了改良，即短文中不设小题，要求考生要通篇阅读短文，对每个句子进行判断，如有错即将其改正，此变化使该题的难度比大纲卷加大，例如一句话中有一处错误的，也有两处错误的，提高了考生答题的回读率。解读试卷，明确方向2011年高考英语课标卷的突出特点是“稳中求变，稳中求新”：“稳”体现在试卷的大部分内容，即试卷结构、试卷难度以及考查要求等基本与大纲卷保持一致；“变”体现在读和写的考查要求有一定变化；“新”体现在阅读理解试题有10分的新题型，写作中的短文填空试题在大纲卷的基础上新的变化。2011年课标卷仍较好地体现了“过渡”卷的特点。变化点：加大读写能力的考查力度，传承2010年课标卷风格。一、2011年英语课标卷整体解析特点1.试卷难度适中，充分体现新课改“强调应用，注重交际”的精神。2011年的英语试卷与大纲卷相比，其结构、试卷容量基本持平，但难度、区分度和效度略有提高。试题的命制和选材均渗透了新课标理念，全卷体现了把考查知识点放在考生熟悉的语境中进行，同时突出运用能力考查的特点，加强了对考生综合语言运用能力的考查。例如“单项填空”部分所有考查点均是中学英语教学中常见的基础知识和重点内容，淡化了纯语法知识的考查，突出考查考生在具体语境中运用语法和词汇知识的能力。几乎所有基础知识题目的设置都有明确的语境，便于考生发挥。特点2.考点覆盖面广，强调能力考查。2011年试卷对考生的听、读、写能力进行了全面考查，既全面到位地考查语法、语言功能项目及各种题型所涉及的微技能，又确保卷面上无偏题、怪题和难题。大部分试题要求考生不仅能理解文字的含意，还要结合上下文语境、联系相互的文化背景进行思考。例如“听力”部分考查了考生理解主旨要义、获取事实性信息、对所听内容作出简单推断以及理解说话者意图、观点和态度的能力。“单项填空”部分虽然只有15道小题，但考点全面，覆盖了常见的重要语法项目，对中国学生最难掌握的动词时态、语态以及复杂的非谓语动词形式都进行了重点的考查。“完形填空”部分主要考查了考生根据上下文正确使用词语的综合能力。“阅读理解”部分着重考查了考生获取、分析、处理信息的基本能力。“书面表达”部分考查了考生的语言生成能力。特点3.试卷素材源于生活，体现丰富内涵，符合学生的认知水平。试卷各个部分的选材体现了语言环境真实、语言地道；素材与学生的日常生活息息相关，时代感强，注重品味。尤其是“阅读理解”部分的选材，体裁多样，内容丰富，有记叙文、说明文、应用文等不同文体，涉及了人物、社会、学校等各方面的内容，选材融知识性、教育性和趣味性为一体，体现出丰富内涵。特点4.阅读理解部分仍保持了较大的阅读量年份总词汇量短文词量试题词量200720141425589200819811283698200919411260681201019211397524201118371299538二、2011年课标卷语言能力考查试题解析听力试题试题根据课程标准和语言教学、测试理论的要求，考查了考生对真实的口头语言材料的理解情况。语言材料来源于实际生活，围绕有关日常的话题展开。设问涉及多个方面，多个角度，采用where-,when-,why-,how-,what-等多种疑问句。与往年相同10段听力材料，其中5段较短，另5段较长。话题有购物、旅游、晚会、居住、学习生活等。阅读理解试题阅读理解考查考生阅读理解能力，即考查考生对文章的整体和局部信息的理解和掌握情况。整体理解重点考查考生对文章主旨要义、作者态度、意图、上下文的逻辑关系等；局部理解重点考查考生理解分散在文中的特点信息。写作试题短文改错的选材无论在内容上，还是文字上都比较简单，文中的错误也都是初、中级英语学习者写作时常犯的。例如考查了在短文中准确使用冠词、代词、名词、动词、连词等。与2010年课标卷相比基本一致，与大纲卷相比难度加大。书面表达试题要求考生具备扎实的语言基础知识，涉及了动词时态、语态正确使用，要求正确使用一般将来时、现在进行时等；能够正确使用名词从句、定语从句、状语从句等；能够正确运用非谓语动词如不定式、分词短语等。好文的看点：考生要能够应用较多的语法结构和词汇、尽量使用复杂或较高级的词汇，有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使文章结构紧凑。试题的开放性加强。三、2011年课标卷语言知识考查试题解析单项填空试题：考查考生在具体语境中对语法、词汇知识和较简单表达方式的掌握情况。难度比大纲卷有提高。有以下特点：1交际性加强：“先语境，后结构”注重考查考生在真实语境下对英语知识的运用。例如第21、25、35小题以对话的形式设立情景，要求考生在真实的交际中得体地使用语法知识，体现了新课程中所要求的注重培养交际策略。2突出英语核心知识的考查动词7小题、（时态3，非谓语动词1，情态动词1，动词2，倒装句1）从句2小题。动词时态语境中灵活运用能力23. Planning so far ahead _ no senseso many things will have changed by next year. （中等难度） A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made 24. I wasnt sure if he was really interested or if he _ polite. （表示 “仅出于礼貌 ”， be+v-ing表示临时性。难度较大） A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be 29. When Alice came to, she did not know how long she _ there. （难度中等） A. had been lying B. has been lying C. was lying D. has lain 非谓语动词基本用法（难度中等） 27. The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen 动词活用（难度中等）26. I can _ the house being untidy, but I hate it if its not clean. A. come up with B. put up withC. turn to D. stick to 34. William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eye-sight was beginning to _. A. disappear B. fall C. fail D. damage 从句在语境中的活用（难度中等） 22. Try _ she might, Sue couldnt get the door open. A. if B. when C. since D. as31. The prize will go to the writer _ story shows the most imagination. A. that B. which C. whose D. what 完形填空试题侧重考查考生是否能在掌握文章主旨大意和正确理解句与句、段与段之间的内在联系的基础上，准确判断动词（10）、名词（7）、形容词（3）、副词等的使用。补足后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整，完形填空试题在很大程度上考查考生的阅读理解能力。短文理解难度高于2010年，考点设空更加注重全文的理解。2011年全国课标卷的启示吃透新课程标准夯实知识基础强化读写训练学会灵活变通关注社会、关注生活三步有效复习策略第一步：依标整理第二步：强化训练第三步：查缺补漏第一步：依据课标，整理知识英语学习的基石：词汇+语法。挑战高分首先要过好词汇语法关：核心词汇：1500（1000+500）；核心语法：时态、语态、从句坚实的英语基本功由三个支柱性的能力组成一是名词的使用能力，二是动词的使用能力，三是形容词的使用能力。动词的使用能力，三方面的基本功：一是动词的时态，二是动宾的搭配，三是动词的准确选用。词汇复习重点：强化中级记忆理解运用词汇一通万事无忧！认字能力强，阅读无障碍：理解准、读速快，拿高分！用字能力强，写作无障碍：写得对、用得活，拿高分！ 中级词汇表达特点：Perhaps the most interesting person I have ever met is an Italian professor of philosophy who teaches at the University of Pisa. Although I last met this man eight years ago, I have not forgotten his special qualities. First of all, I respected his devotion to teaching. Students crowded into his classroom, because his lectures were always well prepared and clearly delivered. His followers liked the fact that he believed in what he taught. Secondly, I admired the fact that he would talk to students outside the classroom or talk with them on the telephone. During coffee in the caf, he would easily make friends with students. Sometimes he would invite a student to a game of chess. Other times, he would join the student groups to discuss a variety of subjects: agriculture, diving and mathematics. Many young people visited him in his office for advice on their studies; others came to his home for social evenings. Finally, I was attracted by his lively sense of humor. He believed that no lesson is a success unless, during it, the students and the professor share at least one loud laugh. Through his sense of humor, he made learning more enjoyable and lasting. If it is true that life makes a wise man smile and a foolish man cry, then my friend is indeed a wise man. 根据学生水平进行词汇“瘦身”处理：中级词汇能知音、知意、知用。 abroad accept accessible according achieve abandon admire admit advance adventure advantage argue acquire adjust admire although announce application appreciation adopt ambiguous alternative annoy approval astonish attract average assess attitude available bargain besides blame budget buffet burden calculate caution certificate challenge clarify coincidence combine commercial complex conflict confuse compare complete congratulation construction conscience consequence consist convey convenient courage custom curious credit damage decision declare delay delight demand describe design desire destroy devote disappear disease debate deadline deposit detective diagram digest digital disaster disturb dismiss distinguish distribute divorce donate drawback dynamic eventually effect effort employ encourage energy equipment escape especially except exist expect experience experiment explain express enquiry embarrass enthusiastic evident facial female finance flexible false familiar fierce figure forgive form fortunate frequent fuel gesture guarantee glance garage generation harmony hesitate indicate immediate improve include increase infer insist instead influence inspect instant insurance interrupt intelligence legal license likely major majority measure memory mature motivation multiply nutrition occupy occur offer oppose opposite optimistic optional organ origin participate patent pause particular permit persuade pension potential preserve pressure punctual promote precious pretend prevent proper protect provide purpose quality quantity quarrel reduce regular relation remind request require respect rough ruin receipt recommend reflect register reject resist respond satisfy scold search secret seldom sense separate settle system similar smooth society special strength succeed suffer supply skeptical schedule security seminar session sniff stainless stress submit surgeon survive symbol sympathy tension tissue tolerate title trade translate transport treasure uniform value variety version violence virus vivid wealth worth 科学记忆词汇，提高词汇记忆效果！ “五到”记忆:读写背默记,眼耳嘴手脑齐动员,印象深刻记得牢；循环记忆:记过单词莫靠边,几天之后再看看,反反复复记心间；分组记忆:单词多了别心烦,分片分组来突破,几组连成一大片；理解记忆:结合词组句子记,有情有景有意义,理解深刻难忘记；归纳记忆:同类词汇放一起,分类归纳好记忆；对比记忆:同义近义反义词,辨析比较来记忆,印象深刻记得牢；构词记忆:前缀后缀有规律,转换常把词类变,合成本是二合一。突破中级语法：灵活运用动词时态:321语态：3+2掌握复合句:连词使用突破非谓语动词:明确逻辑主语语法复习重点：时态321热点“四会时态：3个一般时、2个进行时”易错点：完成时态。时态无处不在，动词多变是英语的特点！具有敏锐的时间感和动词变化的意识，才能减少错误！语态：3+1热点“四会语态：3个一般时+1情态”易错点：be+done结构的变化。明确主谓、动宾关系，准确判断动作的发出者和动作的承受者。重点三大从句：关联词的灵活运用状语从句： unless, in case, before, although 定语从句： in which, where, when 名词性从句掌握非谓语动词3点用法：“1伴随状语、2修饰名词定语、3动宾+时态和语态”易错点：主动被动的判断Dear Editor, （ 05全国卷） Recently, our class have had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They always say that once moved, animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well-known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is. Whats more, moving may cause the death of some animals. To move or not, this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing. （非谓语使用精彩） 第二步强化训练训练目的：吃透试题，增强题感训练计划：每次三套，两周见效训练内容：真题演练，专题突破重点突破高分三大题型：完形填空阅读理解写作完形填空提分策略：加大无词填空训练（建立依赖篇章填空的习惯） At school many things happen to us. We may feel 1 _ when we have success in a school play. We may feel sorry if we 2_ an important game. We want to keep the memory for the 3_ of our lives. How to keep the 4 _? Our English teacher, Miss Wang, has taught us a good way of 5_ things to make our own yearbook. What is a yearbook? A yearbook is a kind of book 6_ is used to keep the memory of exciting 7_. It s usually made at the end of the year. Last December, we began to make our yearbook. First we chose the persons who had done something 8 _, then some students 9_ them, some wrote down their stories, others took 10 _ of them. Everyone in our class had something to do. 11 _ our teacher helped us to put the things 12 _. We had our first yearbook. All of us put a lot of love into 13_ the yearbook. It is so 14 _ that not only the students 15_ our parents and teachers will remember the special time for ever. （带空通读，入境细读，回文查读。 不仅培养学生语篇能力，还训练了学生词汇运用能力。） At school many things happen to us. We may feel 1 excited when we have success in a school play. We may feel sorry if we 2 lose an important game. We want to keep the memory for the 3 rest of our lives. How to keep the 4 memory? Our English teacher, Miss Wang, has taught us a good way of 5 remembering things to make our own yearbook. What is a yearbook? A yearbook is a kind of book 6 which is used to keep the memory of exciting 7 moments. Its usually made at the end of the year. Last December, we began to make our yearbook. First we chose the persons who had done something 8 special, then some students 9 interviewed them, some wrote down their stories, others took 10 photos of them. Everyone in our class had something to do. 11 Finally our teacher helped us to put the things 12 together. We had our first yearbook. All of us put a lot of love into 13 making the yearbook. It is so 14 wonderful that not only the students 15 but our parents and teachers will remember the special time for ever. 阅读理解提分读策略： 1“读广”即：阅读的题材和体裁要广，文章应包括科技、人文、天文、地理、艺术与教育等。2“读长”即：要与泛读相结合，要读相当量的小说和长篇，要有目的和要求的去读，通过读培养自己的阅读兴趣和习惯。3“读新”即：要读新鲜鲜活的材料，那些代表新观念、新技术、新产品、新人物（热点人物）、新事物的阅读材料应该是我们首选的。4“读深”即：文章要有一定的深度，要有经得起琢磨和分析的好篇章，段落，要有一定的难句和复杂句以及复杂结构。5“读快”即：要通过快速阅读来训练学生的阅读速度，每分钟要达到60-70个词。写作训练重点：提升四种能力1审题能力：明确写作目的、要传递什么信息,要说明什么问题、思想性等；2组织能力：处理信息的能力、组织文章的逻辑性；3修改能力：发现问题、纠正错误、提高文章档次；4发挥能力：表达简洁、地道、流畅、语言形式多样、词汇丰富、有自己的见解等。写作备考要背诵常用的词汇、句型、文章的开头、结尾和优美的段落，多进行仿写、改写和修改训练，并养成良好的书写习惯，做到卷面整洁美观，大小写和标点符号运用正确。“语言是一种习惯的行为，多背才能形成习惯，这是很简单的道理。不花功夫就想掌握语言只能是空想。”背诵对外语学习尤为为重要。首先，背诵加深我们对文章的理解，提高阅读能力。其次，在背诵的过程中我们须注意文章的布局谋篇、遣词造句，这样，我们的写作能力、语言能力得到培养和提高。心理学家认为“背诵有助于学习，它可以集中学生的注意力。它可以保证极微小的词语刺激都是有效的刺激。背诵可以被视为要求学生对所学内容进行复习检查的手段，可以增强对所学内容的系统理解。”大量背诵和活用练习结合，要突出“活”字。所谓“活”：1）要背诵中有练习，练习中有背诵；2）要以所背为模式，以所练为变化，做到所背不离所练，所练基于所背，使背诵因练习而变容易，练习因背诵而不困难。活用练习方式应该是听、说、读、写、译都有，置换、转化、扩展、概述、评论样样俱全，不拘一格，由简到繁，由浅入深，由接受到表达。例如：背诵下面的短文活用练习：听写、填空、翻译、默写、排序 Recently Ive made a survey about the school uniforms and found out that students have different opinions about wearing uniforms. Many students are in favor of wearing school. They say that it is good for training the students character. And it can help avoid sorting the students by their clothing. However, some students are against wearing school uniforms, for they think it is very uncomfortable to wear school uniforms. In their mind, wearing school uniforms is no good for the development of students personalities. On the whole, students have different ideas about wearing uniforms. It may help the student management, but not good for personality development. 背诵常见话题短文: 例如写人,叙事,记活动,发表观点 记人 Of all my teachers, Mr. Moore is the one who impresses me most. Though he is 34, he looks very young for his age. And hes one of the most popular teachers in our school. Compared with other teachers, Mr. Moore pays more attention to his way of teaching. He tries various ways to make his classes lively and interesting. In his opinion, we should not only know “what”, but also understand “why”. So, instead of giving us answers immediately, he encourages us to think by ourselves whenever he puts forward questions. With his help, weve learned how to settle problems. What a wonderful world of “why” he leads us to! He is such a learned person that we all admire him very much. 叙事 Last week my parents and I took a two-day trip to Emei Mountain in Sichuan. As everyone knows, it s a famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. The weather was fine. It was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain. The three of us were very excited. As we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visited temples and told stories. On the way up I busy taking pictures since the scenery was so beautiful. The time passed quickly. Evening came. We spent the night in a hotel at the top of the mountain. The food was expensive but the service was good. I was so tired that I fell asleep the moment my head touched the pillow. 发表观点 Recently Ive made a survey about the school uniforms and found out that students have different opinions about wearing uniforms. Many students are in favor of wearing school. They say that it is good for training the students character. And it can help avoid sorting the students by their clothing. However, some students are against wearing school uniforms, for they think it is very uncomfortable to wear school uniforms. In their mind, wearing school uniforms is no good for