中原文化翻译.doc

辞海指出，文化，从广义上说，指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。从狭义上来说，指社会的意识形态，以及与之相适应的制度和组织机构；有时特指教育、科学、文学、艺术等方面的精神财富，以与政治、经济、军事等方面的知识和设施相区别。 The New World Encyclopedia: It is the totality of the spiritual，intellectual，and artistic attitudes shared by a group，including its tradition, habits, social customs, morals, laws and social relations. 我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。在默默里算着，八千多日子已经从我手中溜去；像针尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流水里，没有声音，也没有影子。我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了。（朱自清匆匆） I dont know how many days I have been given to spend, but I do feel my hands are getting empty. Taking stock silently, I find that more than eight thousand days have already slid away from me. Like a drop of water from the point of a needle disappearing into the ocean, my days are dripping into the stream of time, soundless, traceless. Already sweat is starting on my forehead, and tears welling up in my eyes. 沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。 be lovely enough to outshine the moon and put the flowers to shame. the beauty would put the flowers to shame. 用点画成线，用线画成平面，用平面画成立体。 With points you can make a line; with lines, planes; with planes, solids. 河南地处黄河中下游冲积平原。典型的温带气候，充足的水源，肥沃的土壤，茂密的林木，是最早适宜人类居住的地方。事实上，中华民族的根系也最早深深地植根于这片广袤的平原之中。在这里，诞生了中华民族关于人类起源的最早传说，留下了中华文明创造者的最初足迹。 Located on the alluvial plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, Henan has a typical temperate climate, abundant water, fertile soils and dense woods, and was the earliest place for human settlement. In fact, it is here on this vast plain that the roots of the Chinese people were first planted. The Chinese peoples earliest legends about the origins of mankind were generated here on this plain, and it is here that remain the first footprints of those who created Chinese civilization. 女娲创造了人类，“炼五色彩石以补苍天”，使人类拥有了一个基本安宁的自然生存空间。Nwa created man, smelted colored stones and repaired the sky, in order that man should have a peaceful space to live among nature.p 女娲是“人头蛇身”，汉代画像石刻的“女娲伏羲交尾图”是这个传说的佐证。有历史学家认为，女娲是远古母权制时期以蛇为图腾的部落首领。p According to ancient records, Nwa had the head of a human and body of a snake, and this legend is testified to by the Han Dynasty stone engraving Mating Picture of Nwa and Fuxi. Some historians believe that Nwa was the leader of a tribe worshipping the snake totem in ancient matriarchal society.One Nwa legend is about her “roiling mud into men”. It says that when heaven was separated from earth, there appeared mountains, rivers, plants and forests on the land, with birds and beasts living among them. The goddess Nwa thought there ought to be beings like herself so she came to the bank of the Yellow River, dug out a block of clay and formed it into forms like herself, with head, face, hands and feet. Nwa then placed them on the ground, breathed onto them, and the clay men came alive, singing and dancing around her. Watching these people living on the land, Nwa was so excited that she created more. The living mud people dispersed in all directions, but even so, they were still few and thinly scattered over the vast land. Nwa thought of a labor-saving idea to fix this. She threw a rattan into the Yellow River mud, pulled it out, and the mud brought with the rattan landed on the earth. She puffed on it and it came to life. Nwa worked tirelessly until the land was full of men. This is the source of the legend that the yellow skin of the Chinese people comes from the yellow mud with which Nwa created man. Another Nwa creation legend is connected with her elder brother Fuxi a Chinese version of the Adam and Eve story. According to this legend, right at the very beginning, Nwa and Fuxi were the only one living on the earth. In order to procreate, brother and sister got married and thus mankind came into being. Today, in Henans Xihua County, there are many folk songs about Nwa, one of which says: Nwa was sister of Fuxi, the two gods lived in the Kingdom of Huaxu; there were no humans at that time, so brother and sister got married根据传说和文献记载，经勘探发掘，在西华县县城城北9公里处找到了女娲城遗址，被河南省列为省级重点文物保护单位。1989年，女娲阁修复竣工。 On the basis of legends and written records, explorations and excavations were made, resulting in the discovery, 9km north of Xihua City, of the ruins of Nwa City, which was then listed as a provincial key unit for the preservation of cultural relics. In 1989, the Nwa Pavilion was reconstructed. 人类始祖太昊伏羲陵坐落在淮阳县城北1.5公里处，位于古蔡河畔，占地875亩，始建于春秋时期（前770-前476年），陵高20多米，周长150米，上圆下方，暗合“天圆地方”之意。 Taihao Fuxi Mausoleum, tomb of ancestor of the mankind, stands 1.5 km to the north of Huaiyang County Seat on the bank of the old Caihe River and covers an area of 58 hectares. Built in the Spring and Autumn Period(770-476 BC), it is over 20 meters high, has a perimeter of 150m, and is round above but square below, signifying the concept of that “Round Heaven Square Earth.” 伏羲在蔡河里捉到一只白龟，根据龟背图案画出八卦图形，实际上是创造了中国最原始的文字符号，结束了人类结绳记事的历史；他从蜘蛛结网捕食的现象得到启发，发明渔网，使人们能在江河中捕食鱼类；他规范婚姻嫁娶，又将敬神的祭品拿来供人食用；他根据卦象和薯草等自然现象预测未来。 Having caught a white tortoise in the Caihe River, based on the pattern on the tortoise shell, Fuxi drew the Eight-Trigram illustrations, which actually were Chinas earliest primitive script, and marked the end of keeping records by tying knots. Inspired by a spider spinning a web to catch prey, he invented the fishnet, helping people to fish in rivers. He also laid regulations on marriages and weddings, let people eat the sacrifices offered to gods, and predicted future events through divination of yarrow stalks and other natural phenomena. 中华民族儿女常以“炎黄子孙”自称，无论是炎帝还是黄帝，在河南都留下了重要的活动遗迹。尤其是黄帝，他不仅出生在中原地区，而且还以此作为根据地，操纵队伍，收复炎帝，平定蚩尤，驾于四方，最后建立了有熊国，成为名副其实的“中华第一帝”。可以说，这里埋藏着华夏民族之根和文明之根，多少年来，这里一直是海内外炎黄子孙寻根祭祖的圣地。 The Chinese often call themselves “descendants of the Fire Emperor and the Yellow Emperor.” Both have left important relics in Henan Province. The Yellow Emperor, or Huangdi, was born in the Central Plains, it was here that he made his base, drilled his troops, subdued the Fire Emperor, or Yandi, defeated and killed Chiyou, leader of the Jiuli tribes, administered his people and established the Youxiong Kingdom, becoming the “first emperor of the Chinese nation.” We can say that this is the place where the Chinese people and civilization are rooted. Over the years, it has become a place of pilgrimage for Chinese in whatever land they live, to find their roots and offer sacrifices to their ancestor.淮南子天文训：东方属木，其帝太皞，手持圆规，掌管春天；南方属火，其帝炎帝，手持衡器，掌管夏天； 西方属金，其帝少昊，手持尺子，掌管秋天； 北方属水，其帝颛顼，手持秤锤，掌管冬天； 中州属土，其帝黄帝，手持绳索，执掌四方， 总管春夏秋冬，调配四方之帝。 Astronomy of the Writings of Prince Huainan compiled in the Western Han Dynasty（206 B.C. - A.D. 25）: “The East (wood) Emperor was Taihao who held a pair of compasses and ruled over spring; the South (fire) Emperor was Yandi who held a balance and ruled over summer; the West (metal) Emperor was Shaohao who held a ruler and ruled over autumn; the North (water) Emperor was Zhuanxu who held a steelyard and its sliding weight and ruled over winter; and the Central (earth) Emperor was Huangdi who held a rope and ruled over the four seasons and the other four emperors.传说炎帝诞生于河南新郑华阳城，是黄帝的兄弟，姜姓，为南方火德之帝。炎帝从百草千卉中选出了麻、黍、稷、麦、豆五谷，教人播种，然后又让太阳发出光和热，助五谷生长，从此人们解决了衣食之需。他“创耕耘，植五谷，尝百草，疗民疾，兴贸易，制历时”，被人们尊奉为太阳神、农业神和医药神。 Legend has it that Yandi, the South Emperor of fire, was born in Henan at Huayang City in Xinzheng. He was the sworn brother of Huangdi, and had the surname Jiang. From thousands of plants Yandi selected five grains hemp, two kinds of millet, wheat and beans, and taught people how to grow them. He also caused the sun to emit light and heat to help the five grains grow so that people could have clothing and food. As Yandi “created farming, grew the five cereals, tasted various herbs, treated peoples diseases, promoted trade, and made the calendar system,” he was acclaimed as the God of the Sun, Agriculture, and Medicines黄帝对民族文明的贡献还有：用玉石制造各种兵器，创造了弓箭和指南针。他的元妃嫘 li祖教会人们养蚕围缫丝，他的另一位妃子嫫母发明了中国最早的织布工具“织机”，他的官吏仓颉创造了文字，他的大臣大挠创造了干支历法，他的乐官令伦制造了乐器。人们尊奉黄帝为至高无上的公正之神，文明之神。 Huangdi also made other contributions to the Chinese civilization: he made weapons from jade, invented bows and arrows and the compass. His wife Leizu taught people to raise silkworms and to reel silk from cocoons; his concubine Momu invented Chinas first “loom,” his official historian Cang Jie created Chinese characters, his official Da Rao created the system of Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches calendar system, and his music official Ling Lun invented musical instruments. Huangdi is worshipped as supreme god of justice and civilization.河南是中华文明的发祥地。在漫漫的历史长河中，河南在中国的政治、军事、经济、文化等方面始终占据重要地位，曾几度达到鼎盛，先后有多个朝代建都或迁都于河南。几千年历史的风云变幻和文化沉淀，在中原大地上留下了众多而深刻的痕迹，使河南成为了一座巨大的天然历史博物馆，来到这里就能探寻源远流长的东方古国文明。 Henan was a starting point of Chinese civilization. Throughout the course of Chinas history, Henan occupied an important position in politics, military, economy and culture; time and again dynasties chose to build their capitals here and brought Henan to new heights of prosperity. Thousands of years of history and culture have left their marks and relics on the vast Central Plains, making the province into a huge living museum of Chinese history, where people can explore the traces of ancient civilization in the East. 黄河是中华文明的发祥地，是中华民族的母亲河。中华民族的起源和发展是多元的。由黄河孕育出的华夏文明是中华民族文明的基础和轴心。 The Yellow River is the cradle of Chinese civilization and the mother river of the Chinese people. The Chinese civilization had multiple origins and development patterns. The civilization along the Yellow River was the foundation and axis of Chinese civilization. 黄河起源于青藏高原的巴颜喀拉山麓，一路吸纳百川蜿蜒而下，从晋陕大峡谷冲撞而出，拐了一个近乎直角的弯儿，进入河南境内，在此奔流700多公里后进入山东省界。 The Yellow River rises in the Bayan Har Mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; swallowing up countless rivers and streams on the way, it rushes out of the steep gorges between the provinces of Shaanxi and Shanxi and makes a right-angle turn east into Henan. It then runs on for 700 kilometers or more through Henan before entering the province of Shandong where it empties into the Bohai Sea.远在50万年前，华夏先民就在这里劳作、生息、繁衍，中华民族传说中的祖先黄帝、炎帝、伏羲、女娲、颛顼、帝喾，以及尧、舜、禹，都曾在这里留下了创造历史的足迹。 Even 500,000 years ago, the ancestors of the Chinese people were already living, working and multiplying on this land. Such legendary names as Huangdi, Yandi, Nwa, Fuxi, Zhuanxu, Diku, Yao, Shun and Yu, all left records here. 从公元前21世纪第一个奴隶制王朝夏朝的建立，到封建制鼎盛时期的赵宋王朝（960-1279）南迁，先后有20多个朝代、200多个帝王在此建都立业。 More than 200 emperors of 20-odd dynasties chose to build their capitals here, starting with the slave state of the Xia Dynasty established in the 21st century BC, right down to the prosperous feudal society of Song Dynasty (960-1279), after which the capital was shifted south to Hangzhou. 上世纪80年代末，在濮阳市老城区西南角的西水坡引黄供水工程工地上，先后在古墓葬中发现了三组用蚌壳精心摆塑成的龙、虎等动物图案。经考古专家鉴定，这三组蚌塑图案中，龙的图案是中国迄今发现时代最早、又是较成熟的龙的造型，被称为“中华第一龙”。 In the late 1980s, three groups of dragon and tiger patterns, dating back 6,500 years, formed of freshwater mussel shells were found on a construction site diverting water from the Yellow River to Puyang, a city north of the river. The dragon patterns in the ancient tombs were the oldest ever found in China and the forms very mature, so the archaeologists dubbed them “Chinas Number One Dragons.”众多考古、历史、天文方面的学者经研究认为，这些图案实际上是当时的天文星象图。它把中国天文可考的历史一下子推到了6500年前，比世界上最古老的、在埃及金字塔内发现的天文图要早2000年，比古巴比伦的界标天文图则早了3000多年。 The specialists in archaeology, history and astronomy draw the conclusion that these patterns are ancient star charts. The finding has moved Chinas astronomical record back to 6,500 years ago, which is 2,000 years earlier than the astronomical drawing found in an Egyptian pyramid and 3,000 years earlier than the Babylon astronomical chart.大禹是洪荒年代中原大地诞生的一位非凡的伟人，是古代传说中的一位治理水患的英雄。他以惊人的意志凿穿了龙门山，使爆裂的黄河在这里变得温和，缓缓东流。他的后代如今恭敬地把他供奉在黄河岸边的邙山之巅，让他日日夜夜俯瞰着经他治理过的黄河。 The Great Yu, born on the flood-ravaged Central Plains, was no ordinary man and he is celebrated in legend as the hero who succeeded in harnessing the floods. With amazing determination he dug a hole through Mount Longmen, making the tyrant Yellow River calm down and flow slowly eastward down this course. In his honor, his descendants erected a statue of the Yu on top of Mount Mangshan south of the Yellow River, permanently overlooking the river whose power he harnessed. 离河南省会郑州西北40公里的黄河南岸，有一土山叫广武山。山的中间有一条南北向的沟，当地人称鸿沟。沟的东西两边各有一座古城寨遗址，即公元前3世纪初的汉霸二王城：西为汉王城，东为霸王城。因两千多年前的刘邦（前256或247-前195），项羽（前232-前202），在此演绎了“楚汉相争，鸿沟为界”的故事，使这里成了喜欢访古探幽的人们向往的地方。 On the south bank of the Yellow River, 40 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital Zhengzhou, is an earthen hill called Guangwu. Running north-south down the center of this earth hill runs the Honggou Channel, on each side of which stands an early 3rd century BC fortress - the King of Han Fortress on the west bank and the Hegemon King Fortress on the east. The channel and the fortresses were witnesses, more than two millennia ago, to the war between two insurgent leaders in the late Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC). They were Liu Bang (256 or 247-195 BC, the King of Han) and Xiang Yu (the Hegemon King, 232-202 BC). The Honggou Channel was the border between the lands they controlled and for this reason, it draws many visitors interested in delving into the past. 现在，鸿沟无声的蜿蜒于黄河岸边的广武山中，成了中国象棋棋盘上窄窄的一道“楚河汉界”。这条沟像从时间隧道中崩裂出的一道印痕，引发出人们无数的遐想。 Today, Honggou, a river winding silently among Guangwu Hill by the Yellow River, has become the name of a borderline on the Chinese chessboard and a reminder of this fierce ancient contest. 考古工作者近年来在开封发现了开封地下“城摞城”的奇观。在现在开封城的地下，叠罗汉似的摞着6座古代城池，其中3座竟然是国都，有一座便是公元10-12世纪世界上最繁华的都市北宋东京城。 Kaifeng is known for its long history. What people do not know is the recent dazzling discovery by archaeologists in recent years, namely Kaifengs underground layout “cities built upon cities.” Beneath the present city of Kalfeng have been found six ancient cities, three of which once capitals. One such was Dongjing - the worlds most prosperous city in the 10th-12th centuries.黄河距开封城北10公里。当黄河从晋陕大峡谷奔腾而南，向东拐了个90度的大弯后，便进入宽广的豫东平原，携带来了黄土高原的大量泥沙。因这里落差小，河水流速降低，泥沙大量沉积于此，日积月累，年复一年，使开封段的河床高出堤外地面数米，有的地方甚至高出几十米。因河床高出像悬在地面上的河，故被称为“悬河”。 The Yellow River, which is some 10 kilometers north of Kaifeng, flows south through the Shaanxi-Shanxi gorge before making a right-angle turn east into Henan, where it soon comes to the vast plain in the east of the province. Because of the low gradient on the plain, the river slows down and the gigantic quantity of silt it has brought begins to settle on the riverbed. As a result of long accumulation, the riverbed has risen by up to a dozen meters at some sections, higher than the ground beyond the banks, causing the river to “hang in mid-air.” 除战国时期的大梁城距今开封城略偏西北外，其余几座城池的中轴线几乎没有变化，城墙以及一些马路，城门也是上下重叠。也就是说，古今开封城不单是“城摞城”，还是“墙摞墙”、“路摞路”、“门摞门”。 Apart from Daliang, which was built in the northwest of todays Kaifeng, the other old cities followed almost the same central axis, so that their city walls, city gates and roads are superimposed one upon the other. 上世纪70年代末，在豫南的南召县发现一枚早期人类的牙齿化石，后来被确认为“南召猿人”的化石。这颗牙齿距今约50万年，它虽然是一个青年个体的牙齿，但却代表了中原地区最古老的人类。在“北京猿人”时期，人类祖先就已经在中原地区繁衍生息了。 In the late 1970s, a fossilized human tooth was found in south Henans Nanzhao County, and its owner later came to be named the “Nanzhao Ape Man.” The tooth was that of a young man, now some 500,000 years old, and the oldest-ever human relic found on the Central Plains. So at the time of Peking Man, there were already human ancestors living on the Central Plains. 到了距今8000年左右，中原地区进入新石器时代，以新郑的裴李岗文化为代表，农业生产、陶器制作等都已具备一定的水平，当时人们集体劳动，共同生活，尚处在母系氏族社会时期。 Some 8,000 years ago, the Central Plains entered the Neolithic era. During the period of Peiligang Culture first discovered in Xinzheng, farming and pottery making had already attained a certain level. The ancestors, still at the matriarchal clan stage, lived and worked together. 到距今约6000年时，以在豫西的渑池县仰韶村发现的仰韶文化为标志，聚居在中原地区的母系氏族社会进入了空前繁荣的阶段。 Matriarchal society flourished 6,000 years ago during the period of Yangshao Culture, named after the village where it was first found in west Henans Mianchi County. 到距今约5000年左右，中原地区开始进入父系氏族社会阶段，有在河南发现的龙山文化早期遗址为证；到了河南龙山文化晚期，中原的父系氏族解体，原始部落人群中开始出现贫富差距。 About 5,000 years ago, the Central Plains evolved into patriarchal society, as evidenced by the ruins of the Early Longshan Culture period in Henan. In the Late Longshan Culture period, patriarchal society in the Central Plains disintegrated, with a rich-poor gap emerging among the primitive tribes. 在距今约4100-3600年，生活在河南地区的先民，随着夏王朝（约前2070-前1600年）、商王朝（前1600-前1046年）在这里建立，开始一步步进入文明社会的门槛。到了距今约3300年左右，随着商代国君盘庚迁都于现在的安阳，使用甲骨文记事，中原先民终于告别了史前文化时期。 Some 4,100-3,600 years ago, the Chinese ancestors living in todays Henan evolved into a society of civilization, with the establishment of the Xia Dynasty(c.2070-1600 BC). The pace of civilization picked up as Pangeng(r.1300-1277 BC), supreme monarch of the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046BC), moved his capital to todays Anyang and used tortoise shells to record state affairs, marking the end of the pre-historic culture.位于河南舞阳县贾湖村东的贾湖遗址，是继裴李岗遗址之后发现的又一处裴李岗文化类型的重要遗址。在这里发掘出的七孔骨笛、契刻龟甲、骨环串饰等墓葬陪葬品，对研究原始音乐、汉字起源、装饰文化等，均具有重要价值。 The Jiahu Ruins in Wuyang County are another significant discovery of Peiligang Culture. The seven-hole bone flutes, tortoise shells with simple cuts, bone rings and other funerary objects excavated here are of paramount value for the study of primitive music, the origin of characters and the culture of decoration. 仰韶文化的一个突出特点，就是当时已经形成了较大规模的建房而居的聚落。在渑池仰韶村遗址中，已发现了一排排连间房屋；在淅川下王岗遗址中，则发现了多大17套共29间连成一排的房屋；在郑州大河村遗址中，发现了4排连房中有大房套小房的现象。 A typical feature of Yangshao Culture is the large residential settlement. In Yangshao Village, visitors can see the remains of rows of houses; in Xiawanggang, Xichuan, there are 17 suites of long rooms, 29 bays in total; and in Dahe Village near Zhengzhou, there are even small houses built within large ones. 郑州西山古城址的发现将中国城市的历史向前推进了数百年。西山古城址位于郑州北郊约20公里，北距