小句复合体.ppt

小句复合体 Lecture4 小句复合体 小句 语法中的最高单位 它是及物性 语气和主位等系统的起点 分别同时通过三个结构层得到体现 及物性结构 语气结构和主位结构 小句体现了经验意义 人际意义和语篇意义 在非标记 unmarked 的情况下也通过调群 tonegroup 来体现 小句复合体 Clausecomplex Asentencecanbeinterpretedasaclausecomplex aHeadclausetogetherwithotherclausesthatmodifyit Acombinationofclausesrelatedparatacticallyorhypotacticallybutnotthroughembedding themodeofcombinationisthemodeoforganizationofthelogicalsubtypeoftheideationalmetafunction Forexample clausescombinedthroughcoordinationformaclausecomplex Thenotionof clausecomplex thusenablesustoaccountinfullforthefunctionalorganizationofsentences cf Halliday1994 216 Parataxis Logicalinterdependencybetweenclauseswheretheinterdependentsareofequalstatus Roughlycomparabletocoordinationintraditionalgrammar Iftwoclausesarerelatedparatactically theprimaryoneisinitiating 1 andthesecondaryonecontinuing 2 IswitchedonmyTVset andtherewasaprogramaboutwhales 12 Let sfaceit thehumanbodyislikeacondominiumapartment 12 Hypotaxis Logicalinterdependencybetweenclauseswheretheinterdependentsareofunequalstatus ThusoneoftheclausescanbeseenasaHeadbeingmodifiedbytheother s Iftwoclausesarerelatedhypotactically theprimaryoneisdominant a andthesecondaryonedependent b Roughlycomparabletosubordinationintraditionalgrammar Thetraditionaltermsubordinationdoesusuallynotdifferentiatehypotaxisandembedding rankshiftedclauses Fearofflyingisquiterational becausehumanbeingscannotfly ab Becausehumanbeingscannotfly fearofflyingisquitebarational Embedding rankshiftedclausesclauseaspartof nominal group downrankedtopartofconstituent clauseasparticipant downrankedtoclauseconstituent Ioncehadaleatherjacket thatgotruinedintherain EmbeddingClauseaspartofgroupThepeople thatrunthestoresattheairport havenoidea whatthingscostanywhereelse nominalgroup YouneverseeanybodyonTV justslidingoffthefrontofthesofawithpotatochipcrumbsallovertheirshirt nominalgroup Justgoasfast asyoucan adverbialgroup They reveryproud thattheyhaveafireplace nominal adjectivalgroup Clauseasclauseconstituent participant Drivingtotheairport canmakemenervous Igaveher whateverIhadthere Helikes totraveltoexoticplaces Expansion ThesecondaryclauseexpandstheprimaryclauseElaborating i e restatinginotherwords specifyingingreaterdetail commenting exemplifyingKings emperorsandpharaohshadstorytellers thatwastheirentertainment 1 2 Ihaveafriendwho sunemployed he scollectingunemploymentinsurance 1 2 Theydecidedtocanceltheshow whichupseteverybody a b Theydecidedtocanceltheshow upsettingalotofpeople a b 1 PfaffsucceedsMartinBurke whoresigned a b 2 Heappearsasanindependentandself reliantfigure whoseruggedindividualismneednotbepressedintothemoldofa9to5routine a b OneoftheroughestwastheTVquizshows whichgavehiminferioritycomplexes a b Hisinnervoice whichshouldtellhimwhatnottodo hasnotdeveloped a Extending and or addingsomenewelement givinganexceptiontoit offeringanalternativeaddition positive negative adversative variation replacive subtractive Maybethecometskilledthedinosaurs maybetheytrippedandfell 1 2 It smybook butyoucanreadit 1 2 3 Icouldnotclingtomypast nordidIwishto 1 2 Vocationalcoursesshouldbeprovidedingrades11and12 however forslowlearnersandprospectivedropoutsthesecoursesoughttobeginearlier 1 2 Somemediumsspeakinpractical down to earthterms whileothersmaystressthespiritual a b Iftheyarehere thensurelyIhavetherighttobehere b a Weusedtogoawayattheweekend takingallourgearwithus a b Enhancing so yet then qualifyingtheprimaryclausewithsomecircumstantialfeatureoftime place causeorcondition mostlyadverbialclausesArgerwasneverabletoproduceit soIcuthimoffmypayroll 1 2 We llworkforaboutanhouronSaturday thenwe llworkMondayandTuesdayofnextweek thentaperoff 1 2 3 Ileftmywife becauseIrealizedthatIhadmadeanawfulmistake a b Thoughmycarisquiteold itisstillinrunningorder b a Agliderpilotisinhospitalwithafracturedrib afterhisaircraftcrashedintoanelectricitypylon a b Peoplealwaysrun toseeafire a b Keepinganervouseyeonthepassingtraffic manywonderedoutloudwhichofthemwouldbenext b a Ourchairmanbeingawayonholiday thereislittlewecandoaboutitrightnow b a Projection Thesecondaryclauseisprojectedthroughtheprimary projecting clausereportingspeech ideasprojectedclausesrepresentpropositions proposalswithadifferentsourceVerbalprocess directspeechShesaid Ijustworkhere 1 2Verbalprocess indirectspeechShesaid thatsheworkedthere a b Mentalprocess cognition direct indirectMenthink ObviouslyIcanbetalkedintoanything 1 2Menthink thattheycanobviouslybetalkedintoanything a bIdon twant tobecomearefugeefortherestofmylife a b Mentalprocess perception They veheard thathe sagoodlecturer a b 2 Adamsaw thatshehadstoppedagain a b Embeddedprojection Myquestionis ifyoucangofaster whydon tyougoasfastasyoucanallthetime Ifthereweremoresuchcases itwouldbeeasiertoanswerthequestion whetherthepolicy makersfavortheirownsocialclasses Itisdifficulttounderstand whyyoucan tgofaster Thatyoudislikeher isobvioustoeveryoneinthedepartment Itisobvious thatyoudislikeher Thatyoudislikeherisobvious Projections ideasvs facts MarkAnthonythought thatCaesarwasdead thought cognition projecting MarkAnthonyregretted thatCaesarwasdead regretted affection notprojecting Itstrikesme thatthereisno onehere mentalprocess cognition Itworriesme thatthereisno onehere mentalprocess affection Sheunderstoodthatthehouseneededrestoration Shesawthatthehouseneededrestoration Textanalysis Let sfaceit thehumanbodyislikeacondominiumapartment Thething thatkeepsyoufromreallyenjoyingit isthemaintenance There satremendousamountofdaily weekly monthly andyearlywork thathastobedone Fromshoweringtoopenheartsurgery we realwaysdoingsomethingtoourselves Ifyourbodywasausedcar youwouldn tbuyit You dgo Nah I veheardaboutthesehumanbeingbodies ThisisoneofthoseEarthmodels right Yeah acousinofminehadone Toomuchwork tokeepthemgoing Thenewonesarenicelooking though Clauseasconstituent ThematicequativeWhattheEnglishdidwastointroduceteaasapartoftheirdailylives ThematizedcommentIt snicetositdownwithaquietcupoftea PredicatedThemeItwastheEnglishwhofirstintroducedteaasapartoftheirdailylives Enhancement circumstantialadjunct Wemadeourse