英汉连词对比

英汉语连词对比,引言,Conjunction Con-: combine community communion junction:连接,接合点 连词（Conjunction）具有连接词与词、短语与短语、句与句的作用，可分为并列连接词与从属连接词。,并列连词（coordinating/corrdinate conjunction):连接并列成分的连词. E.g., And, or, but, not only but also, neither nor, eitheror.从属连词（subordinating/subordinate conjunction): 表示其他逻辑关系，如因果让步条件时间目的结果等从属关系的连词 .,连词的特征,1. 与名词、动词不同：不是指称现实世界中的事物，而是语言内部的词类,而是逻辑标记（logical marker）2. 与介词不同：不是关注事物、而是语言成分之间的关系。连词表示语言内部各成分之间的关系；介词表示是事物之间的关系（介词后的宾语与其他成分的关系）,英语连词比汉语总体数量多，且使用频率比汉语高。英语短语与短语、句子与句子之间多采用形合法（Hypotaxis）。即采用一定的语言形式明确表达句子成份之间的语义关系(overtly marked)。Hypotactic language 逻辑思维,汉语数量少，不是强制的，多为现代汉语特征。而汉语则不同，汉语是采用暗示或隐含的方法（Implicit device）来表达句子成分之间的关系，这也叫意合法（parataxis）。汉语句子多按照时间顺序或逻辑关系排列，语序固定，关系明确，不需要用那么多的连接词来来表示之间的关系(implicitly expressed )。Paratactic language 直观思维（对现实世界的直观描述，同样体现在文字层面）,英汉语连词对比,英语是一种重“形合”（hypotaxis）的语言，有发达的关系手段，句中的词语或分句之间通过语言形式手段连接起来，这些手段包括形态变化、连词和介词、关系代词、关系副词、不定式、分词和动名词等，用来表达语法意义和逻辑关系，以达到句子之间结构完整的效果。汉语则更重“意合”（parataxis），句子之间的语义关系通常暗含于句子之中，不一定通过关联词语来表达。汉语既没有形态变化，也没有非谓语动词形式，更没有关系代词和关系副词，尽管有连词和介词，但数量比英语的少，使用频率大大比英语低。,英汉语连词对比,“英语里连词要比在汉语里用的多，汉语里往往不用连词，但在英语中要用” -薄冰“英语造句几乎离不开关系词和连词，汉语则少用甚至不用这类词”。 -连淑能,英汉语连词对比,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.小国人民敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运，就一定能够战胜大国的侵略。,英汉语连词对比,在表达并列关系时，汉语通常直接将并列的词语罗列出来， “中小学”、“衣食住行”，英语一般在最后一个词语前加上连词，“elementary and high school”、“food, clothing, housing and transportation”。,英汉语连词对比,汉语中的许多主从复合句一般不用连词来表达，但如果将从句前置，一般都有“因为”、“如果”、“虽然”、“即使”等含义。如：（如果）没有他的帮助，我们就不可能有今天的成绩。（即使）我们三天三夜不睡觉也要把它干完。 （由于）他身体不舒服，今天的会就不来参加了。（虽然）他精力已不如从前了，身体状况还可以。 特别是“汉语中三分之二的因果句不到必要时，不用关联词。先因后果几乎不用 因为”（连淑能，1993）。,英汉语连词对比,在将汉语翻译成英语时，就要将汉语中暗含的语义关系通过英语的连词表现出来。1. 他不在，我们无法知道他对这件事的看法。We had no idea what he thought about it because he was not present.2. 你不愿意去，我们也不勉强你。Since you do not want to go, we will not force you to.3.你准备好了，我们就出发。We will leave if you are ready.4.饮水思源When one drinks water, one must not forget where it comes from.,英汉语连词对比,你不去，我也不去。I wont go if you are not going.他一有空就来看我。Whenever he is free, he will come and see me. 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？If winter comes, can spring be far behind?留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。As long as the green mountains are there, one should not worry about firewood.If you can keep fit, you neednt worry about your future.,英汉语连词对比,在把英语翻译成汉语时，为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，英语中的连词不能字对字地翻译成汉语。有时我们可以将英语中的连词忽略不翻译。5.How did you get there on time when you left here so late?你离开这里那么晚，怎么还能准时到那里呢？6.I can not trust him because he often tells lies.他常撒谎，我不能相信他。7.He ran off before I could stop him.我还没来得及阻止他，他就跑掉了。8.It could be months before he could come to see you.要过好几个月他才会来看你。,英汉语连词对比,I help him and he helps me.我帮他，他帮我。Work hard and you will pass your exam.努力学习就能过关。Buy and sell books.买书卖书。,英汉语连词对比,英语连词的分类,根据连词本身的含义及其所连成分的性质，连词可分为两大类，一类叫等立(并列)连词（co-ordinate conjunctions），一类叫从属连词（subordinate conjunctions）。,英语连词的分类,1.)等立连词所连结的成分是一种并列的关系，包括以下连词：And or but for not only but also neither nor（并列连词和汉语接近）2.)从属连词是引导从句的， 一般引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等,如：If that whether what 用来引导状语从句的有when, though, if where等 （从属连词和汉语差异较大）,英语连词的分类,汉语常用的连词不过二三十个，英语却有好几十，但英语的连词有些既有连接功能，又有介词的属性，是两种词性兼而有之的。如：After this press conference, the government will implement this new measure.,英语连词的分类,“并列连词”和“从属连词”都是英语重要的语法手段，体现了英文句子中严密的逻辑性。他这个人不老实，我不信任他。Since he is dishonest, I dont trust him. 或 He is dishonest, so I dont trust him.他喝了茶，体力和精神都恢复了。After he had drunk his tea，his strength and good spirits were restored.,英语连词的分类,这里，我想就以下一些方面谈一些看法，希望有助于诸位对中国的了解。Here，I would like to make some observations on the following aspects，which I hope will help you know China better.我人小，排队时常常被人挤出来，有些人又常常故意捣乱，工头举起鞭子就打，常常因为打别人而捎带上我。Because I am young，people often jostle me out of the queue；and when some of them make trouble and the foreman whips them，he often lashes me too.,英语连词的分类,消费者物价指数持续上涨，政府已经开始采取抑制物价上涨的措施，并开始实施一些惠民政策。As the CPI (Consumer Price Index) keeps increasing, the government has taken some measures to curb the rise of the price and implemented some policies to benefit the people.我多次劝他放弃一些不现实的想法，他对此置若罔闻。Though I have persuaded him for times to give up some unrealistic ideas, he always turns a deaf ear to what I have said.I have persuaded him for times to give up some unrealistic ideas, but he always turns a deaf ear to what I have said.,英语连词的分类,连词and的用法及译法,And 是英语中最早出现的并列连词，具有多种含义。（1）表因果I told him it was time to go and he hurried away.我告诉他该走了，他匆匆忙忙地走了。（2）表条件Come early and you will see him.早些来，你就会见到他了。Take a look at our village, and you will see what changes these five years have brought about,（3）表目的。Come and tell me all about it. 来把情况都告诉我。（4）表对比。He will go on a journey and his brother will stay at home.他要外出旅行，他的弟弟将留在家里。（5）表强调We have ships, and men, and money and stores.我们有船、有人、有钱，有各种物品。,连词and的用法及译法,（6）表并列，常译成“和”、“与”、“及”、“同”、“兼”。He is a worker and student.He is a statesman and writer.他既当工人又当学生。/他是一位政治家兼作家。（7）表强调和重复，常译为“愈来愈”、“不断”、“再三”、“一再”等。The wound grew angrier and angrier.The patient trembled and trembled and trembled.伤口肿痛发炎得愈来愈厉害了。病人一直不断地发抖。,连词and的用法及译法,（8）表同位关系，可译为“即”、“也是”。When correcting, pay close attention to the seventh and last paragraph in the translation.改稿时请密切注意译文的第七段，即最后一段。（9）表命令句。Move, and you are a dead man.别动，动就要你的命。Persevere, and you will succeed.坚持下去，就会成功。,连词and的用法及译法,英语“名词+ and”结构相当于一个状语，可改为由if， when, after等开头的状语从句。故可译为“如果就”，“再就”，等。One more effort and we shall succeed.= If we make one more effort, we shall succeed.再努力一下，我们就会成功的。A word and he would lose his temper.你再说一句他就会生气了。Another month, and Ill be ordering you off!再过一个月，我就会把你赶走的。One more effort and the problem will be solved.再加把劲，问题就可以解决了。,Noun+ And,And连接重复的两个复数名词，有时是用来表示质量或种类上的区别(used between repeated plural nouns to say that some things of a particular kind are much better than others)，可译为 “有各种各样的” 或 “有好有坏” 等。“They say this guy was an expert.”“Yes, but there are experts and experts.”“他们说这个人是专家。”“是啊,但是专家也是有好有坏的呀。”There are dictionaries and dictionaries. = Some are much better than others).有各种各样的字典(意指有好有坏)。,Noun+ And,There is coffee and coffee.咖啡有各种各样的 好坏悬殊很大4。There are friends and friends.有各种各样的朋友 有真正的朋友，也有虚假的所谓的朋友。There are poets and poets.有各种各样的诗人。There are men and men.人有种种，良莠不齐。,Noun+ And,Before 的翻译,1). 当主句动作在从句动作之前完成时，常译为“(之后)才” 。）It was three days before he came back.A. 他是三天前回来的。B. 在他回来之前还有三天。C. 他三天后才回来。It was a long time before I got to sleep again.过了好久之后我才又睡着了。The lecture was over before they came here.讲座结束了他们才来。,2). 译成“趁 还 ”,“趁 时”；有时可把主句中的动作译成与从句中的动作同时发生。这时before往往译成“趁 还 ”,“趁时候”。而它所引导的从句中的谓语动词应译成它的反义。Youd better sew that loose button before it comes off. 趁那个松扣子还没掉下来，你得赶紧把它缝好。Study and work hard before you become old. 趁着年富力强的时候，要努力学习和工作。Ill do it now before I forget it.趁着我还没忘我现在就做。我现在就做，不然会(或以免)忘了。,Before 的翻译,3).为了使译文符合汉语习惯，有时可把 before 引导的时间状语从句译成主句，作为一个先决条件，而把主句译成从句，作为一个有条件的结果或后果。通常把 before 译成“才 ”，“才能 ”，“才会 ”等，以突显这种条件关系。(1) The kids are told to keep clear of the river before they learn how to swim.大人们告诉这些孩子，先学会了游泳才能下河。(2) It will be a long time before they finish this book. 他们需要很长的时间才能把这本书写完。,Before 的翻译,4)当 before 引导的时间状语从句与主句在时间先后上紧密相连时，汉译中通常把主句与从句互相转换，译成“刚 就 ”，“一 就 ”等。(1) Bob leaped onto the platform just a few seconds before the train started moving. 鲍勃刚跳上站台，火车就开动了。(2) He struggled with the big rock lying in the middle of the road, lifted it with all his strength and got it out of the way just before the train flashed by with a full load of freight. 他费了好大劲，刚把铁路中央的大石头搬开，一辆满载货物的火车就疾驰而过。,Before 的翻译,5)before 的作用有时相当于“rather than”，表示在两个事物或动作中进行选择，往往选择前者而否定后者。这时可译成“宁可 而不愿 ”，“宁愿也不肯 ”,“宁为不为 ”。其主句中必须有 would 或 will.The soldiers would fight to death before they surrendered. 战士们宁可战死也不投降。He would lose the chance of getting this job before he asked others recommend him. 他宁愿失去得到这种工作的机会，也不愿求别人推荐他。,Before 的翻译,He will die of hunger before he will steal.他宁可饿死也不愿偷东西。Id die before Id tell the secrets.我宁死也绝不泄密。,Before 的翻译,6). 译为“还没来得及就”、“未就”。这时强调主句动作发生在从句动作之前。Before we could stop her, she slid out.我们还没来得及阻拦她，她就溜了出去。Mr. Clinton had not waited long before Miss Mary went there.克林顿先生没等多久，玛丽小姐就到了那里。,Before 的翻译,7). 译为“不知就”。这时从句的谓语动词常使用“know”一词,是一种习惯用法.Ten years passed before people knew it.人们不知不觉，十年就过去了。I was roped in for this excursion before I knew it.我不知不觉被拉来参加了这次远足旅行。,Before 的翻译,1.It was raining when we arrived.我们到的时候，正在下雨。2.When speaking French, I often make mistakes.我在讲法语的时候，经常犯错。表达.的时候的含义时，“when”引导的从句可放在主句前，也可放在主句后，对整句的意义没有影响。而且“when”所引导的从句规定了主句的动作或状态在某一特定时间发生或存在。这种情况只是一般性陈述，不具强调意义，使用的很频繁，但也容易。,连词when的翻译,1. One fine afternoon I was walking along Fifth Avenue, when I remembered that it was necessary to buy a pair of socks. 一个明朗的下午，当我想起得买双袜子时，我正走在第五大街上。正一个明朗的下午，我走在第五大街上，忽然想起得买双袜子。2. On Tuesday night, August 20, we had barely dropped off to sleep，when the doorbell began to ring, long long hard rings. 8月20日，星期二夜里，当响亮的门铃一声接一声响起来时,我们都快睡着了。正8月20日,星期二夜里,我们都快睡着了，突然，门铃响了，一声接一声格外响亮。,连词when的翻译,3.One June night in 1978, Mr. Brooker was in a supermarket when five armed men came in to rob the place.一、主句与从句所表示的动作或状态的时间有先后之分，一般是主句的时间在先，从句的时间在后，并且从句的动作往往是突发性的、意想不到的，因而这个“when”具有强调作用。二、“when”所引导的从句位置不可改变，若变换了主从句位置，则整句的意义也发生了变化。,连词when的翻译,“一（刚、每）.就”的结构,我一安排好就通知你。Ill let you know as soon as I have it arranged.他刚说出这些话，大家就沉默下来。Directly he uttered these words there was a dead silence.队长一来，我们就出发。Well start when the team leader comes.他一得到消息就给我打了电话。He called me when he received the news.,我正吃着饭，她进来了/我正在吃饭的时候，她进来了.She came in when I was having supper.她说话时泪水直流。While she spoke, the tears were running down.他结束讲话的时候，听众掌声雷动。As he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.,的时候,表示“省（免）得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念的连词,他反复强调这一点，免得她忘了。He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget.他们躲在灌木丛后面，以防被敌人发现。They hid themselves behind some bushes for fear that the enemy should find them.He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her.为了不惊醒她，他轻轻推开房门，悄悄地溜了出去。,谚语中的连词,人不犯我，我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.不知苦中苦，那知甜中甜？If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?问遍千家成行家。Learn from numerous advisors, and you will become a master.或：After learning from numerous advisors, you will become a master.,上梁不正下梁歪。If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go a slant.或：When those above behave unworthily, those below will do the same.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。If you have sown melons, you will harvest melons, while if you have sown beans, you will harvest beans.或：You will harvest what you have sown.明知山有虎，偏向虎山行。One goes into the mountain though he is fully aware that he will be haunted by tigers.,谚语中的连词,一边一边,他一边走，一边不时地往后看。He looked behind from to time as he went.我喜欢一边工作一边听音乐。I like working and listening to the music at the same time.老者一边走一边说话，语声时高时低。The old man was speaking as they left， his voice rising and falling.,王三毛一边回答，一边只顾走。Wang replied without slackening his pace.小唐便陪他一起去餐厅，一边走着一边问他是哪里人。Little Tang es